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Tomiyama T, Shimokawa M, Harada N, Toshida K, Morinaga A, Kosai-Fujimoto Y, Tomino T, Kurihara T, Nagao Y, Toshima T, Morita K, Itoh S, Yoshizumi T. Low syntaxin 17 expression in donor liver is associated with poor graft prognosis in recipients of living donor liver transplantation. Hepatol Res 2022; 52:872-881. [PMID: 35792062 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Liver transplantation (LT) is the only curative therapy for decompensated liver cirrhosis. For recipients of living donor LT (LDLT), restoration of liver function after transplantation is highly dependent on liver regenerative capacity, which requires large amounts of intracellular energy. Mitochondrial metabolism provides a stable supply of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) for liver regeneration. Mitophagy is a selective process in which damaged, non-functional mitochondria are degraded and replaced with new functional mitochondria. We investigated the relationship between expression of Syntaxin17 (STX17), a key protein in mitophagy regulation, in donor livers and graft survival. METHODS We examined STX17 expression in grafts from 143 LDLT donors who underwent right lobe resection and investigated the relationship between STX17 expression and graft function. We investigated the correlations among STX17 expression, mitochondrial membrane potential and cell proliferation, using a STX17-knockdown hepatocyte cell line. RESULTS Recipients transplanted with low STX17-expression grafts had significantly lower graft survival rates than recipients transplanted with high STX17-expression grafts (88.9% vs. 100%, p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that low STX17 expression (HR: 10.7, CI: 1.29-88.0, p < 0.05) and the absence of splenectomy (HR: 6.27, CI: 1.59-24.8, p < 0.01) were independent predictive factors for small-for-size graft syndrome, which is the severe complication in LDLT. In the vitro experiments, the percentage of depolarized damaged mitochondria was increased in the STX17-knockdown hepatocyte cell line, suggesting decreased mitophagy and ATP synthesis. Cell proliferation was significantly decreased in the STX17-knockdown hepatocyte cell line. CONCLUSION STX17 contributes to mitophagy and maintenance of mitochondrial function in hepatocytes and may be a predictor of graft dysfunction in LDLT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tomiyama
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shimokawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Toshida
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akinari Morinaga
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kosai-Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tomino
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurihara
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagao
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutoyo Morita
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Scheffschick A, Babel J, Sperling S, Nerusch J, Herzog N, Seehofer D, Damm G. Primary-like Human Hepatocytes Genetically Engineered to Obtain Proliferation Competence as a Capable Application for Energy Metabolism Experiments in In Vitro Oncologic Liver Models. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081195. [PMID: 36009822 PMCID: PMC9405410 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Fatty liver disease is an increasing health concern in Westernized countries. A fatty liver can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer arising from hepatocytes, the major cells of the liver. How HCC may develop from the fatty liver is not known, and good cellular systems to investigate this are lacking. Recently, hepatocytes that can multiply continuously have been generated and suggested for hepatocyte research. In this study, we compared these continuously multiplying human hepatocytes to normal human hepatocytes and liver cancer cells, both within the state of fatty liver or not. We identified that these multiplying hepatocytes displayed many similarities to the liver cancer cells in terms of energy metabolism and concluded that these hepatocytes could be a pre-cancer model for liver cancer research and would be a valuable tool for HCC research. Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by lipid accumulation in the liver, is the most common cause of liver diseases in Western countries. NAFLD is a major risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, in vitro evaluation of hepatic cancerogenesis fails due to a lack of liver models displaying a proliferation of hepatocytes. Originally designed to overcome primary human hepatocyte (PHH) shortages, upcyte hepatocytes were engineered to obtain continuous proliferation and, therefore, could be a suitable tool for HCC research. We generated upcyte hepatocytes, termed HepaFH3 cells, and compared their metabolic characteristics to HepG2 hepatoma cells and PHHs isolated from resected livers. For displaying NAFLD-related HCCs, we induced steatosis in all liver models. Lipid accumulation, lipotoxicity and energy metabolism were characterized using biochemical assays and Western blot analysis. We showed that proliferating HepaFH3 cells resemble HepG2, both showing a higher glucose uptake rate, lactate levels and metabolic rate compared to PHHs. Confluent HepaFH3 cells displayed some similarities to PHHs, including higher levels of the transaminases AST and ALT compared to proliferating HepaFH3 cells. We recommend proliferating HepaFH3 cells as a pre-malignant cellular model for HCC research, while confluent HepaFH3 cells could serve as PHH surrogates for energy metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scheffschick
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Babel
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sperling
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Nerusch
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natalie Herzog
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-97-39656
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3
