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Poddar Sarkar M, Biswas Raha A, Datta J, Mitra S. Chemotaxonomic and evolutionary perspectives of Bryophyta based on multivariate analysis of fatty acid fingerprints of Eastern Himalayan mosses. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1125-1137. [PMID: 34787717 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bryophyta comprises one of the earliest lineages of land plants that had implemented remarkable innovations to their lipid metabolic systems for successful adaptation to terrestrial habitat. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of fatty acid profiles of mosses from Eastern Himalayas with an aim to trace their chemotaxonomic and evolutionary implications. Fatty acid compositions of 40 random mosses belonging to major families of Bryophyta were explored by gas chromatographic analysis. A diverse array of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids including rare acetylenic fatty acids were detected. Hexadecanoic acid (C16:0), 9,12 (Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid (C18:2n6) and 9,12,15 (Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (C18:3n3) were the predominant fatty acids in all the mosses. However, quantitative variation of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically 5,8,11,14 (Z,Z,Z,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (C20:4n6), among the investigated mosses was the most prominent outcome. The diplolepidous members of Bryidae, especially the mosses of Hypnales, Bryales and Bartramiales contained higher amount of C20 PUFAs compared with the haplolepidous orders. Principal component analyses based on individual fatty acids and other related parameters validated C20:4n6 content and the ratio of C20:4n6/C18:2n6 as the apparent chemotaxonomic discriminants. The prevalent notion of considering 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid (C18:4a) as the chemomarker of Dicranaceae has also been challenged, since the compound was detected not only in different families of Dicranales, but also in a Pottiales member, Leptodontium viticulosoides. Therefore, an ensemble of fatty acids instead of a single one can be considered as the chemical signature for taxonomic interpretation which may also be vital from an evolutionary standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Poddar Sarkar
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Anashuya Biswas Raha
- Department of Botany, Diamond Harbour Women's University, Diamond Harbour Road, Sarisha, South 24 Parganas, Sarisha, 743368, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayashree Datta
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Mitra
- Department of Botany, Darjeeling Government College, 19, Lebong Cart Road, Darjeeling, 734101, West Bengal, India.
- Department of Botany, Taki Government College, North 24 Parganas, Taki, 743429, West Bengal, India.
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Lu Y, Eiriksson FF, Thorsteinsdóttir M, Simonsen HT. Valuable Fatty Acids in Bryophytes-Production, Biosynthesis, Analysis and Applications. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110524. [PMID: 31752421 PMCID: PMC6918284 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) often produce high amounts of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (vl-PUFAs) including arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 Δ5,8,11,14) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 Δ5,8,11,14,17). The presence of vl-PUFAs is common for marine organisms such as algae, but rarely found in higher plants. This could indicate that bryophytes did not lose their marine origin completely when they landed into the non-aqueous environment. Vl-PUFA, especially the omega-3 fatty acid EPA, is essential in human diet for its benefits on healthy brain development and inflammation modulation. Recent studies are committed to finding new sources of vl-PUFAs instead of fish and algae oil. In this review, we summarize the fatty acid compositions and contents in the previous studies, as well as the approaches for qualification and quantification. We also conclude different approaches to enhance AA and EPA productions including biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
- ArcticMass, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (F.F.E.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Margrét Thorsteinsdóttir
- ArcticMass, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (F.F.E.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-26-98-66-84
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High Content of Dicranin in Anisothecium spirale
(Mitt.) Broth., a Moss from Eastern Himalayas and Its Chemotaxonomic Significance. Lipids 2017; 52:173-178. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kuklev DV, Dembitsky VM. Epoxy acetylenic lipids: Their analogues and derivatives. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 56:67-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pejin B, Bianco A, Newmaster S, Sabovljevic M, Vujisic L, Tesevic V, Vajs V, De Rosa S. Fatty acids of Rhodobryum ontariense (Bryaceae). Nat Prod Res 2011; 26:696-702. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.550580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Pejin
- a Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
- b Institute for Biomolecular Chemistry , ICB-CNR , Pozzuoli-Naples , Italy
