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Tan CH, Lee CJ, Tan SN, Poon DTS, Chong CYE, Pui LP. Red Palm Oil: A Review on Processing, Health Benefits and Its Application in Food. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1201-1210. [PMID: 34373407 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the physicochemical properties and extraction processes of red palm oil, its nutritional properties and applications in food. Crude palm oil is firstly extracted from the fruit mesocarp and processed into red palm oil using pre-treatment of crude palm oil, with deacidification steps, and deodorization via short-path distillation. These processes help to retain β-carotene and vitamin E in red palm oil. Palmitic, stearic and myristic acids are the saturated fatty acids in red palm oil, while the unsaturated fatty acids are oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. It is reported to overcome vitamin A deficiency, promote heart health and have anti-cancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Hui Tan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University
| | - Chao Jie Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University
| | - Sze Ning Tan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University
| | - Dickson Tik Sang Poon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University
| | - Cheryl Yi Ern Chong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University
| | - Liew Phing Pui
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University
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2
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Morcillo F, Vaissayre V, Serret J, Avallone S, Domonhédo H, Jacob F, Dussert S. Natural diversity in the carotene, tocochromanol and fatty acid composition of crude palm oil. Food Chem 2021; 365:130638. [PMID: 34329876 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Crude palm oil (CPO) is extracted from the mesocarp of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits. CPO is widely consumed in many African countries. Due to its high provitamin A carotenoid content, it is also widely used in programmes designed to prevent vitamin A deficiency. Elaeis guineensis occurs naturally across a wide geographical range in Africa. We investigated the carotene, tocochromanol (vitamin E) and fatty acid composition of a large set of genotypes representative of this genetic and geographic diversity. We found considerable intraspecific diversity in most lipid traits. Populations from Côte d'Ivoire were distinguished from other origins by their very low palmitate content and high tocochromanol content. Genotypes from Benin, Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria were characterized by high carotene contents. Finally, hybrids of crosses between genotypes from Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria produce CPO with exceptionally high provitamin A and vitamin E contents together with low palmitate content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Morcillo
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, DIADE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Julien Serret
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Avallone
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
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3
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Suri T, Basu S. Heat resistant chocolate development for subtropical and tropical climates: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5603-5622. [PMID: 33635177 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1888690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat resistant chocolate (HRC) which can retain the desired texture and mouthfeel in tropical and subtropical climatic conditions has become a major research area in the chocolate industry. Liking of the chocolate products keeps on changing with the geographical conditions of the world due to the availability of ingredients from local resources and consumer's taste preferences. The geographical changes also bring about the change in climatic conditions and as such no chocolates have been formulated to withstand the hot tropical or sub-tropical temperature conditions. Textural issues and various storage related problems faced due to meltability of chocolate in different countries has opened up a broad research field of sustainable HRC manufacturing. Over the years, there are broadly three different approaches (fat modification, sugar structure modification and innovative process approach) to develop the HRC and all these scientific approaches have given different scientific insights about improving the heat resistance characteristics and textural stability of chocolate. There is a lack or coordinated fundamental and applied research related to cocoa butter polymorphism, and thermal-textural issues during product development/storage. This review paper is an attempt to describe the different scientific approaches for developing HRC and how they affect the physical/sensory chocolate attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Suri
- Dr. SS Bhatnagar University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Santanu Basu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Adeniran JA, Yusuf RO, Abdulkadir MO, Yusuf MNO, Abdulraheem KA, Adeoye BK, Sonibare JA, Du M. Evaporation rates and pollutants emission from heated cooking oils and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115169. [PMID: 32663729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The heating of edible oils during cooking activities promotes the emissions of pollutants that have adverse impacts on the health of humans. This study investigated the evaporative emissions of fifteen (15) commonly used cooking oils. Split-plot experimental design under the response surface methodology framework was used to study singular and interaction effects of influencing parameters (temperature, volume of cooking oil and time) on cooking oil evaporation rate and pollutants emissions (i.e. Particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter ≤1 μm (PM1.0); ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5); ≤10 μm (PM10); Total Suspended Particulate (TSP); Total Volatile Organic Compounds -TVOCs, and Carbon Monoxide- CO) on a groundnut oil sample that served as a case study. Obtained values of density, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, smoke, flash and fire points were; 873-917 kg/m3; 1.12-9.7 kg/ms; 2.4-3.4 m2/s; 96 -100 °C; 124-179 °C and 142-186 °C, respectively. The role of temperature as the most significant parameter influencing the rate of evaporative emissions was established. Evaporation rate and pollutants emission from unrefined samples were the highest. The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis results suggested a strong relationship between the actual values and the predicted values as R-squared values obtained were greater than 0.8 for all the responses. These results suggest that minimal rates of evaporation and pollutants emission from heating cooking oils can be achieved with a high volume of the cooking oil at moderate temperature levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Rafiu Olasunkanmi Yusuf
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mariam Oyinkansola Abdulkadir
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad-Najeeb O Yusuf
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Jacob Ademola Sonibare
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Mingxi Du
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Hoe BC, Chan E, Nagasundara Ramanan R, Ooi CW. Recent development and challenges in extraction of phytonutrients from palm oil. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:4031-4061. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Hoe
- Chemical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
- Monash‐Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Eng‐Seng Chan
- Chemical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
- Monash‐Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ramakrishnan Nagasundara Ramanan
- Chemical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Chien Wei Ooi
- Chemical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
- Monash‐Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
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6
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Deacidification of Palm Oil Using Betaine Monohydrate-Carboxylic Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents: Combined Extraction and Simple Solvent Recovery. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8050543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Steam stripping is commonly used to remove free fatty acids from crude palm oil. An alternative deacidification method, solvent extraction performed at a much lower temperature, would preserve the natural antioxidants in the refined palm oil. In this work, palmitic acid was extracted using betaine monohydrate-propionic acid and betaine monohydrate-acetic acid deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The effect of temperature (40 °C to 80 °C), mass ratio of palm oil to solvent (2:1 to 1:2), and palmitic acid content in the palm oil feed (2% to 8% mass) on the distribution coefficient values of palmitic acid (0.44–0.93) was investigated. For the first time, a facile recovery of DESs could be accomplished by a cooling process where up to 98% of the palmitic acid separates as solid. A solvent extraction process for palm oil deacidification, employing a DES with a distribution coefficient value much higher than unity, will provide advantages over the steam stripping process.
