1
|
Zhang Z, He G, Filipowicz NA, Randall G, Belov GA, Kopek BG, Wang X. Host Lipids in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:286. [PMID: 30863375 PMCID: PMC6399474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane association is a hallmark of the genome replication of positive-strand RNA viruses [(+)RNA viruses]. All well-studied (+)RNA viruses remodel host membranes and lipid metabolism through orchestrated virus-host interactions to create a suitable microenvironment to survive and thrive in host cells. Recent research has shown that host lipids, as major components of cellular membranes, play key roles in the replication of multiple (+)RNA viruses. This review focuses on how (+)RNA viruses manipulate host lipid synthesis and metabolism to facilitate their genomic RNA replication, and how interference with the cellular lipid metabolism affects viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Guijuan He
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - George A. Belov
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | | | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dynamic lipid landscape of picornavirus replication organelles. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:1-6. [PMID: 27240115 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Picornavirus infection induces rapid reorganization of the cellular membrane architecture and appearance of novel membranous structures associated with the viral RNA replication and virion assembly-replication organelles. Recent studies significantly advanced our understanding of their lipid composition and cellular mechanisms involved in their development. Picornaviruses activate synthesis of both structural and signaling lipids and reroute cellular cholesterol trafficking pathways to create unique membranous domains favoring viral replication. Rapidly replicating picornaviruses rely on posttranslational activation and/or specific recruitment of cellular proteins rather than on modulation of expression of cellular genes to create favorable membrane microenvironment. At the same time picornaviruses demonstrate remarkable adaptability to changes in the lipid landscape which should be taken into account when developing novel antiviral strategies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites and utilize host elements to support key viral processes, including penetration of the plasma membrane, initiation of infection, replication, and suppression of the host's antiviral defenses. In this review, we focus on picornaviruses, a family of positive-strand RNA viruses, and discuss the mechanisms by which these viruses hijack the cellular machinery to form and operate membranous replication complexes. Studies aimed at revealing factors required for the establishment of viral replication structures identified several cellular-membrane-remodeling proteins and led to the development of models in which the virus used a preexisting cellular-membrane-shaping pathway "as is" for generating its replication organelles. However, as more data accumulate, this view is being increasingly questioned, and it is becoming clearer that viruses may utilize cellular factors in ways that are distinct from the normal functions of these proteins in uninfected cells. In addition, the proteincentric view is being supplemented by important new studies showing a previously unappreciated deep remodeling of lipid homeostasis, including extreme changes to phospholipid biosynthesis and cholesterol trafficking. The data on viral modifications of lipid biosynthetic pathways are still rudimentary, but it appears once again that the viruses may rewire existing pathways to generate novel functions. Despite remarkable progress, our understanding of how a handful of viral proteins can completely overrun the multilayered, complex mechanisms that control the membrane organization of a eukaryotic cell remains very limited.
Collapse
|
4
|
Nchoutmboube JA, Viktorova EG, Scott AJ, Ford LA, Pei Z, Watkins PA, Ernst RK, Belov GA. Increased long chain acyl-Coa synthetase activity and fatty acid import is linked to membrane synthesis for development of picornavirus replication organelles. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003401. [PMID: 23762027 PMCID: PMC3675155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All positive strand (+RNA) viruses of eukaryotes replicate their genomes in association with membranes. The mechanisms of membrane remodeling in infected cells represent attractive targets for designing future therapeutics, but our understanding of this process is very limited. Elements of autophagy and/or the secretory pathway were proposed to be hijacked for building of picornavirus replication organelles. However, even closely related viruses differ significantly in their requirements for components of these pathways. We demonstrate here that infection with diverse picornaviruses rapidly activates import of long chain fatty acids. While in non-infected cells the imported fatty acids are channeled to lipid droplets, in infected cells the synthesis of neutral lipids is shut down and the fatty acids are utilized in highly up-regulated phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Thus the replication organelles are likely built from de novo synthesized membrane material, rather than from the remodeled pre-existing membranes. We show that activation of fatty acid import is linked to the up-regulation of cellular long chain acyl-CoA synthetase activity and identify the long chain acyl-CoA syntheatse3 (Acsl3) as a novel host factor required for polio replication. Poliovirus protein 2A is required to trigger the activation of import of fatty acids independent of its protease activity. Shift in fatty acid import preferences by infected cells results in synthesis of phosphatidylcholines different from those in uninfected cells, arguing that the viral replication organelles possess unique properties compared to the pre-existing membranes. Our data show how poliovirus can change the overall cellular membrane homeostasis by targeting one critical