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Xie PZ, Fan YX, Chapman C, Ma C, Wu CF, Hu P, Hu LL, Fan PF. Determinants of macaques' space use: A test for the ecological constraints model using GPS collars. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23636. [PMID: 38824636 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
As a central topic in Behavioral Ecology, animal space use involves dynamic responses to social and ecological factors. We collared 22 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from six groups on Neilingding Island, China, and collected 80,625 hourly fixes over a year. Using this high-resolution location data set, we quantified the macaques' space use at the individual level and tested the ecological constraints model while considering various environmental and human interfering factors. As predicted by the ecological constraints model, macaques in larger groups had longer daily path lengths (DPLs) and larger home ranges. We found an inverted U-shape relationship between mean daily temperatures and DPLs, indicating that macaques traveled farther on mild temperature days, while they decreased DPLs when temperatures were too high or too low. Anthropogenic food subsidies were positively correlated to DPLs, while the effect of rainfall was negative. Macaques decreased their DPLs and core areas when more flowers and less leaves were available, suggesting that macaques shifted their space use patterns to adapt to the seasonal differences in food resources. By applying GPS collars on a large number of individuals living on a small island, we gained valuable insights into within-group exploitation competition in wild rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Zhen Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Colin Chapman
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Chi Ma
- College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali university, Dali, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Neilingding-Futian National Nature Reserve of Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liu-Liu Hu
- Neilingding-Futian National Nature Reserve of Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng-Fei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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The Influence of Environmental Variables on Home Range Size and Use in the Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182338. [PMID: 36139197 PMCID: PMC9495049 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate descriptions of home ranges can provide important information for understanding animal ecology and behavior and contribute to the formulation of conservation strategies. We used the grid cell method and kernel density estimation (KDE) to estimate the home range size of golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve. We also used Moran’s eigenvector maps analysis and variation partitioning to test the influence of environmental variables on home range use. The seasonal home range size was 15.4 km2 in spring, 11.6 km2 in summer, 13.7 km2 in autumn, and 15.6 km2 in winter, based on the grid cell method. The seasonal core area of 50% KDE was 9.86 km2 in spring, 5.58 km2 in summer, 7.20 km2 in autumn, and 4.23 km2 in winter. The environmental variables explained 63.60% of home range use intensity in spring, 72.21% in summer, 26.52% in autumn, and none in winter, and some environmental variables contributed to the spatial variation in home range use intensity. Water sources, tree density, and dominant trees of Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera) were the important environmental factors determining home range use. These environmental factors require protection to ensure the survival of the golden snub-nosed monkey.
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Martínez-Íñigo L, Baas P, Klein H, Pika S, Deschner T. Home range size in central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) from Loango National Park, Gabon. Primates 2021; 62:723-734. [PMID: 34218403 PMCID: PMC8410711 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ranging behavior has been studied extensively in eastern (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and western (P. t. verus) chimpanzees, but relatively little is known regarding home ranges of the other two subspecies (P. t. ellioti; P. t. troglodytes). In this study, we determined the home range size and space use of a habituated community (Rekambo) of central chimpanzees living in a habitat mosaic in Loango National Park, Gabon. Data on travel routes were collected during follows between January 2017 and April 2019 (N = 670,616 relocations, collected over 640 days and 5690 h of observation). We used three methods for calculating home range size (minimum convex polygon, kernel density estimation, and biased random bridges). We compare our estimates to those obtained from prior genetic and camera trap studies of the Rekambo community and contrast them with estimates from other chimpanzee communities of the four chimpanzee subspecies. Depending on the methodology used, the home range size of the Rekambo community ranged between 27.64 and 59.03 km2. The location of the center of the home range remained relatively stable over the last decade, while the overall size decreased. The Rekambo home range is, therefore, one of the largest documented so far for chimpanzees outside savannah-woodland habitats. We discuss several explanations, including the presence of savannah, interspecies competition, and intercommunity interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez-Íñigo
- Interim Group Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Wild Chimpanzee Foundation - Guinean Representation, Commune de Dixinn, BP1487P, Conakry, Guinea.
