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Cui XY, Jiang S, Wang CC, Yang JY, Zhao YC, Xue CH, Wang YM, Zhang TT. Comparative Analyses of EPA-Phosphatidylcholine, EPA-Lysophosphatidylcholine, and DHA-Lysophosphatidylcholine on DHA and EPA Repletion in n-3 PUFA-Deficient Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13327-13339. [PMID: 36197792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) play an important role in maintaining the physiological functions of tissues, and the beneficial effects of DHA/EPA in phospholipid forms have been widely reported. Although lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is considered to be the preferred form of DHA supplementation for the brain, the kinetics of DHA and EPA recovery and corresponding changes of n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) levels in different phospholipid molecules and different tissues after administration of EPA in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and LPC forms and DHA in the LPC form are not clear. Here, we measured the total fatty acids in tissues and fatty acid composition of different phospholipid molecules after gavage administration of equal molar amounts of EPA/DHA in mice with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency induced by maternal dietary deprivation of n-3 PUFA during pregnancy and lactation. The results showed that dietary supplementation with EPA-PC, EPA-LPC, and DHA-LPC exhibited different priorities for EPA or DHA accretion and supplementation efficiency curves in different tissues during the developing period. EPA-PC exhibited a more optimal efficacy in DHA and EPA repletion in serum and hepatic total fatty acids. In terms of DHA recovery in the brain, EPA-LPC and DHA-LPC showed great effects. Meanwhile, the DHA level in total fatty acids and major fractions of phospholipids (PC, PE, and PI + PS) in the heart and bone marrow with the supplementation of DHA-LPC displayed a relatively considerable increase compared with that of EPA supplementation groups. The study provides a reference for the time course of DHA or EPA recovery in phospholipid molecular species in different tissues after the supplementation of EPA-PC, EPA-LPC, and DHA-LPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Yue Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Cai Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
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Enzymatic synthesis of mono- and disubstituted phospholipids by direct condensation of oleic acid and glycerophosphocholine with immobilized lipases and phospholipase. Food Chem 2022; 401:134109. [PMID: 36115228 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids which contain polyunsaturated fatty acids play a key role in food and cosmetic industries because of their bioactivity. Therefore, the formation of mono- and disubstituted phospholipids is quite interesting as they could be used for the formation of different natural liposomes. Using immobilized derivatives of lipases and phospholipases, the esterification of oleic acid with glycerophosphocholine (GPC) has been studied. Thus, derivatives were quite active in completely anhydrous media and in solvent-free reaction systems where the reaction takes place. CALB biocatalyst was able to successfully form oleoyl-LPC at 60 °C in the presence of 30 % butanone, where the synthesis rate was 100 times higher than in the absence of solvents at 40 °C. On the other hand, the best synthesis rate for dioleoyl-PC was achieved with immobilized Lecitase in a solvent-free process at 60 °C, an 83 % synthesis yield was achieved with an initial synthesis rate of 4.32 mg/mL × h × g.
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3
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Bogojevic O, Leung AE. Enzyme-Assisted Synthesis of High-Purity, Chain-Deuterated 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:22395-22401. [PMID: 32923797 PMCID: PMC7482301 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
1-Palmitoyl-d 31-2-oleoyl-d 32-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC-d 63) with the palmitoyl and oleoyl chains deuterium-labeled was produced in three steps from 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, deuterated palmitic acid, and deuterated oleic anhydride. Esterification at the sn-2 position was achieved under standard chemical conditions, using DMAP to catalyze the reaction between the 2-lysolipid and oleic anhydride-d 64. Complete regioselective sn-1 acyl substitution was achieved in two steps using operationally simple, enzyme-catalyzed regioselective hydrolysis and esterification to substitute the sn-1 chain for a perdeuterated analogue. This method provides chain-deuterated POPC with high chemical purity (>96%) and complete regiopurity, useful for a variety of experimental techniques. This chemoenzymatic semisynthetic approach is a general, modular method of producing highly pure, mixed-acyl phospholipids, where the advantages of both chemical synthesis (efficiency, high yields) and biocatalytic synthesis (specificity, nontoxicity) are realized.