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Ogino N, Miyagawa K, Kusanaga M, Hayashi T, Minami S, Oe S, Honma Y, Harada M. Involvement of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-mediated calcium flux in the protective effect of oleic acid against lipotoxicity in hepatocytes. Exp Cell Res 2019; 385:111651. [PMID: 31568762 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated free fatty acids, particularly saturated ones such as palmitic acid, may play an important role in the lipotoxic mechanism of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Saturated fatty acids induce autophagy dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leading to apoptosis in hepatocytes. However, unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, are nontoxic and can even prevent saturated fatty acid-induced toxicity in vitro. Although emerging evidence has suggested that ER calcium flux disruption in hepatocytes is involved in NAFLD pathogenesis, the roles of fatty acids in autophagy and ER calcium flux still remain unclear. We demonstrated that oleic acid ameliorated palmitic acid-induced autophagy arrest and ER stress in parallel with ER calcium depletion in hepatocytes. Moreover, we found that the effect of oleic acid against autophagy arrest was reversed by the pharmacological inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), which influxes calcium to ER. These data suggest that SERCA-mediated ER calcium flux is greatly involved in fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity in hepatocytes, and the prevention of ER calcium depletion may restore saturated fatty acid-induced autophagy arrest in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Ogino
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Miyagawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masashi Kusanaga
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tsuguru Hayashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Sota Minami
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shinji Oe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuichi Honma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masaru Harada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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4
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Torresi J, Tran BM, Christiansen D, Earnest-Silveira L, Schwab RHM, Vincan E. HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis: the role of signalling pathways and innovative ex vivo research models. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:707. [PMID: 31319796 PMCID: PMC6637598 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of liver cancer, but the mechanisms by which HBV causes liver cancer are poorly understood and chemotherapeutic strategies to cure liver cancer are not available. A better understanding of how HBV requisitions cellular components in the liver will identify novel therapeutic targets for HBV associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MAIN BODY The development of HCC involves deregulation in several cellular signalling pathways including Wnt/FZD/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, IRS1/IGF, and Ras/Raf/MAPK. HBV is known to dysregulate several hepatocyte pathways and cell cycle regulation resulting in HCC development. A number of these HBV induced changes are also mediated through the Wnt/FZD/β-catenin pathway. The lack of a suitable human liver model for the study of HBV has hampered research into understanding pathogenesis of HBV. Primary human hepatocytes provide one option; however, these cells are prone to losing their hepatic functionality and their ability to support HBV replication. Another approach involves induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatocytes. However, iPS technology relies on retroviruses or lentiviruses for effective gene delivery and pose the risk of activating a range of oncogenes. Liver organoids developed from patient-derived liver tissues provide a significant advance in HCC research. Liver organoids retain the characteristics of their original tissue, undergo unlimited expansion, can be differentiated into mature hepatocytes and are susceptible to natural infection with HBV. CONCLUSION By utilizing new ex vivo techniques like liver organoids it will become possible to develop improved and personalized therapeutic approaches that will improve HCC outcomes and potentially lead to a cure for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Bang Manh Tran
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Dale Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Linda Earnest-Silveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Renate Hilda Marianne Schwab
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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5
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Potential for Isolation of Immortalized Hepatocyte Cell Lines by Liver-Directed In Vivo Gene Delivery of Transposons in Mice. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5129526. [PMID: 31281376 PMCID: PMC6589260 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5129526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of hepatocytes and their culture in vitro represent important avenues to explore the function of such cells. However, these studies are often difficult to perform because of the inability of hepatocytes to proliferate in vitro. Immortalization of isolated hepatocytes is thus an important step toward continuous in vitro culture. For cellular immortalization, integration of relevant genes into the host chromosomes is a prerequisite. Transposons, which are mobile genetic elements, are known to facilitate integration of genes of interest (GOI) into chromosomes in vitro and in vivo. Here, we proposed that a combination of transposon- and liver-directed introduction of nucleic acids may confer acquisition of unlimited cellular proliferative potential on hepatocytes, enabling the possible isolation of immortalized hepatocyte cell lines, which has often failed using more traditional immortalization methods.