| | - Pauline Baas
- Interim Group Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harmonie Klein
- Interim Group Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Pika
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Comparative BioCognition, Osnabrück University, Artilleriestrasse 34, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Interim Group Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Kurihara Y, Muto H. Behavioral responses of Japanese macaques to playback-simulated intergroup encounters. Behav Processes 2020; 182:104279. [PMID: 33189797 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Group-living animals gain fitness benefits from intergroup aggression, but also incur costs. Advertisement behaviors, such as long-distance calls and scent marking, help animals avoid disadvantageous, or less rewarding, fights. However, it remains unclear how species that lack advertisement behaviors respond to auditory information from other groups. We hypothesized that such species use auditory information prior to visual contact with the opponent group to determine its relative resource holding potential. Here, we aimed to identify the behavioral responses of Japanese macaques to simulated intergroup encounters. We conducted a vocal playback experiment and behavioral observations of 11 adult males and females from two groups intermittently from October 2015 to June 2017. In response to vocalizations of other groups, the macaques stopped feeding, decreased contact calling, and increased visual scanning, which could enable them to make timely and accurate decisions as to whether to fight or flee. The spatial cohesion of the group did not change. These results partly support our hypothesis and suggest that the onset of increased vigilance to opponents is prior to visual contact with them. The present study highlights the importance of investigating early phases of intergroup encounters in species lacking advertisement behaviors to obtain new insights on intergroup conflicts in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kurihara
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan; Center for Education and Research in Field Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Muto
- School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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He T, Honda T, Kurihara Y, Thiery G. Variation in chewing efficiency of Yakushima Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:110-119. [PMID: 31675108 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chewing efficiency plays an important role in the survival and distribution of primates. Yet, little is known about the intra-specific variation of chewing efficiency. The purpose of this study is to report the pattern of seasonal and regional variation in chewing efficiency among Yakushima Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fecal samples of Yakushima Japanese macaques were collected from lowland, highland and summit areas in Yakushima between July 2015 and March 2016 (n = 236). Using sieving analysis, we compared fecal particle size (dMEAN) and proportion of finest particles p(0) between different geographical areas and seasons. RESULTS Seasonally, in the lowland zone, there was a non-significant decrease in dMEAN during spring, while p(0) was significantly higher during summer than it was during winter and spring. Regionally, dMEAN was higher in the summit zone than it was in other areas during autumn, while p(0) was also higher in the summit zone. CONCLUSIONS While seasonal variation in dMEAN can be explained by the reported difference in the proportions of food categories in diet between seasons, its influence is mitigated, possibly by the selective feeding of less mechanically challenging parts in each category. Regional variation in dMEAN and p(0) may be the results of bamboo consumption in this area. Combining our data with studies that focus on seasonal and regional variations of food properties or gut microbes might provide a better understanding of the relation between diet, chewing and digestion in Yakushima macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmeng He
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Takeaki Honda
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurihara
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Ghislain Thiery
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Tsuji Y, Morimoto M. Endozoochorous seed dispersal by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): Effects of temporal variation in ranging and seed characteristics on seed shadows. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:185-91. [PMID: 26469699 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Variation in seed shadows generated by frugivores is caused by daily, seasonal, and inter-annual variation in ranging, as well as inter-specific variability in gut passage times according to seed characteristics. We studied the extent to which seed weight, specific gravity, and daily (morning, afternoon, and evening) and inter-annual (2004 vs. 2005) variation in ranging affected seed shadows generated by wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in northern Japan. The macaques ingested fleshy fruits of 11 species during the two year study period; Viburnum dilatatum (Caprifoliaceae: heavier seeds with higher specific gravity) and Rosa multiflora (Rosaceae: lighter seeds with lower specific gravity) were eaten frequently in both years. The travel distances of macaques after feeding on V. dilatatum and R. multiflora fruits were estimated by combining feeding locations and ranging patterns measured in the field with gut passage times of model seeds in captive animals. Median travel distances after fruit feeding were 431 (quantile range: 277-654) and 478 m (265-646), respectively, with a maximum of 1,261 m. Neither year nor time of day affected travel distances. The gut passage time of model V. dilatatum seeds was longer than that of model R. multiflora seed, but this did not affect dispersal distances. Seed shadows for both species over 2 years showed unimodal distribution (peak: 101-500 m) and more than 90%, 20%, and 3% of ingested seeds were estimated to be dispersed >100, >500, and >1000 m, respectively, the longest known distances among macaque species. R. multiflora seeds tended to be dispersed further in 2004 than 2005, but V. dilatatum seeds were not, implying that inter-annual variations in ranging pattern due to the distribution and abundance of nut fruiting could affect dispersal distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Tsuji