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Yasuda S, Yamamoto Y. Highly efficient preparation of 1-lysophosphatidylcholine via high proportion of Novozym® 435 (lipase B from Candida antarctica)-catalyzed ethanolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:e00505. [PMID: 32760663 PMCID: PMC7393457 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1-Lysophosphatidylcholine was prepared via Novozym® 435 (lipase B from Candida antarctica)-catalyzed ethanolysis. Novozym® 435 showed sn-1 regiospecificity to phosphatidylcholine. The water content of ethanol and high enzyme dose were key determinants of yields. The yield of 1-LPC at optimal reaction conditions was 96.5 ± 0.2 mol%. No acyl migration occurred during the reaction.
Efficient preparation methods for 1-lysophosphatidylcholine (1-LPC), a physiologically important compound, are lacking. Here, we established a method for 1-LPC preparation via Novozym® 435 (a lipase B from Candida antarctica)-catalyzed ethanolysis. Novozym® 435 showed sn-1 regiospecificity to phosphatidylcholine, although it does not exhibit regiospecificity to triacylglycerol. In particular, quantitative 1-LPC yields (96.5 ± 0.2 mol%) were reliably obtained in the presence of Novozym® 435 (100 wt% of PC), 97 % ethanol, in 72 h at 40 °C. During the reaction, acyl migration from 1-LPC to 2-LPC was rare. This novel synthetic method is expected to expand the practical applications of 1-LPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayumi Yasuda
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Nanatsuka-cho, 5562, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yamamoto
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Nanatsuka-cho, 5562, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan
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Chávez-Zamudio R, Ochoa-Flores AA, Soto-Rodríguez I, Garcia-Varela R, García HS. Preparation, characterization and bioavailability by oral administration of O/W curcumin nanoemulsions stabilized with lysophosphatidylcholine. Food Funct 2018; 8:3346-3354. [PMID: 28856361 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00933j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is the main and most abundant bioactive component in Curcuma longa L. with documented properties in the prevention and treatment of chronic degenerative and infectious diseases. However, curcumin has low solubility in aqueous media, hence low bioavailability when administered orally. The use of nanoemulsions as carriers can provide a partial solution to bioavailability restrictions. In our study, O/W nanoemulsions of curcumin were prepared using lysophosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid with proven emulsification capacity; nevertheless, such qualities have not been previously reported in the preparation of nanoemulsions. Lysophosphatidylcholine was obtained by enzymatic removal of one fatty acid residue from phosphatidylcholine. The objective of our work was to formulate stable curcumin nanoemulsions and evaluate their bioavailability in BALB/c mice plasma after oral administration. Formulated nanoemulsions had a droplet size mean of 154.32 ± 3.10 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.34 ± 0.07 and zeta potential of -10.43 ± 1.10 mV; stability was monitored for 12 weeks. Lastly, in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters, using BALB/c mice, were obtained; namely, Cmax of 610 ± 65.0 μg mL-1 and Tmax of 2 h. Pharmacokinetic data revealed a higher bioavailability of emulsified as opposed to free curcumin. Research regarding other potential emulsifiers that may provide better health benefits and carry nano-encapsulated bioactive compounds more effectively, is necessary. This study provides important data on the preparation and design of nanoencapsulated Curcumin using lysophosphatidylcholine as an emulsifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Chávez-Zamudio
- UNIDA, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, M.A. de Quevedo 2779, Col. Formando Hogar, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico.