- c Department of Chemistry , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - A. Bianco
- c Department of Chemistry , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - S. Newmaster
- d College of Biological Science, Department of Integrative Biology , University of Guelph , Guelph , Canada
| | - M. Sabovljevic
- e Institute of Botany and Garden, Faculty of Biology , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Lj. Vujisic
- f Center of Chemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - V. Tesevic
- a Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - V. Vajs
- f Center of Chemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - S. De Rosa
- b Institute for Biomolecular Chemistry , ICB-CNR , Pozzuoli-Naples , Italy
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Wasley J, Robinson SA, Lovelock CE, Popp M. Some like it wet - biological characteristics underpinning tolerance of extreme water stress events in Antarctic bryophytes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:443-455. [PMID: 32689251 DOI: 10.1071/fp05306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antarctic bryophyte communities presently tolerate physiological extremes in water availability, surviving both desiccation and submergence events. We investigated the relative ability of three Antarctic moss species to tolerate physiological extremes in water availability and identified physiological, morphological, and biochemical characteristics that assist species performance under such conditions. Tolerance of desiccation and submergence was investigated using chlorophyll fluorescence during a series of field- and laboratory-based water stress events. Turf water retention and degree of natural habitat submergence were determined from gametophyte shoot size and density, and δ13C signatures, respectively. Finally, compounds likely to assist membrane structure and function during desiccation events (fatty acids and soluble carbohydrates) were determined. The results of this study show significant differences in the performance of the three study species under contrasting water stress events. The results indicate that the three study species occupy distinctly different ecological niches with respect to water relations, and provide a physiological explanation for present species distributions. The poor tolerance of submergence seen in Ceratodon purpureus helps explain its restriction to drier sites and conversely, the low tolerance of desiccation and high tolerance of submergence displayed by the endemic Grimmia antarctici is consistent with its restriction to wet habitats. Finally the flexible response observed for Bryum pseudotriquetrum is consistent with its co-occurrence with the other two species across the bryophyte habitat spectrum. The likely effects of future climate change induced shifts in water availability are discussed with respect to future community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Wasley
- Institute of Conservation Biology, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sharon A Robinson
- Institute of Conservation Biology, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- The Centre for Marine Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Marianne Popp
- Institute of Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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TOYOTA M, OMATSU I, BRAGGINS J, ASAKAWA Y. Lipid Constituents of the New Zealand Liverwort Plagiochila circinalis. J Oleo Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.55.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Halket JM, Zaikin VG. Review: derivatization in mass spectrometry--5. Specific derivatization of monofunctional compounds. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2005; 11:127-60. [PMID: 15947452 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The present paper is complementary to the foregoing reviews and describes some additional methods of the derivatization of particular functional groups mainly to enhance the structural information content of electron ionization and chemical ionization mass spectra. Derivatization approaches for the modification of unsaturated compounds, alcoholic, carboxylic, carbonyl, amine and other functional groups, are discussed. Derivatization for separation and quantitative determination of chiral enantiomeric compounds is also considered. Preliminary chemical and physicalchemical degradation for structure elucidation of high molecular weight compounds (biopolymers, synthetic polymers) is mentioned. Chemical aspects of derivatizations and characteristic mass spectral features of derivatives are described briefly. Some particular applications of chemical modification, in conjunction with mass spectral measurements for the analysis of various important bioorganic compounds and compounds in biological fluids, air, environmental etc., are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Halket
