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DiMarzio M, Rusconi B, Yennawar NH, Eppinger M, Patterson AD, Dudley EG. Identification of a mouse Lactobacillus johnsonii strain with deconjugase activity against the FXR antagonist T-β-MCA. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183564. [PMID: 28910295 PMCID: PMC5598929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity against the bile acid tauro-beta-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA) was recently reported to mediate host bile acid, glucose, and lipid homeostasis via the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway. An earlier study correlated decreased Lactobacillus abundance in the cecum with increased concentrations of intestinal T-β-MCA, an FXR antagonist. While several studies have characterized BSHs in lactobacilli, deconjugation of T-β-MCA remains poorly characterized among members of this genus, and therefore it was unclear what strain(s) were responsible for this activity. Here, a strain of L. johnsonii with robust BSH activity against T-β-MCA in vitro was isolated from the cecum of a C57BL/6J mouse. A screening assay performed on a collection of 14 Lactobacillus strains from nine different species identified BSH substrate specificity for T-β-MCA only in two of three L. johnsonii strains. Genomic analysis of the two strains with this BSH activity revealed the presence of three bsh genes that are homologous to bsh genes in the previously sequenced human-associated strain L. johnsonii NCC533. Heterologous expression of several bsh genes in E. coli followed by enzymatic assays revealed broad differences in substrate specificity even among closely related bsh homologs, and suggests that the phylogeny of these enzymes does not closely correlate with substrate specificity. Predictive modeling allowed us to propose a potential mechanism driving differences in BSH activity for T-β-MCA in these homologs. Our data suggests that L. johnsonii regulates T-β-MCA levels in the mouse intestinal environment, and that this species may play a central role in FXR signaling in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DiMarzio
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Brigida Rusconi
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Neela H. Yennawar
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Mark Eppinger
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Edward G. Dudley
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chemical Synthesis of the Epimeric (23R)- and (23S)-Fluoro Derivatives of Bile Acids via Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Reaction. Lipids 2015; 50:919-26. [PMID: 26193795 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of two (23R)- and (23S)-epimeric pairs of 23-fluoro-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid and 23-fluoro-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is described. The key intermediates, 23,24-dinor-22-aldehyde peracetates were prepared from cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids via the 24-nor-22-ene, 24-nor-22ξ,23-epoxy, and 23,24-dinor-22-aldehyde derivatives. The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of the 23,24-dinor-22-aldehydes using triethyl 2-fluoro-2-phosphonoacetate in the presence of LiCl and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene (DBU), and subsequent hydrogenation of the resulting 23ξ-fluoro-22-ene ethyl esters, followed by hydrolysis, gave a mixture of the epimeric (23R)- and (23S)-fluorinated bile acids which were resolved efficiently by preparative RP-HPLC. The stereochemical configuration of the fluorine atom at C-23 in the newly synthesized compounds was confirmed directly by the X-ray crystallographic data. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral differences between the (23R)- and (23S)-epimers were also discussed.
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Seiko Narushima, Kikuji Itoh, Kazuo. Caecal Bile Acid Compositions in Gnotobiotic Mice Associated with Human Intestinal Bacteria with the Ability to Transform Bile Acidsin vitro. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/089106099435934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Narushima, Kikuji Itoh, Kazuo
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka and
- The Cell Science Research Foundation, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Kakiyama G, Iida T, Yoshimoto A, Goto T, Mano N, Goto J, Nambara T, Hagey LR, Hofmann AF. Chemical synthesis of (22E)-3 alpha,6 beta,7 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-chol-22-en-24-oic acid and its taurine and glycine conjugates: a major bile acid in the rat. J Lipid Res 2003; 45:567-73. [PMID: 14657194 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d300027-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of Delta(22)-beta-muricholic acid (Delta(22)-beta-MCA), (22E)-3 alpha,6 beta,7 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-chol-22-en-24-oic acid, and its taurine and glycine conjugates (Delta(22)-beta-muricholyltaurine and Delta(22)-beta-muricholylglycine) is described. The key intermediate, 3 alpha,6 beta,7 beta-triformyloxy-23,24-dinor-5 beta-cholan-22-al, was prepared from beta-muricholic acid (beta-MCA) via the 24-nor-22-ene and 24-nor-22,23-diol derivatives. Wittig reaction of the aldehyde with (carbomethoxymethylene) triphenylphosphorane and subsequent hydrolysis gave (unconjugated) Delta(22)-beta-MCA. Condensation reaction of the unconjugated acid with taurine or glycine methyl ester using diethylphosphorocyanide yielded the naturally occurring taurine or glycine conjugate (N-acylamidate) of Delta(22)-beta-MCA. These synthetic reference compounds are now available for investigation of the metabolism of beta-MCA by bacterial and hepatic enzymes in the rat and should also be useful as substrates for reductive deuteration or tritiation to give the 22,23-(2)H or (3)H-beta-MCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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OGURA Y, YAMAGA N, KIDO Y, KATAYAMA R, YAMADA K, UCHIDA K. Aerobic and Anaerobic Biotransformation of Bile Acids by Escherichia coli (I). Biosci Microflora 2003. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus1996.22.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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NARUSHIMA S, ITOH K, KURUMA K, UCHIDA K. Bile Acid Transformation in Gnotobiotic Mice Associated with Human Intestinal Flora. Biosci Microflora 2002. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus1996.21.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Eyssen HJ, De Pauw G, Van Eldere J. Formation of hyodeoxycholic acid from muricholic acid and hyocholic acid by an unidentified gram-positive rod termed HDCA-1 isolated from rat intestinal microflora. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3158-63. [PMID: 10388717 PMCID: PMC91470 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.7.3158-3163.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From the rat intestinal microflora we isolated a gram-positive rod, termed HDCA-1, that is a member of a not previously described genomic species and that is able to transform the 3alpha,6beta, 7beta-trihydroxy bile acid beta-muricholic acid into hyodeoxycholic acid (3alpha,6alpha-dihydroxy acid) by dehydroxylation of the 7beta-hydroxy group and epimerization of the 6beta-hydroxy group into a 6alpha-hydroxy group. Other bile acids that were also transformed into hyodeoxycholic acid were hyocholic acid (3alpha, 6alpha,7alpha-trihydroxy acid), alpha-muricholic acid (3alpha,6beta, 7alpha-trihydroxy acid), and omega-muricholic acid (3alpha,6alpha, 7beta-trihydroxy acid). The strain HDCA-1 could not be grown unless a nonconjugated 7-hydroxylated bile acid and an unidentified growth factor produced by a Ruminococcus productus strain that was also isolated from the intestinal microflora were added to the culture medium. Germfree rats selectively associated with the strain HDCA-1 plus a bile acid-deconjugating strain and the growth factor-producing R. productus strain converted beta-muricholic acid almost completely into hyodeoxycholic acid.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Cholic Acids/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Deoxycholic Acid/metabolism
- Genes, rRNA
- Germ-Free Life
- Gram-Positive Rods/classification
- Gram-Positive Rods/genetics
- Gram-Positive Rods/isolation & purification
- Gram-Positive Rods/metabolism
- Intestines/microbiology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Rats
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Eyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Uchida K, Satoh T, Narushima S, Itoh K, Takase H, Kuruma K, Nakao H, Yamaga N, Yamada K. Transformation of bile acids and sterols by clostridia (fusiform bacteria) in Wistar rats. Lipids 1999; 34:269-73. [PMID: 10230721 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects on bile acid and sterol transformation of clostridia (fusiform bacteria), the dominant intestinal bacteria in rodents (ca. 10(10) counts per g wet feces) were examined in Wistar rats. After inoculation of clostridia into germ-free rats and into rats previously inoculated solely with Escherichia coli, most of the endogenous bile acids were deconjugated, and cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were 7alpha-dehydroxylated to deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, respectively. Tauro-beta-muricholic acid, another major bile acid in rats, was deconjugated, but only part of it (ca. 30%) was transformed into hyodeoxycholic acid. Cholesterol and sitosterol were also reduced to coprostanol and sitostanol, respectively. Escherichia coli transformed neither bile acids nor sterols. These data suggest that clostridia play an important role in the formation of secondary bile acids and coprostanol in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uchida
- Strategic Information Unit, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The bile acid concentrations in the serum, liver, bile, intestines, and feces of 3- and 19-mon-old male and female Nagase analbuminemic (NA) rats were compared with those in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. There was no significant difference in the bile acid levels between NA and SD rats. However, increased biosynthesis and pool size of cholic acid (CD) derivatives and decreased levels of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) derivatives (increased CA/CDCA ratio) were detected in male NA rats as compared to SD rats. The CA/CDCA ratio in female NA rats was not different from that in their SD counterparts. There were no significant differences between NA and SD rats in the biliary bile flow, bile acid levels in the small and large intestines, fecal bile acid excretion, bile acid concentration in the portal and systemic circulation, and in the pool size of bile acids. The blood lipid concentrations were significantly higher in the NA rats than in the SD rats. The hepatic levels of lipids were not significantly different between the two rat strains. In conclusion, this study showed that metabolism of bile acids in NA rats is not significantly affected, and that the hypercholesterolemia observed in these strains is not related to abnormalities of bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kambe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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Uchida