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Corrigendum: Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:114. [PMID: 31192199 PMCID: PMC6547300 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:50. [PMID: 30968019 PMCID: PMC6439483 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpene squalene is a natural compound that has demonstrated an extraordinary diversity of uses in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and personal care industries. Emboldened by this range of uses, novel applications that can gain profit from the benefits of squalene as an additive or supplement are expanding, resulting in its increasing demand. Ever since its discovery, the primary source has been the deep-sea shark liver, although recent declines in their populations and justified animal conservation and protection regulations have encouraged researchers to identify a novel route for squalene biosynthesis. This renewed scientific interest has profited from immense developments in synthetic biology, which now allows fine-tuning of a wider range of plants, fungi, and microorganisms for improved squalene production. There are numerous naturally squalene producing species and strains; although they generally do not make commercially viable yields as primary shark liver sources can deliver. The recent advances made toward improving squalene output from natural and engineered species have inspired this review. Accordingly, it will cover in-depth knowledge offered by the studies of the natural sources, and various engineering-based strategies that have been used to drive the improvements in the pathways toward large-scale production. The wide uses of squalene are also discussed, including the notable developments in anti-cancer applications and in augmenting influenza vaccines for greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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9
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Efendy Goon D, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH, Latip NA, Ab Rahim S, Mazlan M. Palm Oil in Lipid-Based Formulations and Drug Delivery Systems. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E64. [PMID: 30781901 PMCID: PMC6406477 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Palm oil is natural oil packed with important compounds and fatty acids ready to be exploited in lipid-based formulations and drug delivery. Palm oil and palm kernel oil contain long-chain and medium-chain triglycerides, respectively, including phytonutrients such as tocotrienol, tocopherol and carotenes. The exploitation of these compounds in a lipid-based formulation would be able to address hydrophobicity, lipophilicity, poor bioavailability and low water-solubility of many current drugs. The utilisation of palm oil as part of the drug delivery system seemed to improve the bioavailability and solubility of the drug, stabilising emulsification of formulation between emulsifier and surfactant, promoting enhanced drug permeability and performance, as well as extending the shelf-life of the drug. Despite the complexity in designing lipid-based formulations, palm oil has proven to offer dynamic behaviour in providing versatility in drug design, form and delivery. However, the knowledge and application of palm oil and its fractions in lipid-based formulation are scarce and interspersed. Therefore, this study aims to focus on the research and outcomes of using palm oil in lipid-based formulations and drug delivery systems, due to the importance of establishing its capabilities and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Efendy Goon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Normala Ab Latip
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Cawangan Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharaniza Ab Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Musalmah Mazlan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ville A, Viault G, Hélesbeux JJ, Guilet D, Richomme P, Séraphin D. Efficient Semi-Synthesis of Natural δ-( R)-Tocotrienols from a Renewable Vegetal Source. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:51-58. [PMID: 30629440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the biological potential of tocotrienols, a vitamin E subfamily. The major natural sources of tocotrienols are complex mixtures requiring particularly challenging purification processes. The present study describes efficient semi-synthetic strategies toward relevant δ-( R)-tocotrienol derivatives, using as a starting material δ-( R)-garcinoic acid, the major vitamin E derivative isolated from Garcinia kola nuts, a renewable vegetal source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Ville
- SONAS, EA921, UNIV Angers , SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Guillaume Viault
- SONAS, EA921, UNIV Angers , SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Hélesbeux
- SONAS, EA921, UNIV Angers , SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - David Guilet
- SONAS, EA921, UNIV Angers , SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Pascal Richomme
- SONAS, EA921, UNIV Angers , SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Denis Séraphin
- SONAS, EA921, UNIV Angers , SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
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11
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Areerob P, Dahlan W, Angkanaporn K. Dietary crude palm oil supplementation improves egg quality and modulates tissue and yolk vitamin E concentrations of laying hen. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an18220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Crude palm oil (CPO) is a valuable energy supplement for poultry diets and a rich source of vitamin A and E. Data on the effect of vitamin E tocotrienol in CPO on laying hen metabolism are limited. The present study examined the effects of dietary CPO supplementation on the performance and tissue distribution of vitamin E in laying hens and on egg quality. In total, 144 49-week old Hysex Brown hens were allocated randomly into four groups (36 per group), in single cages, and received corn–soybean basal diet supplemented with either lard at 20 g/kg (control), or CPO at 20 (CPO1), 30 (CPO2) or 40 g/kg (CPO3). Egg quality, hen performance, egg yolk cholesterol and hen tissue concentrations of vitamin E were examined. Dietary supplementation with CPO increased the egg yolk colour, egg and yolk weight compared with the control group, but not specific gravity, albumen quality, albumen weight and shell weight. Importantly, CPO supplementation significantly decreased egg yolk cholesterol concentrations (lowest level in the CPO3 group) and enhanced (P < 0.05) the total vitamin E tocopherols in CPO1 and total tocotrienols in CPO2 and CPO3. Hens fed on CPO3 had the lowest total tocopherol concentrations in their egg yolk and adipose tissue, but the highest tocotrienol in their plasma, egg yolk and adipose tissue. In addition, dietary CPO supplementation resulted in the highest deposition of tocotrienol in the hen’s adipose tissue compared with in the egg yolk, or hen’s liver and plasma. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with CPO improved the egg yolk weight and yolk colour, while it reduced the total cholesterol concentration and resulted in more vitamin E in the egg and hen’s adipose tissue, with increased concentrations of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and γ-tocotrienol.