process. They explain earlier observations of increased phospholipid synthesis in infected cells and suggest a simple model of the structural development of the membranous scaffold of replication complexes of picorna-like viruses, that may be relevant for other (+)RNA viruses as well. Eukaryotic cells feature astonishing complexity of regulatory networks, yet control over this fine-tuned machinery is easily overrun by viruses with expression of just a handful of proteins. One of the striking examples of such hostile take-over is the rewiring of normal cellular membrane metabolism by (+)RNA viruses towards development of new membranous organelles harboring viral replication machinery. (+)RNA viruses of eukaryotes infect organisms from unicellular algae to humans. Many of them induce diseases resulting in significant economic losses, public health burden, human suffering and sometimes fatal consequences. We show how picornaviruses reorganize cellular lipid metabolism by targeting long chain acyl-CoA synthetase activity. This induces increased import of fatty acids in infected cells and up-regulation of phospholipid synthesis, resulting in formation of replication organelles different from the pre-existing cellular membranes. This mechanism is utilized by diverse viruses and may represent an attractive target for anti-viral interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jules A. Nchoutmboube
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ekaterina G. Viktorova
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alison J. Scott
- University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Ford
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhengtong Pei
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Watkins
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George A. Belov
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Belov GA, van Kuppeveld FJM. (+)RNA viruses rewire cellular pathways to build replication organelles. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:740-7. [PMID: 23036609 PMCID: PMC7102821 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA [(+)RNA] viruses show a significant degree of conservation of their mechanisms of replication. The universal requirement of (+)RNA viruses for cellular membranes for genome replication, and the formation of membranous replication organelles with similar architecture, suggest that they target essential control mechanisms of membrane metabolism conserved among eukaryotes. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the role of key host factors and pathways that are hijacked for the development of replication organelles. In addition, electron tomography studies have shed new light on their ultrastructure. Collectively, these studies reveal an unexpected complexity of the spatial organization of the replication membranes and suggest that (+)RNA viruses actively change cellular membrane composition to build their replication organelles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George A Belov
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Frank JM van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mano J, Tokushige K, Mizoguchi H, Fujii H, Khorobrykh S. Accumulation of lipid peroxide-derived, toxic .ALPHA.,.BETA.-unsaturated aldehydes (E)-2-pentenal, acrolein and (E)-2-hexenal in leaves under photoinhibitory illumination. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.27.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
|
7
|
Höer A, Schöneberg T, Harteneck C, Cetindag C, Oberdisse E. Enhancement of phospholipase D activity following baculovirus and adenovirus infection in Sf9 and COS-7 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1393:325-35. [PMID: 9748645 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to purify the human phospholipase D1 (hPLD1) for analysis of its functional properties, we applied a baculovirus-based high-expression system. As expected, Sf9 cells infected with a baculovirus encoding for the hPLD1 displayed a 7.5-fold increase in PLD activity compared to uninfected cells. Sf9 cells infected with the wild-type (WT) and other recombinant baculoviruses were used as an expression control. Surprisingly, all baculoviruses tested led to a 3-5 fold increase in basal PLD activity when compared to uninfected cells. To further characterize the nature of the increased PLD activity, the influence of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was studied. In contrast to membranes containing the hPLD1, the PLD activity in membranes from uninfected and WT-infected Sf9 cells was not stimulated by ARF. PMA did not affect the increase in PLD activity in any case. To further study whether the virus-mediated increase in PLD activity is a more general phenomenon, we infected COS-7 cells with recombinant and WT adenoviruses. Only the infection with the WT adenovirus resulted in an approx. 2-fold increase in PLD activity. Our results demonstrate for the first time that a viral infection elevates the PLD activity in insect and mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Höer
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Fachbereich Humanmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wong F, Anderson R. Involvement of lipids in membrane binding of mouse hepatitis virus nucleocapsid protein. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 342:203-8. [PMID: 8209731 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented which indicates that membrane binding of the MHV nucleocapsid (N) protein is influenced by membrane lipid composition. Binding of N protein to membranes of mouse fibroblast L-2 cells is very specific and occurs under conditions in which no other viral or cellular proteins show detectable binding. Binding occurs rapidly and does not require the presence of divalent cations such as Ca++ or Mg++. Purified phospholipid liposomes compete against N protein binding to membranes. Phospholipids consisting of cardiolipin are the most effective in inhibiting membrane binding. Because of certain structural similarities between phospholipids and nucleic acids, we speculate that membrane lipid association of the N protein may compete for RNA binding sites on the N protein. Such a mechanism may be important for processes such as nucleocapsid uncoating and nucleocapsid assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Joachims M, Etchison D. Poliovirus infection results in structural alteration of a microtubule-associated protein. J Virol 1992; 66:5797-804. [PMID: 1326643 PMCID: PMC241455 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.10.5797-5804.