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6
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Ji C, Nagaoka K, Zou J, Casulli S, Lu S, Cao KY, Zhang H, Iwagami Y, Carlson RI, Brooks K, Lawrence J, Mueller W, Wands JR, Huang CK. Chronic ethanol-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis links to decreased TET1 and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine formation. FASEB J 2018; 33:1824-1835. [PMID: 30188753 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800736r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmc) is a newly identified epigenetic modification thought to be regulated by the TET family of proteins. Little information is available about how ethanol consumption may modulate 5hmC formation and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) progression. A rat ALD model was used to study 5hmC in relationship to hepatocyte apoptosis. Human ALD liver samples were also used to validate these findings. It was found that chronic ethanol feeding significantly reduced 5hmC formation in a rat ALD model. There were no significant changes in TET2 and TET3 between the control- and ethanol-fed animals. In contrast, methylcytosine dioxygenase TET1 (TET1) expression was substantially reduced in the ethanol-fed rats and was accompanied by increased hepatocyte apoptosis. Similarly, knockdown of TET1 in human hepatocyte-like cells also significantly promoted apoptosis. Down-regulation of TET1 resulted in elevated expression of the DNA damage marker, suggesting a role for 5hmc in hepatocyte DNA damage as well. Mechanistic studies revealed that inhibition of TET1 promoted apoptotic gene expression. Similarly, targeting TET1 activity by removing cosubstrate promoted apoptosis and DNA damage. Furthermore, treatment with 5-azacitidine significantly mimics these effects, suggesting that chronic ethanol consumption promotes hepatocyte apoptosis and DNA damage by diminishing TET1-mediated 5hmC formation and DNA methylation. In summary, the current study provides a novel molecular insight that TET1-mediated 5hmC is involved in hepatocyte apoptosis in ALD progression.-Ji, C., Nagaoka, K., Zou, J., Casulli, S., Lu, S., Cao, K. Y., Zhang, H., Iwagami, Y., Carlson, R. I., Brooks, K., Lawrence, J., Mueller, W., Wands, J. R., Huang, C.-K. Chronic ethanol-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis links to decreased TET1 and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Ji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Critical Care Center, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Katsuya Nagaoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jing Zou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sarah Casulli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kevin Y Cao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Rolf I Carlson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Keri Brooks
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jonathan Lawrence
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - William Mueller
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jack R Wands
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Chiung-Kuei Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Gleich A, Kaiser B, Schumann J, Fuhrmann H. Establishment and characterisation of a novel bovine SV40 large T-antigen-transduced foetal hepatocyte-derived cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:662-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Huang CK, Iwagami Y, Aihara A, Chung W, de la Monte S, Thomas JM, Olsen M, Carlson R, Yu T, Dong X, Wands J. Anti-Tumor Effects of Second Generation β-Hydroxylase Inhibitors on Cholangiocarcinoma Development and Progression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150336. [PMID: 26954680 PMCID: PMC4783022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has a poor prognosis due to widespread intrahepatic spread. Aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH) is a transmembrane protein and catalyzes the hydroxylation of aspartyl and asparaginyl residues in calcium binding epidermal growth factor (cbEGF)-like domains of various proteins, including Notch receptors and ligands. ASPH is highly overexpressed (>95%) in human CCA tumors. We explored the molecular mechanisms by which ASPH mediated the CCA malignant phenotype and evaluated the potential of ASPH as a therapeutic target for CCA. The importance of expression and enzymatic activity of ASPH for CCA growth and progression was examined using shRNA "knockdown" and a mutant construct that reduced its catalytic activity. Second generation small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) of β-hydroxylase activity were developed and used to target ASPH in vitro and in vivo. Subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenograft rodent models were employed to determine anti-tumor effects on CCA growth and development. It was found that the enzymatic activity of ASPH was critical for mediating CCA progression, as well as inhibiting apoptosis. Mechanistically, ASPH overexpression promoted Notch activation and modulated CCA progression through a Notch1-dependent cyclin D1 pathway. Targeting ASPH with shRNAs or a SMI significantly suppressed CCA growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Kuei Huang
- Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Arihiro Aihara
- Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Waihong Chung
- Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Suzanne de la Monte
- Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - John-Michael Thomas
- Department of Medical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mark Olsen
- Department of Medical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rolf Carlson
- Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Tunan Yu
- Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Xiaoqun Dong