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12
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Abstract
Crude palm oil is the richest natural plant source of carotenoids in terms of retinol (provitamin A) equivalent. This article reports on » the carotenoids found in palm oil, its fractions, byproducts, and derivatives from the Elaeis guineensis and E. oleifera palms, including their hybrids and a back-cross, as well as the carotenoids of pressed palm fibres, second-pressed oil, palm leaves, and palm-derived alkyl esters; » two novel procedures for preparing highly concentrated sources of carotenoids (>80,000 ppm), by recovery by palm alkyl esters, and by retention and concentration in deacidified and deodorized red palm oil; » the carotenoid content and profiles of the above sources obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography; and » nutritional effects of palm oil carotenoids and their potential applications for health promotion and disease prevention.
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13
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Wenten IG, Khoiruddin K, Aryanti PT, Victoria AV, Tanukusuma G. Membrane-based zero-sludge palm oil mill plant. REV CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2017-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The palm oil industry is one of the most important agro-industries for tropical countries because of the unique properties and wide range of uses of palm oil for various end products. In a palm oil extraction process, a large quantity of water is required, of which half the quantity will end up as effluent. This palm oil mill effluent (POME) has an extremely high content of organic matter, which can cause severe pollution of waterways and other environmental problems. Disposal of this highly polluting effluent has become a major problem for the palm oil mills. Therefore, several methods have been proposed either to treat the POME so it could comply with environmental regulation while discharged or to recover water and other valuable components from the effluent. Membrane technology has emerged as a feasible alternative to conventional treatment in vegetable oil processing because of its attractive features such as low energy consumption, reduction in the number of processing steps, high separation efficiency, and improvement of the final product quality. In the case of POME treatment, an integrated membrane-based process promises efficient water recycling and total solid recovery from the effluent, thus eliminating the environmental problem. Recently, a novel concept combining oil–oil extraction and continuous filtration using a superhydrophobic membrane has been proposed to achieve a zero-sludge palm oil mill. In this concept, the huge wastewater effluent generated from the conventional process can be eliminated and the palm oil milling process simplified. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic membrane enables the production of high-purity palm oil. In this paper, we review the prospect of a zero-sludge palm oil mill concept and strategies to achieve the proposed concept. In addition, we also highlight the development of the superhydrophobic membrane and phytonutrient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Gede Wenten
- Chemical Engineering Department , Institut Teknologi Bandung , Jl. Ganesha 10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung , Jl. Ganesha 10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - K. Khoiruddin
- Chemical Engineering Department , Institut Teknologi Bandung , Jl. Ganesha 10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Putu T.P. Aryanti
- Chemical Engineering Department , Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani , PO BOX 148 , Cimahi , Indonesia
| | - Agnes V. Victoria
- Chemical Engineering Department , Institut Teknologi Bandung , Jl. Ganesha 10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Grace Tanukusuma
- Chemical Engineering Department , Institut Teknologi Bandung , Jl. Ganesha 10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
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Mukai K, Ishikawa E, Ouchi A, Nagaoka SI, Abe K, Suzuki T, Izumisawa K. Measurements of Singlet Oxygen-Quenching Activity of Vitamin E Homologs and Palm Oil and Soybean Extracts in a Micellar Solution. Lipids 2018; 53:601-613. [PMID: 30152870 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new assay method that can quantify the singlet oxygen-absorption capacity (SOAC) of antioxidants (AO) and food extracts in homogeneous organic solvents has been proposed. In the present study, second-order rate constants (kQ ) for the reaction of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) with vitamin E homologs (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols [Toc] and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienols [Toc-3]) were measured in an aqueous Triton X-100 (5.0 wt%) micellar solution (pH 7.4). Toc-3 showed kQ values larger than those of Toc in a micellar solution, although Toc and Toc-3 showed the same kQ values in a homogeneous solution. Similar measurements were performed for 5 palm oil extracts 1-5 and one soybean extract 6, which contained different concentrations of Toc, Toc-3, and carotenoids. It has been clarified that the 1 O2 -quenching rates (kQ ) (that is, the relative SOAC value) obtained for extracts 3-6 may be explained as the sum of the product Σ k Q AO - i AO - i / 100 of the rate constant ( k Q AO - i ) and the concentration ([AO-i]/100) of AO-i contained. The UV-vis absorption spectra of Toc and Toc-3 were measured in a micellar solution and chloroform. The results obtained demonstrated that the kQ values of AO in homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions vary notably depending on (1) polarity (dielectric constant [ε]) of the reaction field between 1 O2 and AO, (2) the local concentration of AO, and (3) the mobility of AO in solution. The results suggest that the SOAC method is applicable to the measurement of 1 O2 -quenching activity of general food extracts in a heterogeneous micellar solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Mukai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Aya Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nagaoka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Koichi Abe
- SSCI Laboratories, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Shinmachi 1-1-20, Nishitokyo-Shi, Tokyo, 202-0023, Japan
| | - Tomomi Suzuki
- Product Development Department, Consumer hhc Business Division, Eisai Company, Ltd., Koishikawa 5-5-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8088, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Izumisawa
- Product Development Department, Consumer hhc Business Division, Eisai Company, Ltd., Koishikawa 5-5-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8088, Japan
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15