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Mayumi Morimoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
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Kurihara Y, Hanya G. Comparison of feeding behavior between two different-sized groups of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). Am J Primatol 2015; 77:986-1000. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Japan
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Ranging Behavior and Resource Use by Lion-Tailed Macaques (Macaca silenus) in Selectively Logged Forests. INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nakagawa N, Matsubara M, Shimooka Y, Nishikawa M. Embracing in a Wild Group of Yakushima Macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) as an Example of Social Customs. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1086/679448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Tsuji Y. Inter-annual variation in characteristics of endozoochory by wild Japanese macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108155. [PMID: 25272286 PMCID: PMC4182713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endozoochory is important to the dynamics and regeneration of forest ecosystems. Despite the universality of inter-annual variation in fruit production, few studies have addressed the sign (seed predation versus seed dispersal) and strength (frequency and quantity) of fruit-frugivore interaction and the effectiveness of endozoochory in response to the long-term temporal context. In this study I evaluated the characteristics of endozoochorous dispersal by wild Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata inhabiting deciduous forest in northern Japan for five different years. I collected 378 fecal samples from the macaques in fall (September to November) and quantified the proportion of feces containing seeds, number of seeds per fecal sample, ratio of intact seeds, and seed diversity. The proportion of feces containing seeds of any species (five-year mean: 85.9%, range: 78-97%) did not show significant inter-annual variation, while species-level proportions did. The intact ratio of seeds (mean: 83%, range: 61-98%) varied significantly both between years and between months, and this varied among dominant plant species. The number of seeds per fecal sample (mean: 78, range: 32-102) varied monthly but did not between years, and the seed diversity (mean: 0.66, range: 0.57-0.81) did not show significant inter-annual variation, both of which were attributed to longer duration of macaques' gastro-intestinal passage time of seeds exceed their feeding bouts. This study demonstrated that frequency and success of seed dispersal over seed predation of macaque endozoochory showed inter-annual variation, indicating low specificity across the seed-macaque network. The temporal variability in the quality of seed dispersal may provide evidence of high resilience in response to fluctuating environmental conditions in the temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Tsuji
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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Agetsuma N, Koda R, Tsujino R, Agetsuma-Yanagihara Y. Effective spatial scales for evaluating environmental determinants of population density in Yakushima macaques. Am J Primatol 2014; 77:152-61. [PMID: 25231752 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Population densities of wildlife species tend to be correlated with resource productivity of habitats. However, wildlife density has been greatly modified by increasing human influences. For effective conservation, we must first identify the significant factors that affect wildlife density, and then determine the extent of the areas in which the factors should be managed. Here, we propose a protocol that accomplishes these two tasks. The main threats to wildlife are thought to be habitat alteration and hunting, with increases in alien carnivores being a concern that has arisen recently. Here, we examined the effect of these anthropogenic disturbances, as well as natural factors, on the local density of Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). We surveyed macaque densities at 30 sites across their habitat using data from 403 automatic cameras. We quantified the effect of natural vegetation (broad-leaved forest, mixed coniferous/broad-leaved forest, etc.), altered vegetation (forestry area and agricultural land), hunting pressure, and density of feral domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). The effect of each vegetation type was analyzed at numerous spatial scales (between 150 and 3,600-m radii from the camera locations) to determine the best scale for explaining macaque density (effective spatial scale). A model-selection procedure (generalized linear mixed model) was used to detect significant factors affecting macaque density. We detected that the most effective spatial scale was 400 m in radius, a scale that corresponded to group range size of the macaques. At this scale, the amount of broad-leaved forest was selected as a positive factor, whereas mixed forest and forestry area were selected as negative factors for macaque density. This study demonstrated the importance of the simultaneous evaluation of all possible factors of wildlife population density at the appropriate spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Agetsuma
