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Abstract
It has been suggested that cultured skin fibroblasts derived from patients with progeria, a premature aging syndrome, have absent or markedly reduced HLA antigen expression, thus implicating a possible immunological role in the pathogenesis of this disease. An analysis of HLA expression in nine progeric fibroblast strains and related familial strains is reported. Normal HLA expression and inheritance were found. No significant association between HLA type and progeria was detected. Therefore, we conclude an abnormality of HLA expression is unlikely to be an underlying defect in progeria.
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2
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Boxer LM, Korn D. Structural and enzymological characterization of the homogeneous deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Mycoplasma orale. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00588a039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Kees UR, Campbell LJ, Ford J, Willoughby ML, Peroni SE, Ranford PR, Garson OM. New translocation t(2;13)(p12;q34) and rearrangement of the MLL gene in a childhood leukemia cell line. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995; 12:201-8. [PMID: 7536459 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the case of a 7-month-old boy who presented with biphenotypic acute leukemia, but with leukemia cells of B-cell phenotype present at the time of relapse. Two cell lines were derived from bone marrow specimens obtained at relapse, and immunophenotyping and analysis of antigen receptor gene configuration revealed concordance between the patient's leukemic cells and the cell lines. Cell line PER-377 shows a new chromosomal abnormality, t(2;13)(p12;q34), a molecular rearrangement at chromosome band 11q23 in the absence of a cytogenetically detectable abnormality of this band, and deletion of the genes for IGK.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Clone Cells
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Infant
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Kees
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research, Western Australian Institute for Child Health, Perth, Australia
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4
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Kees UR, Peroni SE, Ranford PR, Ford J. A new human cell line for the molecular dissection of the requirement for interleukin-1 in the production of interleukin-2 by immature T cells. J Immunol Methods 1994; 168:1-8. [PMID: 8288885 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An immature human T cell line, PER-117, can be induced to secrete interleukin-2 (IL-2). In contrast to mature T cells or the Jurkat cell line, PER-117 cells require interleukin-1 (IL-1) for optimal IL-2 secretion, in addition to calcium ionophore and phorbol 12-myristate 12-acetate (PMA). These requirements mirror the conditions reported to be optimal for normal immature T cell receptor (TCR) negative thymocytes. IL-1 did not substitute for either of the other signals required for IL-2 production, i.e., calcium ionophore or PMA, suggesting that IL-1 activates pathways different from those elicited by the two other stimuli. For optimal effect, IL-1 needed to be provided at the same time as the two other signals. Significantly, a signal provided by a low concentration of PMA (not leading to IL-2 induction by itself in the presence of calcium ionophore) was necessary. The studies reported here provide the first evidence that three signals are required for optimal IL-2 production in a human immature T cell line. PER-117 cells produce substantial levels of IL-2 and thus provide a model to study stage-specific signal transduction and transcriptional activation of the IL-2 gene in IL-1 responsive immature thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Kees
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research, Western Australian Research Institute for Child Health, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth
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5
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Kees UR, Ford J, Peroni SE, Ranford PR. Functional interleukin-2 receptor on a Tac negative human leukaemia T-cell line. Leuk Res 1993; 17:51-9. [PMID: 8429680 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(93)90141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell line PER-423 was derived from the cells of a patient with an immature acute T-lymphoblastic leukaemia and the growth of this human cell line is strictly dependent on interleukin-2 (IL-2). PER-423 cells express the p75 (beta) subunit of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R beta), while the p55 chain (IL-2R alpha) is not detectable by immunofluorescence. The analysis of the IL-2R revealed that it is of intermediate affinity and the median effective IL-2 concentration for PER-423 cells (EC50 value) was determined to be 1.44 +/- 0.29 nM. Chemical crosslinking studies showed that the receptor consists of one polypeptide of approximately 95 kDa as well as a doublet of 70 kDa and 60 kDa and does not include the IL-2R alpha-chain. The steady-state mRNA level for the p75 subunit was similar to that present in a cell line expressing an IL-2R alpha+ beta+, while only traces for the alpha-chain were detectable. PER-423 cells can be induced to express the alpha-chain of the IL-2R on the cell surface, concomitant with a much reduced EC50 level. Since cell line PER-423 is functionally dependent on IL-2, it provides an ideal model for IL-2 signal transduction studies and for investigations focusing on the requirements for ligand binding vs activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Kees
- Western Australian Research Institute for Child Health, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth