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Gan YL, Fu JY, Lai OM, Chew BH, Yuen KH, Teng KT, Nesaretnam K, Selvaduray KR, Meganathan P. Effect of palm-based tocotrienols and tocopherol mixture supplementation on platelet aggregation in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11542. [PMID: 28912593 PMCID: PMC5599564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols, the unsaturated form of vitamin E, were reported to modulate platelet aggregation and thrombotic mechanisms in pre-clinical studies. Using a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved cartridge-based measurement system, a randomised, double-blind, crossover and placebo-controlled trial involving 32 metabolic syndrome adults was conducted to investigate the effect of palm-based tocotrienols and tocopherol (PTT) mixture supplementation on platelet aggregation reactivity. The participants were supplemented with 200 mg (69% tocotrienols and 31% α-tocopherol) twice daily of PTT mixture or placebo capsules for 14 days in a random order. After 14 days, each intervention was accompanied by a postprandial study, in which participants consumed 200 mg PTT mixture or placebo capsule after a meal. Blood samples were collected on day 0, day 14 and during postprandial for the measurement of platelet aggregation reactivity. Subjects went through a 15-day washout period before commencement of subsequent intervention. Fasting platelet aggregation reactivity stimulated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) did not show substantial changes after supplementation with PTT mixture compared to placebo (p = 0.393). Concomitantly, changes in postprandial platelet aggregation reactivity remained similar between PTT mixture and placebo interventions (p = 0.408). The results of this study highlight the lack of inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation after short-term supplementation of PTT mixture in participants with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Lin Gan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ju-Yen Fu
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Oi-Ming Lai
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Boon-How Chew
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kah-Hay Yuen
- School of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Kim-Tiu Teng
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kalanithi Nesaretnam
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kanga Rani Selvaduray
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puvaneswari Meganathan
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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16
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West R, Rousseau D. The role of nonfat ingredients on confectionery fat crystallization. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1917-1936. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1286293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan West
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dérick Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Fu JY, Htar TT, De Silva L, Tan DMY, Chuah LH. Chromatographic Separation of Vitamin E Enantiomers. Molecules 2017; 22:E233. [PMID: 28165404 PMCID: PMC6155869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is recognized as an essential vitamin since its discovery in 1922. Most vegetable oils contain a mixture of tocopherols and tocotrienols in the vitamin E composition. Structurally, tocopherols and tocotrienols share a similar chromanol ring and a side chain at the C-2 position. Owing to the three chiral centers in tocopherols, they can appear as eight different stereoisomers. Plant sources of tocopherol are naturally occurring in the form of RRR while synthetic tocopherols are usually in the form of all-racemic mixture. Similarly, with only one chiral center, natural tocotrienols occur as the R-isoform. In this review, we aim to discuss a few chromatographic methods that had been used to separate the stereoisomers of tocopherols and tocotrienols. These methods include high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and combination of both. The review will focus on method development including selection of chiral columns, detection method and choice of elution solvent in the context of separation efficiency, resolution and chiral purity. The applications for separation of enantiomers in vitamin E will also be discussed especially in terms of the distinctive biological potency among the stereoisoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yen Fu
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Thet-Thet Htar
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Leanne De Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Doryn Meam-Yee Tan
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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18
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Vegetable Oil-Biorefinery. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 166:69-98. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Nagendran B, Unnithan UR, Choo YM, Sundram K. Characteristics of Red Palm Oil, a Carotene- and Vitamin E–rich Refined Oil for Food Uses. Food Nutr Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/156482650002100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel process involving pretreatment of crude palm oil, followed by deacidification and deodorization using molecular distillation, can be used to produce a carotene-rich refined edible palm oil. the product is a refined red palm oil that meets standard refined edible oil specifications and retains up to 80% of the carotene and vitamin E originally present in the crude palm oil. the oil contains no less than 500 ppm carotene, 90% of which is present as α- and β-carotene. the vitamin E content is about 800 ppm, 70% of it in the form of tocotrienols (mainly as α-, β-, and γ-tocotrienols). Other valuable minor components present in this oil are ubiquinones and phytosterols. the process is also applicable for the commercial production of other natural vitamin-rich palm fractions, such as stearin, olein, and palm mid-fraction. Such products are currently available and can be used in various food applications, both as cooking media and as ingredients that enhance the appearance and nutritional value of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Nagendran
- Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (PORIM) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - U. R. Unnithan
- Global Palm Products Sdn. Bhd. in Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia
| | - Y. M. Choo
- Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (PORIM) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kalyana Sundram
- Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (PORIM) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Sánchez-Muniz F, Arroyo R, Sánchez-Montero J, Cuesta C. In vitro digestibility study of thermal oxidized palm oleins Estudio de la digestibilidad in vitro de oleínas de palma termooxidadas. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108201320000600603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Information on digestibility and absorption of oils and fats used for frying is under debate. To get knowledge on this, unused palm olein (9.27 ± 0.10% w/w polar content), used frying palm olein with a moderate degree of alteration (14.81 ± 0.90% w/w polar content) and highly altered used frying palm olein (26.36 ± 0.30% w/w polar content) and their respective nonpolar and polar fractions were studied. Samples were analyzed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography before and after a 20-min in vitro incubation with pancreatic lipase. Formation of monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids reflected no relevant differences between unused and moderately altered oleins, whereas the most altered olein was hydrolyzed to a much lesser degree. The presence of oligomers (dimers and polymers of triacylglycerols) negatively affected the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol monomers in whole oleins. The hydrolysis of these monomers in the isolated nonpolar and polar fractions ranked between 60.2% and 78.5%. Oligomers were efficiently hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase in whole un used and moderately altered oleins but not in the most altered one. Polymers from isolated polar fractions were poorly hydrolyzed or not hydrolyzed at all. These data suggest that whole oleins contained some compounds that increase susceptibility of oligomers to enzymatic hydrolysis and that such compounds were not present in the polar fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.J. Sánchez-Muniz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Sección Lípidos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Arroyo