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Sugasini D, Subbaiah PV. Rate of acyl migration in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is dependent upon the nature of the acyl group. Greater stability of sn-2 docosahexaenoyl LPC compared to the more saturated LPC species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187826. [PMID: 29117232 PMCID: PMC5678866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous studies reported that sn-2 acyl lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) undergo rapid isomerization due to acyl migration, especially at physiological pH and temperature. However, these studies have been carried out using mostly sn-2 palmitoyl LPC, whereas the naturally occurring sn-2 LPCs are predominantly unsaturated. In this study, we investigated the acyl migration in four naturally occurring sn-2 acyl LPCs (sn-2 16:0, sn-2 18:1, sn-2 20:4, and sn-2 22:6) stored at various temperatures in aqueous or organic solvents, employing LC/MS to analyze the isomer composition. At 37°C and pH 7.4, the order of acyl migration rates (from sn-2 to sn-1) in aqueous buffer was 16:0 LPC> 18:1 LPC> 20:4 LPC> 22:6 LPC. The rate of isomerization of sn-2 16:0 LPC was 2–5 times greater than that of sn-2 22:6 under these conditions. Complexing the LPCs to serum albumin accelerated the acyl migration of all species, but sn-2 22:6 LPC was least affected by the presence of albumin. The migration rates were lower at lower temperatures (22°C, 4°C, and -20°C), but the differences between the LPC species persisted. All the sn-2 acyl LPCs were more stable in organic solvent (chloroform: methanol, 2:1 v/v), but the effect of the acyl groups on acyl migration was evident in the solvent also, at all temperatures. Storage of sn-2 22:6 LPC at -20°C for 4 weeks in the organic solvent resulted in about 10% isomerization, compared to 55% isomerization for sn-2 16:0. These results show that the sn-2 polyunsaturated LPCs can be stored at -20°C or below for several days without appreciable isomerization. Furthermore, they demonstrate that the sn-2 polyunsaturated LPCs generated in vivo are much more stable under physiological conditions than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhavamani Sugasini
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Papasani V. Subbaiah
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as lysophosphatidylcholine, but not as free acid, enriches brain DHA and improves memory in adult mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11263. [PMID: 28900242 PMCID: PMC5596017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is uniquely concentrated in the brain, and is essential for its function, but must be mostly acquired from diet. Most of the current supplements of DHA, including fish oil and krill oil, do not significantly increase brain DHA, because they are hydrolyzed to free DHA and are absorbed as triacylglycerol, whereas the transporter at blood brain barrier is specific for phospholipid form of DHA. Here we show that oral administration of DHA to normal adult mice as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (40 mg DHA/kg) for 30 days increased DHA content of the brain by >2-fold. In contrast, the same amount of free DHA did not increase brain DHA, but increased the DHA in adipose tissue and heart. Moreover, LPC-DHA treatment markedly improved the spatial learning and memory, as measured by Morris water maze test, whereas free DHA had no effect. The brain derived neurotrophic factor increased in all brain regions with LPC-DHA, but not with free DHA. These studies show that dietary LPC-DHA efficiently increases brain DHA content and improves brain function in adult mammals, thus providing a novel nutraceutical approach for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases associated with DHA deficiency, such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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8
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Reddy Jala RC, Chen B, Li H, Zhang Y, Cheong LZ, Yang T, Xu X. Enzymatic preparation and characterization of soybean lecithin-based emulsifiers. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2016. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0571161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple enzymatic methods were developed for the synthesis of lysolecithin, glycerolyzed lecithin and hydrolyzed lecithin. The products were characterized in terms of their acetone insoluble matter, hexane insoluble matter, moisture, phospholipid distribution and fatty acid composition. The HLB value ranges of different products with different acid values were detected. The efficiency of optimally hydrolyzed lecithin was examined at high calcium ion, low pH, and aqueous solutions and compared with commercially available standard lecithin-based emulsifiers. Overall, lysolecithin powder was proven to be the best emulsifier even at strong and medium acidic conditions.