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6
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Kees UR, Rudduck C, Ford J, Spagnolo D, Papadimitriou J, Willoughby ML, Garson OM. Two malignant peripheral primitive neuroepithelial tumor cell lines established from consecutive samples of one patient: characterization and cytogenetic analysis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 4:195-204. [PMID: 1382559 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-year-old girl presented with a tumor of the right shoulder involving bone, adjacent soft tissue, and regional lymph nodes. The conventional histologic diagnosis was ambiguous, initially suggesting lymphoma. After relapse on lymphoma therapy, reevaluation with additional multiple diagnostic techniques performed on the biopsy tissue and on two cell lines derived from the biopsies established the diagnosis of a primitive neuroepithelial tumor of bone and soft tissue. This was strongly supported by 1) focal rosette formation by the tumor cells and positive immunostaining for neuron-specific enolase and synaptophysin, with absent staining for leukocyte common antigen; 2) at the ultrastructural level, formation of cellular processes containing microtubules, a paucity of neurosecretory granules, absence of synaptic junctions, formation of long "intermediate" junctions between cells, and, in culture, widespread development of rosettes; 3) marked surface positivity to W 6/32 and negativity to HSAN 1.2 antibodies; and 4) elevated expression of MYC and lack of overexpression of MYCN oncogenes. Numerical and structural abnormalities were present in the karyotype, but the expected t(11;22)(q24;q12) was not present in the tumor-involved marrow or in either of the established tumor cell lines, although there was an interstitial deletion of 11q involving breakpoints in q21 and q23.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Kees
- Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research Unit, Western Australian Research Institute for Child Health, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth
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7
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Kees UR, Ford J, Dawson VM, Ranford PR, Armstrong JA. Three neuroblastoma cell lines established from consecutive samples of one patient which show distinct morphologic features, MYCN amplification, and surface marker expression. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1992; 59:119-27. [PMID: 1581878 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90205-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Three neuroblastoma cell lines established from tumor samples obtained from one patient are described. The three lines were derived from bone marrow aspirates taken at diagnosis, and 13 and 15 months later. The origin of the cell lines PER-106, PER-107, and PER-108 from malignant neuroblasts was confirmed by electron microscopy studies, surface marker analysis, and assessment of MYCN amplification. Cell lines PER-107 and PER-108, which were established from tumor samples obtained at the time of progressive disease, have significantly shorter doubling times than PER-106 and grow mainly substrate-adherent, while cell line PER-106 (established from sample obtained at diagnosis) consists of small round neuroblastic cells which form large aggregates in suspension culture. The electron microscopy studies revealed distinctive neuroblast-like ultrastructure in all cell lines. The MYCN copy number was amplified (greater than 10 copies) in the established cell lines and in the fresh tumor samples and the relative abundance of MYCN RNA in the cell lines correlated roughly with the extent of the MYCN gene amplification. However, distinct phenotypic differences can be demonstrated among these three lines, which provide a model for the further examination of this highly malignant tumor. Detection of MYCN amplification by chromosomal in situ hybridization was performed on this set of cell lines, as reported by McRobert et al. (this issue, pages 128-134).
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Kees
- Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research Unit, Western Australia Research Institute for Child Health, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth
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8
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Kees UR, Lukeis R, Ford J, Willoughby ML, Garson OM. Establishment and characterization of a childhood pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, PER-278, with chromosome translocations t(1;19) and t(1;9). CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1990; 46:201-8. [PMID: 2340491 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(90)90105-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell line PER-278 was established from a bone marrow sample of a 10-year-old boy diagnosed with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PER-278 cells show the pre-B phenotype, express cytoplasmic Ig, and exhibit two translocations: t(1;19)(q23;p13) and t(1;9)(q23;p13). Assessment of the immunoglobulin rearrangements confirmed the clonal origin of cell line PER-278, and comparison with the patients's leukemic cells showed an identical pattern: loci involved at the breakpoint on chromosome 1 code for the oncogene SKI and for the Fc receptor II and on chromosome 19 for the insulin receptor. The t(1;19) may contribute to the malignant transformation in leukemic cells of pre-B phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Kees
- Leukemia Research Laboratory, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
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9