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Sección Lípidos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J.M. Sánchez-Montero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Cuesta
- Instituto de Nutrición y Bromatología (CSIC-UCM), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Prasanth Kumar PK, Jeyarani T, Gopala Krishna AG. Physicochemical characteristics of phytonutrient retained red palm olein and butter-fat blends and its utilization for formulating chocolate spread. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 53:3060-3072. [PMID: 27765977 PMCID: PMC5052175 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytonutrients retained palm olein (PRPOL) was prepared and blended into butterfat at different ratios. The physicochemical characteristics and the phytonutrient composition of blends, as well as its utilization in the preparation of functional chocolate spread were evaluated. The results showed that the redness, yellowness, slip melting point, free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol increased while lightness, saponification value, and triacylglycerol significantly decreased upon incorporation of increased quantities of PRPOL into butterfat. The incorporation affected short chain, medium chain and long chain fatty acids content along with variation in the palmitic, stearic, oleic acids content of the blends as compared to butterfat alone. Improvement in carotenoids (6-27 fold), phytotosterols (3-15 fold), tocopherols and tocotrienols (4-17 fold), and squalene (1-6 fold) in blends was observed upon incorporation of PRPOL. Cholesterol level in the blends was reduced (10-50 %) as compared to the butterfat. The blends showed an intermediate solid fat content of PRPOL and butterfat. Moreover, radical scavenging activity of the blends increased with increase in PRPOL quantity. Prepared chocolate spreads showed similar fat, moisture, colour components (L*, a* and b*) and better emulsion stability. The hardness of the spreads was increased upon increasing quantity of PRPOL. The sensory evaluation showed that chocolate prepared by replacing butterfat with 20 % PRPOL had acceptable sensory attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. K. Prasanth Kumar
- Department of Traditional Food and Sensory Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore, 570020 India
| | - T. Jeyarani
- Department of Traditional Food and Sensory Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore, 570020 India
| | - A. G. Gopala Krishna
- Department of Traditional Food and Sensory Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore, 570020 India
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22
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Ng MH, Choo YM. Improved Method for the Qualitative Analyses of Palm Oil Carotenes Using UPLC. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:633-8. [PMID: 26941414 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Palm oil is the richest source of natural carotenes, comprising 500-700 ppm in crude palm oil (CPO). Its concentration is found to be much higher in oil extracted from palm-pressed fiber, a by-product from the milling of oil palm fruits. There are 11 types of carotenes in palm oil, excluding the cis/trans isomers of some of the carotenes. Qualitative separation of these individual carotenes is particularly useful for the identification and confirmation of different types of oil as the carotenes profile is unique to each type of vegetable oil. Previous studies on HPLC separation of the individual palm carotenes reported a total analyses time of up to 100 min using C30 stationary phase. In this study, the separation was completed in <5 min. The qualitative separation was successfully carried out using a commonly used stationary phase, C18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han Ng
- Engineering and Processing Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuen May Choo
- Engineering and Processing Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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23
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Riyadi AH, Muchtadi TR, Andarwulan N, Haryati T. Pilot Plant Study of Red Palm Oil Deodorization Using Moderate Temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Japir AAW, Salimon J, Derawi D, Bahadi M, Yusop MR. Separation of free fatty acids from high free fatty acid crude palm oil using short-path distillation. AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4966739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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25
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Abdul Hadi N, Ng MH, Choo YM, Hashim MA, Jayakumar NS. Performance of Choline-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Extraction of Tocols from Crude Palm Oil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Sousa JS, Torres AG, Freire DM. Nutritional enrichment of vegetable oils with long-chain n-3 fatty acids through enzymatic interesterification with a new vegetable lipase. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2015. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0715142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Kumar PKP, Krishna AGG. Effect of Different Deacidification Methods on Phytonutrients Retention in Deacidified Fractionated Palm Oil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Ng MH, Choo YM. Packed Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for the Analyses and Preparative Separations of Palm Oil Minor Components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2015.68062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Ermacora A, Hrncirik K. Influence of oil composition on the formation of fatty acid esters of 2-chloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD) and 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) under conditions simulating oil refining. Food Chem 2014; 161:383-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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May CY, Nesaretnam K. Research advancements in palm oil nutrition. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014; 116:1301-1315. [PMID: 25821404 PMCID: PMC4371640 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Palm oil is the major oil produced, with annual world production in excess of 50 million tonnes. About 85% of global palm oil produced is used in food applications. Over the past three decades, research on nutritional benefits of palm oil have demonstrated the nutritional adequacy of palm oil and its products, and have resulted in transitions in the understanding these attributes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that palm oil was similar to unsaturated oils with regards to effects on blood lipids. Palm oil provides a healthy alternative to trans-fatty acid containing hydrogenated fats that have been demonstrated to have serious deleterious effects on health. The similar effects of palm oil on blood lipids, comparable to other vegetable oils could very well be due to the structure of the major triglycerides in palm oil, which has an unsaturated fatty acid in the stereospecific numbers (sn)-2 position of the glycerol backbone. In addition, palm oil is well endowed with a bouquet of phytonutrients beneficial to health, such as tocotrienols, carotenoids, and phytosterols. This review will provide an overview of studies that have established palm oil as a balanced and nutritious oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choo Yuen May
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru BangiKajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kalanithi Nesaretnam
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru BangiKajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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31
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Dutta K, Das S, Kundu PP. Epoxidized Esters of Palm Kernel Oil as an Effective Plasticizer for PVC: A Study of Mechanical Properties and Effect of Processing Conditions. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
One of the most commonly used vegetable oil plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). On the contrary, epoxidized palm oil is among the least used, because of its low compatibility with PVC. This work reports that epoxidized and esterified palm kernel oil (EEPKO) has the potential to be used as a plasticizer for PVC. In this study, it was found that a maximum of 65 phr of EEPKO could be incorporated within the PVC resin. In addition, subjecting this EEPKO plasticized PVC (p-PVC) at a processing temperature of 200 °C resulted in much reduced plasticizer loss. EEPKO lowers the glass transition temperature of PVC from 79 °C to −23 °C. The optimum mechanical properties, namely tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness, were obtained for p-PVC processed at 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Dutta
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory , Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta , India
| | - S. Das
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory , Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta , India
| | - P. P. Kundu
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory , Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta , India
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32
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Mukai K, Ishikawa E, Ouchi A, Nagaoka SI, Suzuki T, Izumisawa K, Koike T. Kinetic study of the quenching reaction of singlet oxygen by α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocotrienols, and palm oil and soybean extracts in solution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:2089-101. [PMID: 25093256 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.943653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of the singlet oxygen ((1)O2) quenching rates (kQ (S)) and the relative singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) values were performed for 11 antioxidants (AOs) (eight vitamin E homologues (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and -tocotrienols (-Tocs and -Toc-3s)), two vitamin E metabolites (α- and γ-carboxyethyl-6-hydroxychroman), and trolox) in ethanol/chloroform/D2O (50:50:1, v/v/v) and ethanol solutions at 35 °C. Similar measurements were performed for five palm oil extracts 1-5 and one soybean extract 6, which included different concentrations of Tocs, Toc-3s, and carotenoids. Furthermore, the concentrations (wt%) of Tocs, Toc-3s, and carotenoids included in extracts 1-6 were determined. From the results, it has been clarified that the (1)O2-quenching rates (kQ (S)) (that is, the relative SOAC value) obtained for extracts 1-6 may be explained as the sum of the product {Σ kQ(AO-i) (S) [AO-i]/100} of the rate constant (kQ(AO-i) (S)) and the concentration ([AO-i]/100) of AO-i (Tocs, Toc-3s, and carotenoid) included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Mukai
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Ehime University , Matsuyama , Japan
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33
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Gopala Krishna AG, Prasanth Kumar PK. Physico-chemical characteristics and nutraceutical distribution of crude palm oil and its fractions. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2014. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.097413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Prasanth Kumar PK, Gopala Krishna AG. Impact of Different Deacidification Methods on Quality Characteristics and Composition of Olein and Stearin in Crude Red Palm Oil. J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:1209-21. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Souganidis E, Laillou A, Leyvraz M, Moench-Pfanner R. A comparison of retinyl palmitate and red palm oil β-carotene as strategies to address Vitamin A deficiency. Nutrients 2013; 5:3257-71. [PMID: 23955382 PMCID: PMC3775252 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency continues to be an international public health problem with several important health consequences including blindness and overall increased rates of morbidity and mortality. To address this widespread issue, a series of strategies have been put into place from dietary diversification to supplementation and fortification programs. Retinyl palmitate has been used successfully for decades as a supplement as well as a way to fortify numerous foods, including vegetable oil, rice, monosodium glutamate, cereal flours and sugar. Recently, there has been rising interest in using a natural source of carotenoids, β-carotene from red palm oil (RPO), for fortification. Although RPO interventions have also been shown to effectively prevent Vitamin A deficiency, there are numerous challenges in using beta-carotene from RPO as a fortification technique. β-Carotene can induce significant changes in appearance and taste of the fortified product. Moreover, costs of fortifying with beta-carotene are higher than with retinyl palmitate. Therefore, RPO should only be used as a source of Vitamin A if it is produced and used in its crude form and regularly consumed without frying. Furthermore, refined RPO should be fortified with retinyl palmitate, not β-carotene, to ensure that there is adequate Vitamin A content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Souganidis
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Arnaud Laillou
- University of Montpellier II, Science and Technology, Montpellier 34000, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +85-595-736-970; Fax: +85-523-426-284
| | - Magali Leyvraz
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Geneva 1200, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.L.); (R.M.-P.)