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9
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Subbaiah PV, Dammanahalli KJ, Yang P, Bi J, O'Donnell JM. Enhanced incorporation of dietary DHA into lymph phospholipids by altering its molecular carrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:723-9. [PMID: 27178174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several previous studies indicated that for optimal uptake by the brain, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) should be present as phospholipid in the plasma. However most of dietary DHA is absorbed as triacylglycerol (TAG) because it is released as free fatty acid during digestion of either TAG-DHA (fish oil) or sn-2-DHA phospholipid (krill oil), and subsequently incorporated into TAG of chylomicrons. We tested the hypothesis that the absorption of DHA as phospholipid can be increased if it is present in the sn-1 position of dietary phospholipid or in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), because it would escape the hydrolysis by pancreatic phospholipase A2. We infused micelle containing the DHA either as LPC or as free acid, into the duodenum of lymph cannulated rats, and analyzed the chylomicrons and HDL of the lymph for the DHA-containing lipids. The results show that while the total amount of DHA absorbed was comparable from the two types of micelle, the percentage of DHA recovered in lymph phospholipids was 5 times greater with LPC-DHA, compared to free DHA. Furthermore, the amount of DHA recovered in lymph HDL was increased by 2-fold when LPC-DHA micelle was infused. These results could potentially lead to a novel strategy to increase brain DHA levels through the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papasani V Subbaiah
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | | | - Peng Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Jian Bi
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - J Michael O'Donnell
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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10
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Yang G, Yang R, Hu J. Lysophosphatidylcholine synthesis by lipase-catalyzed ethanolysis. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:443-7. [PMID: 25766935 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is amphiphilic substance, and possesses excellent physiological functions. In this study, LPC was prepared through ethanolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in n-hexane or solvent free media catalyzed by Novozym 435 (from Candida antarctica), Lipozyme TLIM (from Thermomcyces lanuginosus) and Lipozyme RMIM (from Rhizomucor miehei). The results showed that three immobilized lipases from Candida Antarctica, Thermomcyces lanuginosus and Rhizomucor miehei could catalyze ethanolysis of PC efficiently. In n-hexane, the LPC conversions of ethanolysis of PC catalyzed by Novozyme 435, Lipozyme TLIM and Lipozyme RMIM could reach to 98.5 ± 1.6%, 94.6 ± 1.4% and 93.7 ± 1.8%, respectively. In solvent free media, the highest LPC conversions of ethanolysis of PC catalyzed by Novozyme 435, Lipozyme TL IM and Lipozyme RM IM were 97.7 ± 1.7%, 93.5 ± 1.2% and 93.8 ± 1.9%, respectively. The catalytic efficiencies of the three lipases were in the order of Novozyme 435 > Lipozyme TLIM > Lipozyme RMIM. Furthermore, their catalytic efficiencies in n-hexane were better than those in solvent free media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Yang
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology
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11
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Lim CW, Kim BH, Kim IH, Lee MW. Modeling and optimization of phospholipase A₁-catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine using response surface methodology for lysophosphatidylcholine production. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:35-41. [PMID: 25380220 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Modeling the phospholipase A1 (PLA1 )-catalyzed partial hydrolysis of soy phosphatidylcholine (PC) in hexane for the production of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and optimizing the reaction conditions using response surface methodology were described. The reaction was performed with 4 g of PC in a stirred batch reactor using a commercial PLA1 (Lecitase Ultra) as the biocatalyst. The effects of temperature, reaction time, water content, and enzyme loading on LPC and glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) content in the reaction products were elucidated using the models established. Optimal reaction conditions for maximizing the LPC content while suppressing acyl migration, which causes GPC formation, were as follows: temperature, 60°C; reaction time, 3 h; water content, 10% of PC; and enzyme loading, 1% of PC. When the reaction was conducted with 40 g of PC under these conditions, the reaction products contained 83.7 mol % LPC and were free of GPC. LPC had a higher total unsaturated fatty acid content than original PC had and was mainly composed of linoleic acid (78.0 mol % of the total fatty acids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wan Lim
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Republic of Korea
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12
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Synthesis of Structured Phosphatidylcholine Containing n-3 PUFA Residues via Acidolysis Mediated by Immobilized Phospholipase A1. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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D'Arrigo P, Servi S. Synthesis of lysophospholipids. Molecules 2010; 15:1354-77. [PMID: 20335986 PMCID: PMC6257299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