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jack Wands
- Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Matsumoto M, Matsuura T, Aoki K, Maehashi H, Iwamoto T, Ohkawa K, Yoshida K, Yanaga K, Takada K. An efficient system for secretory production of fibrinogen using a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:315-25. [PMID: 24802089 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Despite an increasing demand, blood products are not always safe because most are derived from blood donations. One possible solution is the development and commercialization of recombinant fibrinogen, but this process remains poorly developed. This study aimed to develop an effective production system for producing risk-free fibrinogen using human hepatocellular cell lines and serum-free media. METHODS Three human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2, FLC-4 and FLC-7) were cultivated in a serum-supplemented medium or two serum-free media (ASF104N and IS-RPMI) to compare their fibrinogen secretion abilities. Fibrinogen subunit gene expression was estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Massive fibrinogen production was induced using a 5-mL radial flow bioreactor (RFB) while monitoring glucose metabolism. Subsequently, fibrinogen's biochemical characteristics derived from these cells were analyzed. RESULTS FLC-7 cell culture combined with IS-RPMI resulted in significantly better fibrinogen production (21.6 μg/10(7) cells per day). ASF104N had more positive effects on cell growth compared with IS-RPMI, whereas fibrinogen production was more efficient with IS-RPMI than with ASF104N. Changing the medium from ASF104N to IS-RPMI led to significantly increased fibrinogen gene expression and glucose consumption. In the RFB culture, the fibrinogen secretion rate of FLC-7 cells reached 0.73 μg/mL per day during a 42-day cultivation period. The subunit composition and clot formation activity of FLC-7 cell-derived fibrinogen corresponded to those of plasma fibrinogen. CONCLUSION The FLC-7 cell culture system is suitable for large-scale fibrinogen preparation production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinori Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Aoki
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Maehashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Iwamoto
- Department of Core Research Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohkawa
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotsugu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Takada
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Biology, Department of Natural Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ramboer E, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Vinken M. Immortalized Human Hepatic Cell Lines for In Vitro Testing and Research Purposes. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1250:53-76. [PMID: 26272134 PMCID: PMC4579543 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous shortage of primary human hepatocytes has urged the scientific community to search for alternative cell sources, such as immortalized hepatic cell lines. Over the years, several human hepatic cell lines have been produced, whether or not using a combination of viral oncogenes and human telomerase reverse transcriptase protein. Conditional approaches for hepatocyte immortalization have also been established and allow generation of growth-controlled cell lines. A variety of immortalized human hepatocytes have already proven useful as tools for liver-based in vitro testing and fundamental research purposes. The present chapter describes currently applied immortalization strategies and provides an overview of the actually available immortalized human hepatic cell lines and their in vitro applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramboer
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium,
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11
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Eva R, Bram DC, Joery DK, Tamara V, Geert B, Vera R, Mathieu V. Strategies for immortalization of primary hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2014; 61:925-43. [PMID: 24911463 PMCID: PMC4169710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate in response to a damaging event. Liver regeneration is hereby largely driven by hepatocyte proliferation, which in turn relies on cell cycling. The hepatocyte cell cycle is a complex process that is tightly regulated by several well-established mechanisms. In vitro, isolated hepatocytes do not longer retain this proliferative capacity. However, in vitro cell growth can be boosted by immortalization of hepatocytes. Well-defined immortalization genes can be artificially overexpressed in hepatocytes or the cells can be conditionally immortalized leading to controlled cell proliferation. This paper discusses the current immortalization techniques and provides a state-of-the-art overview of the actually available immortalized hepatocyte-derived cell lines and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramboer Eva
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - De Craene Bram
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - De Kock Joery
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Vanhaecke Tamara
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Berx Geert
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rogiers Vera
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Vinken Mathieu
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