K, Takase H, Nomura Y, Satoh T, Igimi H, Takeuchi N. Bile acid metabolism in young-old parabiotic rats. Lipids 1997; 32:383-90. [PMID: 9113626 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Serum cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels, liver cholesterol concentration, bile flow, biliary cholesterol, phospholipid and bile acid secretion rates, fecal sterol and bile acid levels and their bile acid compositions were examined in young-old parabiotic rats and compared with those in young and old control rats and young-young parabiotic rats. Bile acid composition was expressed in terms of the cholic acid group/chenodeoxycholic acid group (CA/CDCA) ratio. Body weight (BW) gain decreased after parabiosis especially in old rats, but the liver weight (g/100 g BW), diet-intake, feces dry weight, liver cholesterol concentration and fecal sterol level were almost the same in all the groups. The biliary bile acid secretion rate was higher and the fecal bile acid level was lower in old rats than those in young rats but both the levels became comparable with those in young rats after parabiosis of old rats with young rats. Young rats, however, showed no changes in these levels after parabiosis. The serum cholesterol level and the biliary and fecal CA/CDCA ratios in old rats were higher than those in young rats but decreased after parabiosis with young rats, although they were still higher than those in young rats. The serum cholesterol level in young rats increased after parabiosis with old rats, but not after parabiosis with young rats, and the fecal bile acid level and the CA/CDCA ratio were not changed in either case. It is concluded from these findings that the serum cholesterol level and the CA/CDCA ratio increased with age and that these increases were prevented after parabiosis with young rats while young rats, although their serum cholesterol level was increased, showed no increase in the CA/CDCA ratio after parabiosis with old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uchida
- Strategic Information Unit, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Une M, Konishi M, Yoshii M, Kuramoto T, Hoshita T. Comparison of side chain oxidation of potential C27-bile acid intermediates between mitochondria and peroxisomes of the rat liver: presence of beta-oxidation activity for bile acid biosynthesis in mitochondria. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Hashimoto S, Igimi H, Uchida K, Satoh T, Benno Y, Takeuchi N. Effects of beta-lactam antibiotics on intestinal microflora and bile acid metabolism in rats. Lipids 1996; 31:601-9. [PMID: 8784740 DOI: 10.1007/bf02523830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Wistar male rats were treated for six days with broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, latamoxef, and cefotaxime. On the seventh day, the number of fecal anaerobic microbes decreased, total fecal bile acids decreased, and bile acid pools increased. Secondary bile acids such as beta-hyocholic, hyodeoxycholic, lithocholic, and deoxycholic acids decreased in the feces while the primary bile acids, cholic, beta-muricholic, and chenodeoxycholic acids, became predominant. Coprostanol, a microbial metabolite of cholesterol, also disappeared from the feces during the treatment. The cecum enlarged to almost twice the size of that in control rats, whereas the liver weight was not significantly changed. After treatment was stopped, the number of fecal microbes returned to the initial counts within a week, but restoration of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism required at least three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashimoto
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kanzaki Laboratory, Osaka, Japan
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Uchida K, Satoh T, Takase H, Nomura Y, Takasu N, Kurihara H, Takeuchi N. Altered bile acid metabolism related to atherosclerosis in alloxan diabetic rats. J Atheroscler Thromb 1996; 3:52-8. [PMID: 9225240 DOI: 10.5551/jat1994.3.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal and alloxan diabetic rats were kept on a 0.25% cholesterol diet for 12 months and the changes in serum cholesterol levels, and fecal excretion of sterols and bile acids were examined to elucidate the influence of changes in bile acid metabolism on manifestations of hypercholesterolemia and development of atheromatous lesions. Diabetic rats fed the cholesterol diet showed increases in bile acid synthesis and in the cholic acid group/chenodeoxycholic acid group (CA/CDCA) ratio, and developed significant hypercholesterolemia and atheromatous lesions. In contrast, normal rats showed increased bile acids synthesis but a decreased CA/CDCA ratio after feeding with the cholesterol diet, and developed neither hypercholesterolemia nor atheromatous lesions. Fecal sterol excretion and the cholesterol/sitosterol ratio decreased in diabetic rats. Positive correlations were found between the cumulative serum cholesterol level and the atheromatous lesion area, and between the fecal CA/CDCA ratio and the serum cholesterol level, in the latter of which the correlation was higher in rats on the cholesterol diet than in those on the standard diet. These findings suggest that alteration of bile acid metabolism with increases in cholic acid synthesis and CA/CDCA ratio in diabetic rats enhances cholesterol absorption to produce significant hypercholesterolemia, which in turn leads to development of atheromatous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uchida
- Strategic Information Unit, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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