New synthetic methods for the preparation of biologically active phospholipids and lysophospholipids (LPLs) are very important in solving problems of membrane-chemistry and biochemistry. Traditionally considered just as second-messenger molecules regulating intracellular signalling pathways, LPLs have recently shown to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes such as inflammation, reproduction, angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, atherosclerosis and nervous system regulation. Elucidation of the mechanistic details involved in the enzymological, cell-biological and membrane-biophysical roles of LPLs relies obviously on the availability of structurally diverse compounds. A variety of chemical and enzymatic routes have been reported in the literature for the synthesis of LPLs: the enzymatic transformation of natural glycerophospholipids (GPLs) using regiospecific enzymes such as phospholipases A1 (PLA1), A2 (PLA2) phospholipase D (PLD) and different lipases, the coupling of enzymatic processes with chemical transformations, the complete chemical synthesis of LPLs starting from glycerol or derivatives. In this review, chemo-enzymatic procedures leading to 1- and 2-LPLs will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola D'Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy. paola.d'
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14
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15
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Mukherjee K, Weber N. Lipid Biotechnology. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420046649.pt5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The oxidation of free DHA, DHA mixed with PC, and DHA incorporated into PC, PE, or TG was evaluated to determine which lipid provided DHA with the best protection against oxidation. DHA was either situated at the sn-1 position, sn-2 position, or both positions of the phospholipid, whereas the TG contained DHA at all positions. All lipids were incubated as bulk lipids, in chloroform, or as an emulsion in contact with air at 25-30 degrees C for 28 d. Since DHA, which is highly sensitive to oxidation, has a great impact on our health and is desired as a food additive, the stability of this FA is of great importance. This study was mainly focused on the primary oxidation products, which were monitored as eight monohydroperoxy-DHA isomer groups, the total amount of polyhydroperoxides, and the PV. However, a measure of secondary oxidation products, the carbonyl value, was also monitored. We found that DHA was most protected against hydroperoxide formation when it was incorporated at one position of either PC or PE. In these lipids, hydroperoxide formation at carbon atoms 4, 7, 8, and 11 was completely prevented. DHA mixed with PC was also protected, although to a lesser extent, and all hydroperoxide isomers were detected. In contrast, PC and TG containing DHA at all positions should be avoided, since they were highly oxidized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Lyberg
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
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17
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Lyberg AM, Adlercreutz D, Adlercreutz P. Enzymatic and chemical synthesis of phosphatidylcholine regioisomers containing eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200501138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Guo Z, Vikbjerg AF, Xu X. Enzymatic modification of phospholipids for functional applications and human nutrition. Biotechnol Adv 2005; 23:203-59. [PMID: 15763405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in biochemistry of phospholipids and evolution of modern bioengineering has brought forth a number of novel concepts and technical advancements in the modification of phospholipids for industrial applications and human nutrition. Highlights cover preparation of novel phospholipid analogs based on the latest understanding of pivotal role of phospholipids in manifold biological processes, exploration of remarkable application potentials of phospholipids in meliorating human health, as well as development of new chemical and biotechnological approaches applied to the modification of phospholipids. This work reviews the natural occurrence and structural characteristics of phospholipids, their updated knowledge on manifold biological and nutritional functions, traditional and novel physical and chemical approaches to modify phospholipids as well as their applications to obtain novel phospholipids, and brief introduction of the efforts focusing on de novo syntheses of phospholipids. Special attention is given to the summary of molecular structural characteristics and catalytic properties of multiple phospholipases, which helps to interpret experimental phenomena and to improve reaction design. This will of course provide fundamental bases also for the development of enzymatic technology to produce structured or modified phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guo
- Food Biotechnology and Engineering Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Hayes DG. Enzyme-Catalyzed modification of oilseed materials to produce eco-friendly products. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-004-1024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G. Hayes
- ; Department of Biosystems Engineering and Environmental Science; University of Tennessee; 2506 E.J. Chapman Dr. 37996-4531 Knoxville TN