- Wakayama Experimental Forest, Hokkaido University, Wakayama, Japan
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Nishikawa M, Suzuki M, Sprague DS. Activity and social factors affect cohesion among individuals in female Japanese macaques: A simultaneous focal-follow study. Am J Primatol 2014; 76:694-703. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Mariko Suzuki
- Wildlife Research Center; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - David S. Sprague
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences; Tsukuba Japan
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Enari H, Sakamaki-Enari H. Impact assessment of dam construction and forest management for Japanese macaque habitats in snowy areas. Am J Primatol 2013; 76:271-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture; Yamagata University; Tsuruoka Yamagata Japan
| | - Haruka Sakamaki-Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences; Iwate University; Morioka Iwate Japan
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Sugiura H, Shimooka Y, Tsuji Y. Japanese Macaques Depend not Only on Neighbours but also on More Distant Members for Group Cohesion. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sugiura
- Wildlife Research Center; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimooka
- Department of Environmental Science; Teikyo University of Science and Technology; Uenohara Yamanashi Japan
| | - Yamato Tsuji
- Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
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Habitat Use and Activity Patterns as an Indication of Fragment Quality in a Strepsirrhine Primate. INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tsuji Y. Sleeping-site preferences of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): the importance of nonpredatory factors. J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/11-mamm-a-095.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Tsuji Y, Sato K, Sato Y. The role of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) as endozoochorous seed dispersers on Kinkazan Island, northern Japan. Mamm Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Boundary nature induces greater group size and group density in habitat edges: an agent-based model revealed. POPUL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-011-0279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Regional, Temporal, and Interindividual Variation in the Feeding Ecology of Japanese Macaques. THE JAPANESE MACAQUES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-53886-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shimada M, Uno T, Nakagawa N, Fujita S, Izawa K. Case study of a one-sided attack by multiple troop members on a nontroop adolescent male and the death of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Aggress Behav 2009; 35:334-41. [PMID: 19431186 DOI: 10.1002/ab.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An adolescent wild male Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), following Kinkazan A troop, was attacked one-sidedly by multiple members of the troop. The victim was identified as PI, and was estimated to be seven+/-one year old. The aggressive interaction was recorded by video camera until the end. Although at least 16 troop members approached PI more than once, only three males (one adult, two adolescents) of A troop attacked him. PI kept crouching throughout the attack, then escaped to the shore and dived into the sea. The interaction continued for more than one hour. PI was found dead a few hours after the end of interaction. The damage caused by the assailants was not the direct cause of PI's death; it was due to hypothermia caused by drifting in the sea. PI's life history was reconstructed from past records. PI was a normal adolescent male who migrated from an all-male group around B1 troop and started ranging around A troop. The aggressive interaction is believed to be a typical example of conflict between troop males and a nontroop male. The interaction period was very long compared with previous reports on such conflicts among Japanese macaques. PI kept crouching in open areas, exposing himself as a potential competitor for the resources of the troop, and did not show any submissive or reconciliatory behavior toward the troop males. This may be why the troop males did not stop the attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimada
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Uenohara, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Majolo B, Ventura R, Koyama NF. A Statistical Modelling Approach to the Occurrence and Timing of Reconciliation in Wild Japanese Macaques. Ethology 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Koda H, Shimooka Y, Sugiura H. Effects of caller activity and habitat visibility on contact call rate of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Am J Primatol 2008; 70:1055-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yamagiwa J. History and Present Scope of Field Studies on Macaca fuscata yakui at Yakushima Island, Japan. INT J PRIMATOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-008-9235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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A friend in need is a friend indeed: feeding association between Japanese macaques and sika deer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03194240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Majolo B, Ventura R, Koyama NF. Sex, Rank and Age Differences in the Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) Participation in Inter-Group Encounters. Ethology 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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HANYA G, MATSUBARA M, SUGIURA H, HAYAKAWA S, GOTO S, TANAKA T, SOLTIS J, NOMA N. Mass mortality of Japanese macaques in a western coastal forest of Yakushima. Ecol Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1703.2003.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Agetsuma N, Sugiura H, Hill DA, Agetsuma-Yanagihara Y, Tanaka T. Population density and group composition of Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon yakushimae