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Mirzayans R, Sabour M, Paterson MC. Bioreduction of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide in dysplastic nevus syndrome fibroblasts. Mutat Res 1989; 225:165-9. [PMID: 2494449 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(89)90114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast strains 3012T and 3072T, derived from normal skin explants of two patients affected with familial dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS), an hereditary variant of cutaneous malignant melanoma, have been reported to be abnormally sensitive to the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the procarcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO). In this communication we demonstrate that on exposure to a particular concentration of 4NQO, these same two DNS strains sustain an amount of DNA damage which is equal to (3012T) or only approximately 1.3 times greater than (3072T) that displayed by 8 control fibroblast strains established from clinically normal volunteers. Moreover, cell sonicates of 3072T display approximately 1.3-fold enhanced capacity to catalyze the reduction of 4NQO to the proximate carcinogen 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide, whereas sonicates of 3012T cells carry out this reaction at a normal rate. Accordingly, our results argue against the postulate that the 4NQO hypersensitivity exhibited by these DNS strains is merely due to an elevated capacity for bioreduction of the inert parent compound to a DNA-reactive derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mirzayans
- Molecular Genetics and Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Trainer DL, Kline T, Hensler G, Greig R, Poste G. Clonal analysis of the malignant properties of B16 melanoma cells treated with the DNA hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine. Clin Exp Metastasis 1988; 6:185-200. [PMID: 2450714 DOI: 10.1007/bf01782479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of DNA methylation in the generation of tumor cell variants with altered growth behavior has been investigated. Cultures of the clonally heterogeneous B16 melanoma cell line and a clonal population (B16-CL) derived from it were treated with the DNA hypomethylating agent, 5-azacytidine (5-Aza-CR). The tumorigenic and metastatic properties of (sub)clones isolated from these cultures before and after drug treatment were assayed by injection via multiple routes into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice using a range of cell doses. The rate of tumor growth was monitored following intrafootpad (i.f.p.) injection and the tumor incidence was calculated from the frequency of tumor formation at i.f.p. and supraclavicular subcutaneous (s.c.) sites. Formation of both spontaneous (i.f.p., s.c. inoculations) and experimental (intravenous (i.v.) inoculation) metastatic potential was also investigated. The most consistent effect of 5-Aza-CR was the introduction of heterogeneity with respect to the tumorigenic phenotype. The effect of 5-Aza-CR treatment on metastatic behavior was variable. The majority of tumor cell variants that arose following 5-Aza-CR treatment displayed decreased malignant potential and reduced DNA methylation levels relative to untreated control cells, but the correlation was not absolute. The decreases in DNA methylation levels induced by 5-Aza-CR were unstable and began to rebound within 1 week of drug treatment. The results of the current study indicate that although 5-Aza-CR can introduce significant shifts in the malignant properties of treated cells, the direction and magnitude of the induced alterations are not predictable and are influenced by a variety of experimental parameters including the starting tumor cell population, route of tumor cell inoculation, and the drug treatment protocol. In addition, because DNA methylation levels can rebound rapidly (days) it is difficult to correlate changes in this parameter with the observed alterations in malignancy, which can only be assessed in long-term biological assays (weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Trainer
- Department of Cell Biology, Smith Kline & French Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA 19101
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11
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D'Aquila RT, Summers WC. Isolation and characterization of phosphonoacetic acid-resistant mutants of human cytomegalovirus. J Virol 1987; 61:1291-5. [PMID: 3029427 PMCID: PMC254097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.4.1291-1295.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutants of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) that were 6- to 13-fold more resistant to phosphonoacetic acid than the wild-type HCMV (Towne) were isolated. Extracts from mycoplasma-free, mutant-infected cells had phosphonoacetate-resistant DNA polymerase activity in vitro. This strongly suggests that the selected mutations are in the HCMV DNA polymerase genes of these viruses.
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12
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Kees UR, Ford J, Price PJ, Meyer BF, Herrmann RP. PER-117: a new human ALL cell line with an immature thymic phenotype. Leuk Res 1987; 11:489-98. [PMID: 3472019 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(87)90082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new cell line, PER-117, was established from bone marrow cells of an eighteen months old boy with an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The leukaemic origin of cell line PER-117 is indicated by its cytochemical, immunological and cytogenetic similarity to the patient's fresh leukaemic cells. PER-117 carries a marker chromosome which was identified as a translocation between chromosomes 1 and 11. The surface marker analysis revealed that the phenotype of PER-117 is RFB-1+, RFT-1+ (CD5), 3A1+ (CD7), OKT 9+, OKT 10+ and HLA-DR-. Thus, this cell line appears to represent a prothymocyte or stage I thymocyte and preliminary data suggest that it can be induced in vitro to further differentiate.