| | - Regina Moench-Pfanner
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Geneva 1200, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.L.); (R.M.-P.)
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36
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Stortz TA, Marangoni AG. Ethylcellulose solvent substitution method of preparing heat resistant chocolate. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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De Leonardis A, Macciola V. Heat-oxidation stability of palm oil blended with extra virgin olive oil. Food Chem 2012; 135:1769-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Katengua-Thamahane E, Engelbrecht AM, Esterhuyse AJ, Van Rooyen J. Inhibition of Akt Attenuates RPO-Induced Cardioprotection. Cardiol Res Pract 2012; 2012:392457. [PMID: 23082275 PMCID: PMC3469093 DOI: 10.1155/2012/392457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that red palm oil (RPO) supplementation protected rat hearts against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Evidence from these studies suggested that Akt may be partly responsible for the observed protection. The aim of the current study was therefore to prove or refute the involvement of Akt in the RPO-induced cardioprotection by administration of a specific Akt inhibitor (A6730). Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: a control group receiving standard rat chow and an experimental group receiving standard rat chow plus 2 mL RPO for six weeks. Hearts were excised and mounted on the Langendorff perfusion system. Functional recovery was documented. A different set of hearts were freeze-clamped to assess total and phosphorylation status of Akt. Another set of hearts were subjected to the same perfusion conditions with addition of A6730. Hearts from this protocol were freeze-clamped and assessed for total and phospho-Akt. RPO improved functional recovery which was associated with increased phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473 and Thr308 residues. Blockade of Akt phosphorylation caused poor functional recovery. For the first time, these results prove that Akt plays an important role in the RPO-induced cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Katengua-Thamahane
- Experimental Anti-oxidant Research Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Adriaan J. Esterhuyse
- Experimental Anti-oxidant Research Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Jacques Van Rooyen
- Experimental Anti-oxidant Research Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Büsing A, Drotleff AM, Ternes W. Identification of α-tocotrienolquinone epoxides and development of an efficient molecular distillation procedure for quantitation of α-tocotrienol oxidation products in food matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8302-8313. [PMID: 22747466 DOI: 10.1021/jf301137b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the most important oxidation products of α-tocotrienol (α-T3) along with other tocochromanols in lipid matrices and tocotrienol-rich foods. For this purpose, an efficient molecular distillation procedure was developed for the extraction of analytes, and α-T3-spiked and thermally oxidized natural lipids (lard and wheat germ oil) and α-T3-rich foods (wholemeal rye bread and oil from dried brewer's spent grain) were investigated through HPLC-DAD-F. The following α-T3 oxidation products were extractable from lipid matrices along with tocochromanols: α-tocotrienolquinone (α-T3Q), α-tocotrienolquinone-4a,5-epoxide (α-T3Q-4a,5-E), α-tocotrienolquinone-7,8-epoxide (α-T3Q-7,8-E), 7-formyl-β-tocotrienol (7-FβT3), and 5-formyl-γ-tocotrienol (5-FγT3). Recovery rates were as high as 88% and enrichment factors up to 124. The proposed method allows the investigation of α-T3Q, α-T3Q-4a,5-E, α-T3Q-7,8-E, 7-FβT3, and 5-FγT3 in small quantities (<0.78 μg/g) in lipid matrices, which is necessary for the investigation and analysis of the formation kinetics of these oxidation products in fat, oils, and tocotrienol-rich foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Büsing
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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Obahiagbon F. A Review: Aspects of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineesis jacq.) and the Implications of its Bioactives in Human Health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ajbmb.2012.106.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Han NM, May CY. Chromatographic analyses of tocopherols and tocotrienols in palm oil. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:283-6. [PMID: 22337806 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of tocols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) in palm oil have been extensively reported in the past. However, due to the scarcity of individual tocotrienol standards, calibrations have mostly been carried out using only α-tocopherol as standard. Moreover, even if the individual tocotrienols are being used, their reliability is often questioned, because tocotrienols are highly susceptible to oxidation and deterioration. This paper reports on the study of the deterioration rate of individual tocotrienol standards upon storage as well as different calibration methods for the tocols in palm oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ng Mei Han
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Hayyan A, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, Hayyan M, AlNashef IM, Al-Zahrani SM, Al-Saadi MA. Ethanesulfonic acid-based esterification of industrial acidic crude palm oil for biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9564-9570. [PMID: 21855329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An industrial grade acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) pre-treatment process was carried out using ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) as a catalyst in the esterification reaction. ESA was used in different dosages to reduce free fatty acid (FFA) to a minimum level for the second stage of biodiesel production via alkaline transesterification reaction. Different process operating conditions were optimized such as ESA dosage (0.25-3.5% wt/wt), methanol to ACPO molar ratio (1:1-20:1), reaction temperature (40-70 °C), and reaction time (3-150 min). This study revealed the potential use of abundant quantities of ACPO from oil palm mills for biodiesel production. The lab scale results showed the effectiveness of the pre-treatment process using ESA catalyst. Three consecutive catalyst recycling runs were achieved without significant degradation in its performance. Second and third reuse runs needed more reaction time to achieve the target level of FFA content. Esterification and transesterification using ESA and KOH respectively is proposed for biodiesel industrial scale production. The produced biodiesel meets the international standards specifications for biodiesel fuel (EN 14214 and ASTM D6751).