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Gutierrez JA, Gish RG. Efficacy of combination treatment modalities for intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: intra-arterial therapies, sorafenib and novel small molecules. Transl Cancer Res 2013; 2:460-471. [PMID: 26504748 PMCID: PMC4618672 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-676x.2013.10.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a growing epidemic with a high mortality rate and clear need for improved therapies. In patients with Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) B and C, treatment with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been the gold standard in therapy as it delays progression; however, recurrence proves common. In the US, transarterial bead embolization (TABE) has uniformly replaced TACE. With this limited armamentarium, there is need for a shift to novel strategies combining different modalities to further improve patient outcomes. Historically, HCC drug discovery concentrated on common features of HCC including its highly vascular nature and dependence on growth factors (GFs). The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib acts on angiogenesis via modulation of vascular endothelial GF expression and was the first step toward systemic targeted therapy against HCC. Sorafenib has provided clinicians with a tool to modestly improve survival by 2-6 months or longer. Despite the progress in survival provided by TACE, TABE and sorafenib independently, rigorous combination clinical trials do not consistently show significant improvement over TACE/TABE monotherapy. Other novel small molecules targeting angiogenesis such as brivanib, linifanib and everolimus have failed or are in development. Anti-HCV treatment became more feasible with the novel direct-acting antiviral agents; with the much higher and more durable treatment responses that they provide, the risk of HCC progression may be reduced. The most effective strategies in developing combination therapies are hampered by the complexities of FDA testing along with intellectual property and economic issues. To achieve significant progress, more basic science studies are necessary to help understand which novel molecules demonstrate the greatest synergy. Individual patient genomic profiling and biomarkers may help guide therapy and improve the clinician's ability to tailor treatment and to know when it could be appropriate to combine systemic therapy with transarterial embolization. Most importantly, partnerships that facilitate testing of novel therapies in intelligently designed trials based on preclinical pharmacokinetics must be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Gutierrez
- Antiviral Research Center, Department of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA ; Division of Hepatology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Robert G. Gish Consultants, LLC; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Shiraha H, Yamamoto K, Namba M. Human hepatocyte carcinogenesis (review). Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1133-8. [PMID: 23426905 PMCID: PMC3622653 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide; and its incidence rate is increasing. Clinical and molecular medical analyses have revealed substantial information on hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a stepwise process during which multiple genes are altered. Genetic changes and their biological consequences in human HCC can be divided into at least 4 groups: i) tumor suppressor genes (p53, retinoblastoma, phosphatase tensin homolog and runt-related transcription factor 3), ii) oncogenes (myc, K-ras, BRAF), iii) reactivation of developmental pathways (Wnt, hedgehog), and iv) growth factors and their receptors (transforming growth factor-α, insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor). An experimental model of human hepatocarcinogenesis such as in vitro neoplastic transformation of human hepatocytes has not been successfully achieved yet, but several immortalized human hepatocyte cell lines have been established. These immortalized human hepatocytes will become useful tools for the elucidation of hepatocarcinogenesis, especially for the initial step of multistep hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Shiraha
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Nambotin SB, Tomimaru Y, Merle P, Wands JR, Kim M. Functional consequences of WNT3/Frizzled7-mediated signaling in non-transformed hepatic cells. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e31. [PMID: 23552403 PMCID: PMC3503290 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that WNT3 and Frizzled7 (FZD7) expression levelswere upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and that they directly interact to activate the canonical Wnt/β–catenin pathway in HCC cell lines. In this study, we investigated the functional consequences of WNT3 and FZD7 expression levels in non-transformed hepatic cells to address the question of whether WNT3/FZD7-mediated signal transduction could be involved in cellular transformation. After stable transfection of WNT3 and FZD7, the activation of the Wnt/β–catenin pathway was confirmed by western blot, immunostaining and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR (qRT–PCR) analysis in two non-transformed hepatocyte-derived cell lines. In vitro characteristics of the malignant phenotype were measured, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Stable expression of WNT3 and FZD7 in the two cell lines led to cellular accumulation of β-catenin and expression of downstream target genes activated by this pathway. In the stable WNT3/FZD7-expressing clones, hepatic cell proliferation, migration, invasion as well as soft agar colony formation were enhanced compared with the non-transformed control cells. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) factors, Twist, Snail and Vimentin, were increased in cells expressing WNT3 and FZD7. However, the WNT3/FZD7-expressing cells did not form tumors in vivo. We conclude that activation of the WNT3/FZD7 canonical pathway has a role in the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis by promoting the acquisition of a malignant phenotype with features of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Nambotin