) in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yakushima, southern Japan. Ecol Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2003.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mori A, Watanabe K. Life history of male Japanese macaques living on Koshima Islet. Primates 2003; 44:119-26. [PMID: 12687475 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-002-0025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2002] [Accepted: 12/12/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the study of Japanese macaques, two types of male transfer between groups, defined by the age of transfer and known as bottom- or top-rank transfer, have received much attention, whereas the meaning of the period of solitary life has received very little. Male solitary life has been regarded simply as a transient state between group transfer. We found that male solitary life is restricted to a specific period in the life history of Japanese macaques living on Koshima Islet. This period started when the body weights of males and females began to diverge and ended when the body weight increase of males had stopped. Solitary lifestyle is related to the growth of adolescent and post-adolescent males. We hypothesize that a solitary lifestyle is a necessary step for adolescent and post-adolescent males to achieve their full adult growth by avoiding feeding competition with others, especially with adult females. Increments of body weight increase between 3 and 15 years were larger for the sons of lower- and middle-rank females than for those of higher-ranking females. Although the sons of lower- plus middle-ranking females grew later, they achieved a full adult body weight similar to that of sons of higher-ranking females by the age of 15. We believe that this body weight increase was achieved because of the solitary lifestyle of adolescent and post-adolescent males. Correlation between male body weight and life-span was found for body weights at 12 years, but no correlation was evident at 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Mori
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
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Takahashi H. Changes of dominance rank, age, and tenure of wild Japanese macaque males in the Kinkazan a troop during seven years. Primates 2002; 43:133-8. [PMID: 12082302 DOI: 10.1007/bf02629673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Male age-rank and tenure-rank relationships were studied for seven years in unprovisioned Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata fuscata) troop on Kinkazan Island, Japan. Males whose estimated ages were between 15 and 19 yr old monopolized the highest ranks, while older males whose estimated ages were > or = 20 yr old tended to decline in rank, resulting in a humped age-rank curve. The ranks of males tended to rise as their tenure in the troop increased. The departure of higher-ranking males was the social mechanism for changes in rank, suggesting that the disappearance of higher-ranking males plays an important role in determining rank dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
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Takahashi H. Influence of fluctuation in the operational sex ratio to mating of troop and non-troop male Japanese macaques for four years on Kinkazan Island, Japan. Primates 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02629635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
In mountainous topography, actual travel distances and home range areas are larger than those measured on a flat map. This paper analyzed the increase in spatial measures that occurred when topography was taken into account for data collected at a mountainous study site of the Japanese macaque. Both travel distances and home range areas increased when measured on a computerized terrain model compared to those measured on a flat map. The travel distance changes varied among troops as well as individual travel routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Sprague
- Rural Ecosystem Dynamics, Division of Environmental Planning, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Intraspecific variation in the social organization of Japanese macaques: Past and present scope of field studies in natural habitats. Primates 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02573076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Effects of habitat differences on feeding behaviors of Japanese monkeys: Comparison between Yakushima and Kinkazan. Primates 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02573077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nakagawa N. Ecological determinants of the behavior and social structure of Japanese monkeys: A synthesis. Primates 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02573085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Inter-annual variation of reproductive parameters and fruit availability in two populations of Japanese macaques. Primates 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02573080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Saito C, Sato S, Suzuki S, Sugiura H, Agetsuma N, Takahata Y, Sasaki C, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Yamagiwa J. Aggressive intergroup encounters in two populations of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Primates 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02573079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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