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Hayyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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A high performance liquid chromatography method for determination of furfural in crude palm oil. Food Chem 2011; 128:223-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Edible oils form an essential part of the modern diet. These oils play a role as an energy source, and provide the diet with many beneficial micronutrients. Although a popular conception may be that fat should be avoided, certain edible oils as a dietary supplement may play an important role in the improvement of cardiovascular health. CVD has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Dietary supplementation with different oils may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. While olive oil and sunflower-seed oil are known to reduce serum cholesterol, fish oil has become well known for reducing potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Recently, red palm oil research has shown beneficial effects on cardiac recovery from ischaemia-reperfusion injury. It is clear that dietary supplementation with edible oils may play a vital role in reducing the mortality rate due to heart disease. The specific benefits and disadvantages of these oils should, however, be explored in greater depth. The present review will attempt to identify the benefits and shortcomings of four popular edible oils, namely olive oil, sunflower-seed oil, fish oil and palm oil. Additionally the present review will aim to reveal potential areas of research which could further enhance our understanding of the effects of edible oils on cardiovascular health.
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CERIANI ROBERTA, MEIRELLES ANTONIOJ, GANI RAFIQUL. SIMULATION OF THIN-FILM DEODORIZERS IN PALM OIL REFINING. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2008.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Montúfar R, Laffargue A, Pintaud JC, Hamon S, Avallone S, Dussert S. Oenocarpus bataua Mart. (Arecaceae): Rediscovering a Source of High Oleic Vegetable Oil from Amazonia. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-009-1490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wanasundara P, Shahidi F, Shukla V. Endogenous antioxidants from oilseeds and edible oils∗. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129709541106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Individually and in combination with other oils, the tropical oils impart into manufactured foods functional properties that appeal to consumers. The use of and/or labeling in the ingredient lists give the impression that these oils are used extensively in commercially processed foods. The estimated daily intake of tropical oils by adult males is slightly more than one fourth of a tablespoon (3.8 g), 75% of which consists of saturated fatty acids. Dietary fats containing saturated fatty acids at the beta-position tend to raise plasma total and LDL-cholesterol, which, of course, contribute to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Health professionals express concern that consumers who choose foods containing tropical oils unknowingly increase their intake of saturated fatty acids. The saturated fatty acid-rich tropical oils, coconut oil, hydrogenated coconut oil, and palm kernel oil, raise cholesterol levels; studies demonstrating this effect are often confounded by a developing essential fatty acid deficiency. Palm oil, an essential fatty acid-sufficient tropical oil, raises plasma cholesterol only when an excess of cholesterol is presented in the diet. The failure of palm oil to elevate blood cholesterol as predicted by the regression equations developed by Keys et al. and Hegsted et al. might be due to the dominant alpha-position location of its constituent saturated fatty acids. If so, the substitution of interesterified artificial fats for palm oil in food formulations, a recommendation of some health professionals, has the potential of raising cholesterol levels. A second rationale addresses prospective roles minor constituents of palm oil might play in health maintenance. This rationale is founded on the following observations. Dietary palm oil does not raise plasma cholesterol. Single fat studies suggests that oils richer in polyunsaturated fatty acid content tend to decrease thrombus formation. Anomalously, palm oil differs from other of the more saturated fats in tending to decrease thrombus formation. Finally, in studies comparing palm oil with other fats and oils, experimental carcinogenesis is enhanced both by vegetable oils richer in linoleic acid content and by more highly saturated animal fats. The carotenoid constituents of red palm oil are potent dietary anticarcinogens. A second group of antioxidants, the tocotrienols, are present in both palm olein and red palm oil. These vitamin E-active constituents are potent suppressors of cholesterol biosynthesis; emerging data point to their anticarcinogenic and antithrombotic activities. This review does not support claims that foods containing palm oil have no place in a prudent diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Elson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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50
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Liu D, Shi J, Posada LR, Kakuda Y, Xue SJ. Separating Tocotrienols from Palm Oil by Molecular Distillation. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/87559120802303840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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