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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15
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Nibourg GAA, Chamuleau RAFM, van Gulik TM, Hoekstra R. Proliferative human cell sources applied as biocomponent in bioartificial livers: a review. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:905-21. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.685714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Presently, the orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT) is still the most effective therapeutic for patients with acute or chronic hepatic failure. However, due to the shortage of donor livers, the number of patients benefited from this approach is limited. Therefore, some alternative modalities have been paid attention for restoring the liver function. The cell transplantation is one of the promising modalities to realize this purpose. The types of cells used in the cell transplantation include syngeneic hepatocytes, allogeneic hepatocytes, immortalized hepatocytes, and stem cells derived heptocytes. The stem cells, especially the adult stem cells from bone marrow, are shown as a promising cell source for liver repopulation. The mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells and embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate into the hepatic lineage and might be used in the cell transplantation for liver diseases. Compared to OLT, the advantages of cell-based therapy for liver disease are, but not limited to, less invasive, less expensive, easy manipulated, easy expansion of cells in vitro. Cells can be stored in a cell bank for future use. Though most of the current studies are experimental and animal based, the cellular therapy for liver disease is expected to be an effective alternative in clinical settings in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jameson
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6.
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Irie M, Suzuki N, Sohda T, Anan A, Iwata K, Takeyama Y, Watanabe H, Fischer P, Scherberich JE, Sakisaka S. Hepatic expression of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in the human liver of patients with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:966-73. [PMID: 17854466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) has been recognized as an enzyme that converts glutathione into cysteine, and it is localized predominantly within the liver. Serum GGT is clinically recognized as the most useful marker for diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). METHODS GGT localization within the liver was examined immunohistochemically using an anti-GGT antibody and was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy in ALD and normal livers. Double immunostaining for GGT and dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV) was carried out to evaluate GGT localization in greater detail. RESULTS Expression of GGT protein and mRNA was studied with immunoblot analysis and in situ hybridization, respectively. Immunohistochemically, the expression of GGT in the normal liver was faintly demonstrated in the bile canaliculi of hepatocytes and in biliary epithelial cells. In ALD livers, GGT was clearly demonstrated at the same sites. Double immunostaining demonstrated that GGT and DPP-IV were colocalized in hepatocytes in the ALD liver. In situ hybridization clearly demonstrated GGT-mRNA within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed that GGT protein expression was increased in the ALD livers compared with that seen in the normal livers. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that GGT in control and alcoholic livers is synthesized in hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells, and is localized within the bile canalicular membrane and the luminal membrane in those cells, respectively. In conclusion, GGT synthesis and protein expression are increased in ALD livers, leading to the elevation of serum levels of GGT that are commonly noted in patients with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Irie
- Third Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Castell JV, Jover R, Martínez-Jiménez CP, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Hepatocyte cell lines: their use, scope and limitations in drug metabolism studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 2:183-212. [PMID: 16866607 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gaining knowledge on the metabolism of a drug, the enzymes involved and its inhibition or induction potential is a necessary step in pharmaceutical development of new compounds. Primary human hepatocytes are considered a cellular model of reference, as they express the majority of drug-metabolising enzymes, respond to enzyme inducers and are capable of generating in vitro a metabolic profile similar to what is found in vivo. However, hepatocytes show phenotypic instability and have a restricted accessibility. Different alternatives have been explored in the past recent years to overcome the limitations of primary hepatocytes. These include immortalisation of adult or fetal human hepatic cells by means of transforming tumour virus genes, oncogenes, conditionally immortalised hepatocytes, and cell fusion. New strategies are currently being used to upregulate the expression of drug-metabolising enzymes in cell lines or to derive hepatocytes from progenitor cells. This paper reviews the features of liver-derived cell lines, their suitability for drug metabolism studies as well as the state-of-the-art of the strategies pursued in order to generate metabolically competent hepatic cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- José V Castell