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Testet E, Akermoun M, Shimoji M, Cassagne C, Bessoule JJ. Nonenzymatic synthesis of glycerolipids catalyzed by imidazole. J Lipid Res 2002; 43:1150-4. [PMID: 12091500 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200075-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidazole catalyzed acylations of lysolipids by acyl-CoAs in water at room temperature and at a pH close to neutrality. In the presence of oleoyl-CoA and either lysophosphatidylcholine, 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LPC); lysophosphatidylglycerol, monoacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol; lysophosphatidyl acid, 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate; lysophosphatidylserine, monoacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserin; or lysophosphatidylethanolamine, monoacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, the corresponding phospholipids were synthesized. Similarly, the use of lyso-platelet activating factor, an ether analog of LPC, yielded the formation of 1-O-alkyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. In the presence of LPC, an imidazole-catalyzed synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) occurred when medium, long, and very long chain acyl-CoAs were added. With hydroxyacyl-CoA, a similar PC synthesis was obtained. The process described in the present paper appears to offer several potential applications of interest for the synthesis of glycerophospholipids and triglycerides with labeled and/or an unusual or fragile fatty acid, or when suitable acyltransferases have not yet been described in the literature and/or are not commercially available. The method described is very safe and simple since lipids can be synthesized in tubes containing 0.7% imidazole in water, and left for a few hours at room temperature on the bench.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Testet
- UMR 5544/ESTBB, CNRS-Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Adlercreutz D, Budde H, Wehtje E. Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine with defined fatty acid in the sn-1 position by lipase-catalyzed esterification and transesterification reaction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 78:403-11. [PMID: 11948447 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of caproic acid in the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine (PC) catalyzed by lipase from Rhizopus oryzae was investigated in a water activity-controlled organic medium. The reaction was carried out either as esterification or transesterification. A comparison between these two reaction modes was made with regard to product yield, product purity, reaction time, and byproduct formation as a consequence of acyl migration. The yield in the esterification and transesterification reaction was the same under identical conditions. The highest yield (78%) was obtained at a water activity (a(w)) of 0.11 and a caproic acid concentration of 0.8 M. The reaction time was shorter in the esterification reaction than in the transesterification reaction. The difference in reaction time was especially pronounced at low water activities and high fatty acid concentrations. The loss in yield due to acyl migration and consequent enzymatic side reactions was around 16% under a wide range of conditions. The incorporation of a fatty acid in the sn-1 position of PC proved to be thermodynamically much more favorable than the incorporation of a fatty acid in the sn-2 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietlind Adlercreutz
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100, Sweden.
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Customizing lipases for biocatalysis: a survey of chemical, physical and molecular biological approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Garti N, Lichtenberg D, Silberstein T. THE HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE BYPHOSPHOLIPASE A2IN MICROEMULSION AS MICROREACTOR. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/01932699908943796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Han JJ, Rhee JS. Effect of salt hydrate pairs for water activity control on lipase-catalyzed synthesis of lysophospholipids in a solvent-free system. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Garti N, Lichtenberg D, Silberstein T. The hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase A2 in microemulsion as microreactor. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(96)03915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
This review attempts to provide an updated compilation of studies reported in the literature pertaining to reactors containing lipases in immobilized forms, in a way that helps the reader direct a bibliographic search and develop an integrated perspective of the subject. Highlights are given to industrial applications of lipases (including control and economic considerations), as well as to methods of immobilization and configurations of reactors in which lipases are used. Features associated with immobilized lipase kinetics such as enzyme activities, adsorption properties, optimum operating conditions, and estimates of the lumped parameters in classical kinetic formulations (Michaelis-Menten model for enzyme action and first-order model for enzyme decay) are presented in the text in a systematic tabular form.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Balcão
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto
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Phospholipase A2-catalyzed hydrolysis of lecithin in a continuous reversed-micellar membrane bioreactor. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02523428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Haas MJ, Cichowicz DJ, Jun W, Scott K. The enzymatic hydrolysis of triglyceride-phospholipid mixtures in an organic solvent. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02638851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Haas
- ERRC, ARS, USDA; 600 East Mermaid Lane Philadelphia PA 19118
| | - D. J. Cichowicz
- ERRC, ARS, USDA; 600 East Mermaid Lane Philadelphia PA 19118
- ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; La Salle University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19141
| | - W. Jun
- ERRC, ARS, USDA; 600 East Mermaid Lane Philadelphia PA 19118
- Research Institute of Daily Industry; Taiyuan Shanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - K. Scott
- ERRC, ARS, USDA; 600 East Mermaid Lane Philadelphia PA 19118
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