- Drug Control Centre, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Sperling P, Lee M, Girke T, Zähringer U, Stymne S, Heinz E. A bifunctional delta-fatty acyl acetylenase/desaturase from the moss Ceratodon purpureus. A new member of the cytochrome b5 superfamily. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:3801-11. [PMID: 10848999 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many plant genes have been cloned that encode regioselective desaturases catalyzing the formation of cis-unsaturated fatty acids. However, very few genes have been cloned that encode enzymes catalyzing the formation of the functional groups found in unusual fatty acids (e.g. hydroxy, epoxy or acetylenic fatty acids). Here, we describe the characterization of an acetylenase from the moss Ceratodon purpureus with a regioselectivity differing from the previously described Delta12-acetylenase. The gene encoding this protein, together with a Delta6-desaturase, was cloned by a PCR-based approach with primers derived from conserved regions in Delta5-, Delta6-fatty-acid desaturases and Delta8-sphingolipid desaturases. The proteins that are encoded by the two cloned cDNAs are likely to consist of a N-terminal extension of unknown function, a cytochrome b5-domain, and a C-terminal domain that is similar to acyl lipid desaturases with characteristic histidine boxes. The proteins were highly homologous in sequence to the Delta6-desaturase from the moss Physcomitrella patens. When these two cDNAs were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both transgenic yeast cultures desaturated Delta9-unsaturated C16- and C18-fatty acids by inserting an additional Delta6cis-double bond. One of these transgenic yeast clones was also able to introduce a Delta6-triple bond into gamma-linolenic and stearidonic acid. This resulted in the formation of 9,12,15-(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid, the main fatty acid found in C. pupureus. These results demonstrate that the Delta6-acetylenase from C. pupureus is a bifunctional enzyme, which can introduce a Delta6cis-double bond into 9,12,(15)-C18-polyenoic acids as well as converting a Delta6cis-double bond to a Delta6-triple bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sperling
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Universität Hamburg, Germany
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Distribution of diacylglycerylhomoserines, phospholipids and fatty acids in thirteen moss species from Southwestern Siberia. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(95)93660-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Dembitsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Hamberg M, Gardner HW. Oxylipin pathway to jasmonates: biochemistry and biological significance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1165:1-18. [PMID: 1420338 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Hamberg
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Guichardant M, Michel M, Borel C, Fay L, Magnolato D, Finot PA. Effects of 9, 12, 15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in platelets and on platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 1992; 65:687-98. [PMID: 1636161 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(92)90108-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An acetylenic fatty acid: 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid (dicranin) was extracted from Dicranum Scoparium and preincubated with platelets which were then stimulated by exogenous arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6). This molecule at 10(-4) M weakly inhibited the cyclooxygenase activity as assessed by measurement of 12-hydroxy-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) In contrast, the 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) synthesized by the 12-lipoxygenase was strongly increased by about 650%. The same effects were observed with 10(-5) M and with 10(-6) M of dicranin but to a lesser extent. Platelet hydroxylated dicranin metabolites were also found and the structure of the main compound determined by GC-MS was a 13-hydroxy derivative. Its origin has not yet been elucidated. Platelet aggregation induced by 1 microgram/ml of U46619, a structural PGH2 analogue was completely abolished in the presence of dicranin. Platelet aggregation induced either by thrombin or by arachidonic acid was inhibited by 10(-4) M of dicranin only after preincubation. This observation indicates that the formation of metabolites of dicranin are necessary to effect this inhibition. Dicranin is thus a new inhibitor of platelet aggregation and may prove to be useful for elucidating the effects of 12-HETE in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guichardant
- Nestec Ltd, Nestle Research Centre, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Guichardant M, Michel M, Borel C, Fay L, Crozier G, Magnolato D, Finot PA. Effects of 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in platelets and on the platelet aggregation. AGENTS AND ACTIONS. SUPPLEMENTS 1992; 37:215-21. [PMID: 1632297 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7262-1_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An acetylenic fatty acid: 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid (dicranin), extracted from Dicranum Scoparium was preincubated with platelets stimulated by exogenous arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6). Dicranin (10(-4) M) weakly inhibited the cyclooxygenase activity as assessed by measurement of 12-hydroxy-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) In contrast, the 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) synthesized by the 12-lipoxygenase was strongly increased by about 650%. The same effects were observed with 10(-6) M of dicranin but to a lesser extent. The main platelet hydroxylated dicranin metabolite determined by GC-MS was a 13-hydroxy derivative Platelet aggregation induced either by thrombin or by arachidonic acid or by U46619, an structural PGH2 analogue was inhibited by 10(-4) M of dicranin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guichardant