- University Hospital La Fe, Research Centre, Avda, Campanar 21, E-46009 Valencia, Spain
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Iizuka S, Kaifu T, Nakamura A, Obinata M, Takai T. Establishment and Functional Characterization of Novel Natural Killer Cell Lines Derived from a Temperature-Sensitive SV40 Large T Antigen Transgenic Mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 140:255-65. [PMID: 16845125 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to an important lymphocyte population that eliminates transformed cells and invading pathogens without any prior sensitization. NK cells possess not only natural killing activity against non-self and altered-self cells but also exhibit cytokine production and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Despite their important roles in the innate immune system, little is known about the details of NK cell biology. In spite of that several murine NK cell clones have been established, studies have mainly focused on their natural killing activity but not their cytokine production or ADCC. In this study, we established and characterized eight novel, immortalized murine NK cell clones derived from a temperature-sensitive SV40 large-T antigen transgenic mouse. These NK cell lines continuously proliferated for more than 30 months in a culture medium supplemented with interleukin 2. All cell lines contained azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm, and a few clones retained the NK cell functions, such as natural killing activity, cytokine production, and ADCC. In addition, one clone could serve as a host for transient as well as stable gene transfection. Taken together, these findings indicate that the cell lines could constitute useful tools for detailed analysis of murine NK cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Iizuka
- Department of Experimental Immunology and the CREST Program of the Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) and Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575
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Murata T, Hijikata M, Shimotohno K. Enhancement of internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation and replication of hepatitis C virus by PD98059. Virology 2005; 340:105-15. [PMID: 16005928 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Translation initiation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurs in an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent manner. We found that HCV IRES-dependent protein synthesis is enhanced by PD98059, an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, while cellular cap-dependent translation was relatively unaffected by the compound. Treatment of cells with PD98059 allowed for robust HCV replication following cellular incubation with HCV-positive serum. Though the molecular mechanism underlying IRES enhancement remains elusive, PD98059 is a potent accelerator of HCV RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Murata
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Sacco MG, Vezzoni P. Response to Gribaldo and Hartung: New hepatocytes for toxicology? Trends Biotechnol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cell-based assay for the detection of chemically induced cellular stress by immortalized untransformed transgenic hepatocytes. BMC Biotechnol 2004; 4:5. [PMID: 15033002 PMCID: PMC406386 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary hepatocytes, one of the most widely used cell types for toxicological studies, have a very limited life span and must be freshly derived from mice or even humans. Attempts to use stable cell lines maintaining the enzymatic pattern of liver cells have been so far unsatisfactory. Stress proteins (heat shock proteins, HSPs) have been proposed as general markers of cellular injury and their use for environmental monitoring has been suggested. The aim of this work is to develop a bi-transgenic hepatocyte cell line in order to evaluate the ability of various organic and inorganic chemicals to induce the expression of the HSP70 driven reporter gene. We previously described transgenic mice (Hsp70/hGH) secreting high levels of human Growth Hormone (hGH) following exposure to toxic compounds in vivo and in vitro in primary cultures derived from different organs. In addition, we also reported another transgenic model (AT/cytoMet) allowing the reproducible immortalization of untransformed hepatocytes retaining in vitro complex liver functions. Results The transgenic mouse line Hsp70/hGH was crossed with the AT/cytoMet transgenic strain permitting the reproducible immortalization of untransformed hepatocytes. From double transgenic animals we derived several stable hepatic cell lines (MMH-GH) which showed a highly-differentiated phenotype as judged from the retention of epithelial cell polarity and the profile of gene expression, including hepatocyte-enriched transcription factors and detoxifying enzymes. In these cell lines, stresses induced by exposure to inorganic [Sodium Arsenite (NaAsO2) and Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2)], and organic [Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP), PentaChloroPhenol (PCP), TetraChloroHydroQuinone (TCHQ), 1-Chloro-2,4-DiNitro-Benzene (CDNB)] compounds, specifically induced hGH release in the culture medium. Conclusions MMH-GH, an innovative model to evaluate the toxic potential of chemical and physical xenobiotics, provides a simple biological system that may reduce the need for animal experimentation and/or continuously deriving fresh hepatocytes.
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A novel simple method to purify recombinant soluble human complement receptor type 1 (sCR1) from CHO cell culture. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02935882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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