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Oleic Acid Is not the Only Relevant Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Ester in Olive Oil. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040384. [PMID: 32224949 PMCID: PMC7230673 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a precious and universally studied food matrix. Recently, the quantitative chemical composition was investigated by an innovative processing method for the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments called Multi-Assignment Recovered Analysis (MARA)-NMR. (2) Methods: Any EVOO 13-carbon NMR (13C-NMR) profile displayed inconsistent signals. This mismatch was resolved by comparing NMR data to the official gas-chromatographic flame ionization detection (GC-FID) experiments: the analyses concerned many EVOOs but also the "exotic" Capparis spinosa oil (CSO). (3) Results: NMR and GC-FID evidenced the overwhelming presence of cis-vaccenic esters in the CSO and, more importantly, cis-vaccenic 13C-NMR resonances unequivocally matched the misunderstood 13C-NMR signals of EVOOs. The updated assignment revealed the unexpected relevant presence of cis-vaccenic ester (around 3%) in EVOOs; it was neglected, so far, because routine and official GC-FID profiles did not resolve oleic and cis-vaccenic signals leading to the total quantification of both monounsaturated fatty esters. (4) Conclusions: The rebuilt MARA-NMR and GC-FID interpretations consistently show a meaningful presence of cis-vaccenic esters in EVOOs, whose content could be a discrimination factor featuring specific cultivar or geographical origin. The study paves the way toward new quantification panels and scientific research concerning vegetable oils.
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Lieb VM, Kerfers MR, Kronmüller A, Esquivel P, Alvarado A, Jiménez VM, Schmarr HG, Carle R, Schweiggert RM, Steingass CB. Characterization of Mesocarp and Kernel Lipids from Elaeis guineensis Jacq., Elaeis oleifera [Kunth] Cortés, and Their Interspecific Hybrids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3617-3626. [PMID: 28434221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Morphological traits, total lipid contents, and fatty acid profiles were assessed in fruits of several accessions of Elaeis oleifera [Kunth] Cortés, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., and their interspecific hybrids. The latter featured the highest mesocarp-to-fruit ratios (77.9-78.2%). The total lipid contents of both E. guineensis mesocarp and kernel were significantly higher than for E. oleifera accessions. Main fatty acids comprised C16:0, C18:1n9, and C18:2n6 in mesocarp and C12:0, C14:0, and C18:1n9 in kernels. E. oleifera samples were characterized by higher proportions of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. Saturated medium-chain fatty acids supported the clustering of E. guineensis kernels in multivariate statistics. Hybrid mesocarp lipids had an intermediate fatty acid composition, whereas their kernel lipids resembled those of E. oleifera genotypes. Principal component analysis based on lipid contents and proportions of individual fatty acids permitted clear-cut distinction of E. oleifera, E. guineensis, and their hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika M Lieb
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Margarete R Kerfers
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amrei Kronmüller
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patricia Esquivel
- School of Food Technology, Universidad de Costa Rica , 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | | | - Víctor M Jiménez
- CIGRAS, Universidad de Costa Rica , 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
- Food Security Center, University of Hohenheim , 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Schmarr
- Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum (DLR) Rheinpfalz, Institute for Viticulture and Oenology , Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Biological Science Department, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80257, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf M Schweiggert
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Gouk SW, Cheng SF, Ong ASH, Chuah CH. Rapid and direct quantitative analysis of positional fatty acids in triacylglycerols using 13C NMR. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ng S. Quantitative analysis of partial acylglycerols and free fatty acids in palm oil by 13
C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-000-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ng
- ; Department of Chemistry; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Scano P, Casu M, Lai A, Saba G, Dessi MA, Deiana M, Corongiu FP, Bandino G. Recognition and quantitation of cis-vaccenic and eicosenoic fatty acids in olive oils by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lipids 1999; 34:757-9. [PMID: 10478934 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of 11-cis monoenoic fatty acids was detected in olive oil samples by means of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the positional isomery on the glycerol backbone was derived. The 11-cis vaccenic and eicosenoic fatty acid resonances were recognized and the amounts of the fatty acids quantified. For comparison purposes, a quantitative analysis was also made by gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Scano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita di Cagliari, Complesso Universitario di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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Jie MS, Mustafa J. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy--applications to fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Lipids 1997; 32:1019-34. [PMID: 9358427 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has played an ever-increasing role in the structural determination of fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives and analogues, and in the analysis of the structures of triacylglycerols including the quantitative analysis of lipid mixtures. This article discusses some of the results obtained through the application of the NMR technique to lipid molecules and reviews the literature. To maintain brevity, this article does not cover the underlying theory of NMR spectroscopy as numerous books devoted to modern NMR spectroscopy have been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Jie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong.
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Jie MSFLK, Pasha MK, Syed-Rahmatullah MSK. Fatty acids, fatty acid analogues and their derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 1997. [DOI: 10.1039/np9971400163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lie Ken Jie MS, Lam C. 13C-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of triacylglycerols of type AAA containing (Z)- and (E)-monoethylenic acyl groups. Chem Phys Lipids 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(95)02479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Knothe G, Lie Ken Jie MS, Lamb C, Bagby MO. Evaluation of the 13C-NMR signals of the unsaturated carbons of triacylglycerols. Chem Phys Lipids 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(95)02466-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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