- Nestec Ltd, Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Diedrich M, Henschel KP. The natural occurrence of unusual fatty acids Part 3. Acetylenic fatty acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/food.19910350214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ichikawa T, Namikawa M, Yamada K, Sakai K, Kondo K. Novel cyclopentenonyl fatty acids from mosses, and. Tetrahedron Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)86263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gellerman JL, Anderson WH, Schlenk H. Synthesis and function of 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid in the moss ceratodon purpureus. Biochemistry 1977; 16:1258-62. [PMID: 849416 DOI: 10.1021/bi00626a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid in the moss, Ceratodon purpureus, was studied using protonemata cultures with labeled 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (linolenic) and 6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acids as substrates. Both acids were efficiently converted into the acetylenic and into 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids. Accordingly, the introduction of a triple bond in position 6 of linolenic acid involves formation of a double bond as a discrete step. Acetylenic acid triglycerides are reserve lipids in the moss. Under suitable growth conditions the acetylenic acids are catabolized and partly reused via acetate for de novo synthesis of fatty acids. They are not used for more direct syntheses of the common polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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19
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Gellerman JL, Anderson WH, Schlenk H. Synthesis and analysis of phytyl and phytenoyl wax esters. Lipids 1975; 10:656-61. [PMID: 1196015 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An efficient procedure for preparing phytenic acid methyl ester, free of isomers, from phytol is reported. Phytyl phytenate and other isoprenoid wax esters were synthesized. Gas liquid chromatography of these wax esters and other compounds related to phytol and phytenic acid is described. The alkyl constituents of isoprenoid wax esters can be analyzed after alkaline methanolysis and the acyl constituents after acidic methanolysis. The applicability of these methods to natural mixtures was demonstrated with wax esters from mosses which contained both types of isoprenoids and with wax esters from healthy and frost damaged grass which contained phytol, but not phytenic acid.
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Abstract
Two new acetylenic fatty acids, 9, 12-octadecadien-6-ynoic and 11, 14-eicosadien-8-ynoic, were identified from lipids of the moss, Fontinalis antipyretica. They resemble the previously identified 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid by having a methylene interrupted unsaturated system. The C20 acetylenic acid shows that the capability of mosses to synthesize polyolefinic acids of this chain length applies, in certain species, also to olefinic-acetylenic acids.
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Gellerman JL, Anderson WH, Richardson DG, Schlenk H. Distribution of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in the lipids of mosses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 388:277-90. [PMID: 1138900 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(75)90133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipid classes from four species of mosses, Mnium cuspidatum, and Mnium medium from Minnesota, and Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi from Alaska, were analyzed. The total lipids of all species contained 30-40% arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. However, the lipids from the Alaskan mosses contained about 75% neutral lipids (triacylglycerols, steryl esters and wax esters) whereas the lipids of the other species contained only 20% or less of these neutral lipids. Consistently, monogalactosyldiacylglycerols and phosphatidylethanol-amines were enriched in arachidonic acid and the galactolipids in eicosapentaenoic acid. The distribution of these acids in the phospholipids shows some preference for position 2. Together, the highly unsaturated C20 acids represented 80% of acyl groups in steryl esters. In triacylglycerols they were at average levels, while they were much less in sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerols. Wax esters contained very little of the highly unsaturated acids but appreciable amounts of phytol and phytenic acid were found as wax constituents.
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Andersson BÅ, Christie WW, Holman RT. Mass spectrometric determination of positions of double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty acid pyrrolidides. Lipids 1975; 10:215-9. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02532483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/1974] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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