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Graeff JE, Leblond JD. Sterol Composition of the Peridinioid Dinoflagellate Zooxanthella nutricula, A Symbiont of Polycystine Radiolarians. Protist 2021; 172:125817. [PMID: 34198015 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2021.125817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Some dinoflagellates, such as Symbiodinium, are able to form symbiotic relationships with larger marine organisms. An important aspect of dinoflagellate symbiosis involves the exchange of lipids, namely sterols, from the symbiont to the host. Much research has explored the lipid biochemistry of the symbiotic relationship between cnidarians and Symbiodinium dinoflagellates. However, no research has addressed the sterol biochemistry of the symbiosis between radiolarians and dinoflagellates such as Zooxanthella nutricula. To this end, we have provided the first sterol characterization of Z. nutricula isolated from a spumellarian polycystine radiolarian. Fifteen sterols and one steroidal ketone were observed where the major sterol identified was C27 22-dehydrocholesterol, which does not tend to be a dominant sterol among dinoflagellates, including closely related peridinioid species in the genus Heterocapsa. However, C30 dinosterol and dinostanol were major sterols in both Z. nutricula and Heterocapsa spp., thus indicating common sterols between closely related taxa. Major sterols of the distantly related genus Symbiodinium, a symbiont of foraminifera and cnidarians, have included C27 cholesterol and C30 gorgosterol, whereas in Z. nutricula these sterols were minor and absent, respectively. Our results indicate potentially different sterol pools available to cnidarian and radiolarian symbiont hosts during their respective relationships with symbiotic dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jori E Graeff
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Leblond
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
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Lu Y, Jiang J, Zhao H, Han X, Xiang Y, Zhou W. Clade-Specific Sterol Metabolites in Dinoflagellate Endosymbionts Are Associated with Coral Bleaching in Response to Environmental Cues. mSystems 2020; 5:e00765-20. [PMID: 32994291 PMCID: PMC7527140 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00765-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians cannot synthesize sterols (which play essential roles in growth and development) de novo but often use sterols acquired from endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. While sterol availability can impact the mutualistic interaction between coral host and algal symbiont, the biosynthetic pathways (in the dinoflagellate endosymbionts) and functional roles of sterols in these symbioses are poorly understood. In this study, we found that itraconazole, which perturbs sterol metabolism by inhibiting the sterol 14-demethylase CYP51 in dinoflagellates, induces bleaching of the anemone Heteractis crispa and that bleaching perturbs sterol metabolism of the dinoflagellate. While Symbiodiniaceae have clade-specific sterol metabolites, they share features of the common sterol biosynthetic pathway but with distinct architecture and substrate specificity features of participating enzymes. Tracking sterol profiles and transcripts of enzymes involved in sterol biosynthesis across time in response to different environmental cues revealed similarities and idiosyncratic features of sterol synthesis in the endosymbiont Breviolum minutum Exposure of algal cultures to high levels of light, heat, and acidification led to alterations in sterol synthesis, including blocks through downregulation of squalene synthase transcript levels accompanied by marked growth reductions.IMPORTANCE These results indicate that sterol metabolites in Symbiodiniaceae are clade specific, that their biosynthetic pathways share architectural and substrate specificity features with those of animals and plants, and that environmental stress-specific perturbation of sterol biosynthesis in dinoflagellates can impair a key mutualistic partnership for healthy reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jiaoyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wenxu Zhou
- Shandong Rongchen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Qingdao, China
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Koelmel JP, Napolitano MP, Ulmer CZ, Vasiliou V, Garrett TJ, Yost RA, Prasad MNV, Godri Pollitt KJ, Bowden JA. Environmental lipidomics: understanding the response of organisms and ecosystems to a changing world. Metabolomics 2020; 16:56. [PMID: 32307636 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the interaction between organisms and the environment is important for predicting and mitigating the effects of global phenomena such as climate change, and the fate, transport, and health effects of anthropogenic pollutants. By understanding organism and ecosystem responses to environmental stressors at the molecular level, mechanisms of toxicity and adaptation can be determined. This information has important implications in human and environmental health, engineering biotechnologies, and understanding the interaction between anthropogenic induced changes and the biosphere. One class of molecules with unique promise for environmental science are lipids; lipids are highly abundant and ubiquitous across nearly all organisms, and lipid profiles often change drastically in response to external stimuli. These changes allow organisms to maintain essential biological functions, for example, membrane fluidity, as they adapt to a changing climate and chemical environment. Lipidomics can help scientists understand the historical and present biofeedback processes in climate change and the biogeochemical processes affecting nutrient cycles. Lipids can also be used to understand how ecosystems respond to historical environmental changes with lipid signatures dating back to hundreds of millions of years, which can help predict similar changes in the future. In addition, lipids are direct targets of environmental stressors, for example, lipids are easily prone to oxidative damage, which occurs during exposure to most toxins. AIM OF REVIEW This is the first review to summarize the current efforts to comprehensively measure lipids to better understand the interaction between organisms and their environment. This review focuses on lipidomic applications in the arenas of environmental toxicology and exposure assessment, xenobiotic exposures and health (e.g., obesity), global climate change, and nutrient cycles. Moreover, this review summarizes the use of and the potential for lipidomics in engineering biotechnologies for the remediation of persistent compounds and biofuel production. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT With the preservation of certain lipids across millions of years and our ever-increasing understanding of their diverse biological roles, lipidomic-based approaches provide a unique utility to increase our understanding of the contemporary and historical interactions between organisms, ecosystems, and anthropogenically-induced environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 125 Buckman Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Michael P Napolitano