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus infection results in profound changes in cellular metabolism and architecture. To identify alterations in cellular proteins following poliovirus infection which might account for these changes, monoclonal antibodies were prepared by screening for differences in antigen pattern in infected and uninfected cell lysates. Further characterization of the antigen of one such antibody (25 C C1) is described in this report. The 25 C C1 antigen is a cytoskeleton-associated protein which decreases in size 4 to 5 h postinfection. It copurifies with some of the protein synthesis initiation factors but not with eucaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4F, the p220 subunit of which is cleaved following infection (D. Etchison, S. C. Milburn, I. Edery, N. Sonenberg, and J. W. B. Hershey, J. Biol. Chem. 257:14806-14810, 1982). Unlike alteration of p220, alteration of the 25 C C1 antigen is not due to a protease which can be detected by cell lysate mixing experiments. Alteration of the antigen occurs during purification, suggesting progressive proteolysis, but the alteration is more extensive in preparations from infected cells than in those from uninfected cells. A recombinant phage expressing the antigenic determinant was isolated from a human fibroblast cDNA library, and the sequence of the cDNA insert was found to be entirely contained within the established sequence of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 4 (R. R. West, K. M. Tenbarge, and J. B. Olmsted, J. Biol. Chem. 266:21886-21896, 1991). The antigen distribution, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence, was similar to, but more diffuse than, the distribution of tubulin. The antibody recognized the largest abundant HeLa cell MAP, which copurified with tubulin after three cycles of polymerization-depolymerization, thus confirming the identity of the antigen as MAP 4. These results indicate that poliovirus infection of HeLa cells affects the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal protein, MAP 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Joachims
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kristensson K. Potential role of viruses in neurodegeneration. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1992; 16:45-58. [PMID: 1520406 PMCID: PMC7090832 DOI: 10.1007/bf03159960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/1991] [Accepted: 08/09/1991] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have the capacity to induce alterations and degenerations of neurons by different direct and indirect mechanisms. In the review, we have focused on some examples that may provide new avenues for treatment or altering the course of infections, i.e., antibodies to fusogenic virus membrane proteins, drugs that interfere with lipid metabolism, calcium channel blockers, immunoregulatory molecules, and, and inhibitors of excitotoxic amino acids. Owing to their selectivity in attack on regions of nervous tissue, governed by viral factors and by routes of invasion, viral receptors or metabolic machineries of infected cells, certain viral infections show similarities in distribution of their resulting lesions in the nervous system to that of the common human neurodegenerative diseases (namely, motor neurons disease, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease). However, it should be emphasized that no infectious agent has as yet provided a complete animal model for any of these diseases, nor has any infectious agent been linked to them from observations on clinical or postmortem materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kristensson
- Division of Basic Research in Dementia, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Poliovirus infection leads to an increase of phospholipid synthesis and the proliferation of new membranes, giving rise to a great number of cytoplasmic vesicles in the infected cells. Viral RNA replication is physically associated with these newly-synthesized membranes. Cerulenin, an inhibitor of lipid biosynthesis, effectively blocks the growth of poliovirus in HeLa cells. The presence of cerulenin after virus entry prevents the synthesis of poliovirus proteins. However, if this antibiotic is added at later stages of the virus replication cycle, it has no effect on viral translation itself, nor on the proteolytic processing and myristoylation of poliovirus proteins. The synthesis of viral, but not cellular RNA is selectively inhibited by cerulenin. Analysis of the viral RNA made in poliovirus-infected cells by specific minus-or plus-stranded RNA probes suggests a selective blockade by cerulenin of plus-strand RNA synthesis. Finally, the synthesis of phospholipids and the proliferation of membranes does not take place if cerulenin is added to the culture medium. These findings indicate that continuous phospholipid synthesis is required for efficient poliovirus genome replication and provide new insights towards the understanding of the molecular events that occur during poliovirus growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Guinea
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guinea R, López-Rivas A, Carrasco L. Modification of Phospholipase C and Phospholipase A2 Activities during Poliovirus Infection. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)88273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
13
|
Fatty acids covalently bound to erythrocyte proteins undergo a differential turnover in vivo. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|