- CSS, Inc., under contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Candice Z Ulmer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 125 Buckman Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Richard A Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 125 Buckman Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - M N V Prasad
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Cunha SS, Fernandes JO, Oliveira MBPP. Quantification of free and esterified sterols in Portuguese olive oils by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1128:220-7. [PMID: 16860809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple and accurate method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE), transesterification and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for the quantitative analysis of free and esterified sterols of olive oil. In order to achieve better separation of esterified and free sterols, silica and alumina SPE adsorbents were tested. Separations by silica provided more reproducible results. The transesterification of both sterol fractions was found to be more user friendly than saponification as a method to liberate the sterols from the respective esters. The free sterols were then silylated with N,O-bis-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) with 1% of trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS). The most favourable conditions for exploitation of this reagent were established. The optimized methodology was suitable for evaluation of free and esterified sterols in Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) olive oils and monovarietal olive oils with different maturation indices. The prevailing phytosterols in all olive oils were beta-sitosterol and campesterol. The free sterols predominated, although they seemed to decrease with the maturation of the olive fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Cunha
- REQUIMTE/Serviço de Bromatologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
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Mansour MP, Volkman JK, Blackburn SI. The effect of growth phase on the lipid class, fatty acid and sterol composition in the marine dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium sp. in batch culture. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 63:145-153. [PMID: 12711135 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of growth phase on the lipid composition in batch cultures of Gymnodinium sp. CS-380/3 over 43 days of culturing. The lipid content increased two fold, from late logarithmic (day 6) to linear growth phase (day 22) then decreased at stationary phase (day 43) while the lipid yield (mg l(-1)) increased 30-fold from day 6 to 30 mg l(-1) at day 43. Changes in fatty acid content mirrored those observed for the total lipid, while the sterol content continued to increase with culture age through to stationary phase. The largest changes occurred in the lipid classes, especially the polar lipids and triacylglycerols (oil). The proportion of triacylglycerols increased from 8% (of total lipids) at day 6 to 30% at day 43, with a concomitant decrease in the polar lipid fraction. The proportions of 16:0 and DHA [22:6(n-3)] increased while those of 18:5(n-3) and EPA [20:5(n-3)] decreased with increasing culture age. The proportion of the major sterol, dinosterol, decreased from 41% (day 6) to 29% (day 43), while the major dinostanol epimer (23R,24R) increased from 33% (day 6) to 38% (day 22). Despite small changes in the proportion of the main sterols, the same sterols were present at all stages of growth, indicating their value as a chemotaxonomic tool for distinguishing between strains within the same genus. Growth phase could be a useful variable for optimising the oil and DHA content with potential for aquaculture feeds and a source of DHA-rich oils for nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged P Mansour
- CSIRO Marine Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Kalo P, Kuuranne T. Analysis of free and esterified sterols in fats and oils by flash chromatography, gas chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 935:237-48. [PMID: 11762776 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for the analysis of free and esterified sterols has been developed. Fat or oil samples were separated on solid-phase extraction silica gel columns into a sterol ester fraction, a fraction of triacylglycerols, and a free sterol fraction containing partial acylglycerols and residual triacylglycerols. Sterol esters and acylglycerols of the free sterol fraction were transesterified to methyl esters. The fatty acid methyl esters from sterol ester fraction and the free sterols from sterol ester fraction and free sterol fraction were determined by GLC. Precursor ion electrospray MS-MS of sterol fragment ions of sterol ester fractions were recorded and used for determination of sterol ester proportions in butterfat and vegetable oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kalo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Ponomarenko LP, Kalinovsky AI, Moiseenko OP, Stonik VA. Free sterols from the holothurians Synapta maculata, Cladolabes bifurcatus and Cucumaria sp. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 128:53-62. [PMID: 11163304 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(00)00318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Free sterol fractions from the holothurians (sea cucumbers) Synapta maculata, Cladolabes bifurcatus and Cucumaria sp. have been isolated and studied by HPLC, GLC, GLC-MS and NMR methods. Forty seven sterols were identified, including several rare ones. In contrast with previously studied holothurians, the presence of a minor amount of Delta7 sterols was indicated in the sterols of S. maculata. This animal contains predominantly Delta(9(11))sterols as well as an abnormally high concentration of Delta5 sterols. In C. bifurcatus and Cucumaria sp., 14alpha-methyl and 4alpha,14alpha-dimethyl-Delta(9(11))sterols were found to be the main sterol constituents. Peculiarities of sterol distribution and the relationship between sterol compositions and taxonomic positions, ecology and toxicity of the corresponding sea cucumbers were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Ponomarenko
- Laboratory of the Chemistry of Marine Natural Products, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, -690022, Vladivostok, Russia
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Wakeham SG, Beier JA. Fatty acid and sterol biomarkers as indicators of particulate matter source and alteration processes in the Black Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0198-0149(10)80018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Literature published between 1980 and 1986 dealing broadly with the topic of cholesterol autoxidation is reviewed. The review builds on the detailed 1981 monographic treatment of the topic by the author and covers new items of chemistry, analysis, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Smith
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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Cranwell PA, Robinson N, Eglinton G. Esterified lipids of the freshwater dinoflagellatePeridinium lomnickii. Lipids 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02534382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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