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Valerie K, de Riel JK, Henderson EE. Genetic complementation of UV-induced DNA repair in Chinese hamster ovary cells by the denV gene of phage T4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:7656-60. [PMID: 3865186 PMCID: PMC391392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.22.7656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The denV gene of phage T4, encoding the pyrimidine dimer-specific DNA repair enzyme endonuclease V, has been introduced by DNA transfection into the UV-sensitive DNA repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line UV5. Transformants were first selected for resistance to the antibiotic G418 conferred by the neo gene from Tn5 carried by the same plasmid. A majority of the isolated G418-resistant UV5 clones also showed an increased resistance to 254-nm UV light. One clone, designated I-A1, was found to have an intermediate level of colony-forming ability after UV irradiation when compared to UV5 and wild-type AA8 cells. A Southern blot showed that I-A1 carries a single integrated intact copy of the denV gene. Alkaline sucrose gradients revealed a dose-dependent appearance of breaks in the DNA of I-A1 cells following UV-irradiation, while unirradiated cells did not exhibit any significant breaks. Analysis of DNA repair by isopycnic sedimentation showed that DNA excision repair by I-A1 was at least equal to the level of repair in AA8 cells. These results show that the prokaryotic denV gene can restore UV repair capabilities in vivo to CHO UV5 cells defective in repair of UV-induced damage.
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Abstract
The use of cultured human cells for biochemical analysis is increasing. This reflects the many advantages of such cells over tissue samples: independence of the measurements from the biological milieu of the donor, better control of experimental variables and the possibility of immortalizing the patient via his cells. Concomitant with these advantages, however, are certain new experimental variables which, if not properly controlled, can yield spurious results. This paper describes the types of cultured human cells that are generally available and the basic steps involved in their culture, as well as a discussion of the sources of variability in biochemical measurements which can be attributed to cell culture.
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Holmes DH, Hinson A, Ades EW. Elimination of an anaerobic mycoplasma from a human erythroleukemic cell line, K562. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1984; 30:165-6. [PMID: 6583030 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(84)90018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A human erythroleukemic cell line, K562, contaminated with an anaerobic mycoplasma, was freed of the mycoplasma by passage through nu/nu mice. The mycoplasma-free K562 retains its ability to satisfactorily act as a target cell in the natural cytotoxicity assay.
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Woods SB. The isolation of a 'non-cultivable' strain of Mycoplasma hyorhinis from a mammalian live virus vaccine. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 1983; 11:247-50. [PMID: 6885831 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-1157(83)80012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Hakim AA. Correlation between tyrosine hydroxylase activity, melanogenesis, and estradiol binding in human melanoma cells. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1982; 180:99-115. [PMID: 6125004 DOI: 10.1007/bf01851049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytosols fractions from human mammary carcinoma, or malignant melanoma cells, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) bind 3H-estradiol (3H.E) with strong affinity. Monoclonal antibodies secreted by cloned cell hybrids which were formed by the fusion of murine myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice pre-immunized with purified TH were used to differentiate between 3H.E-binding protein in the cytosols of various neoplastic cells. These monoclonal TH-antibodies inhibited the enzymic activity and the binding of 3H.e to TH or to cytosol fractions of melanotic melanoma cells, but had no effect on 3H.E binding to cytosol fractions from various mammary epithelial or carcinoma cell lines. Cultivation of estradiol-responsive melanotic melanoma cells in media supplemented with the TH-antibodies, caused loss of pigmentation, the cells became amelanotic and non-responsive to 17 beta-estradiol. The results indicate that the estrogen does not bind to melanoma cells via a receptor as for mammary carcinoma cells but to tyrosine hydroxylase.
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Schwarz MS, Wang TJ, Miller HC, Esselman WJ. Detection of Thy-1.2 membrane complexes shed from thymocytes and lymphoma cells by an immunoradiometric assay. Mol Immunol 1980; 17:1381-8. [PMID: 6162096 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(80)90007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hessling JJ, Miller SE, Levy NL. A direct comparison of procedures for the detection of mycoplasma in tissue culture. J Immunol Methods 1980; 38:315-24. [PMID: 7003019 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(80)90280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures has been shown to perturb a number of immunologic parameters. Because such contamination is almost always introduced in the laboratory, the immunologist requires a procedure to screen his cell lines frequently for mycoplasma. Two procedures recently described for the detection of mycoplasma in cell cultures, the uridine-uracil incorporation procedure and a direct fluorescent assay, were compared with the standard procedures of agar culture and transmission electron microscopy. The results with uridine-uracil incorporation were totally non-concordant with those of any of the other 3 procedures and, moreover, were inconsistent through serial assays on the same cell culture. In contrast, the direct fluorescent assay, using the fluorochrome Hoechst 33258, yielded consistent results in full agreement with the agar culture data. Since the fluorescent assay is rapid and has discriminatory capability at least equivalent to that of agar culture, it would appear to be the method of choice for routine screening of cell cultures for mycoplasma.
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Polak-Vogelzang AA, Reygers R, Hekkens FE. Isolation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma fermentans from cell cultures. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 1980; 8:243-54. [PMID: 7204411 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-1157(80)80001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Martin TF. Paradoxical effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on uridine uptake in cultured cells: possible role of uncharged tRNA in regulating metabolism. J Cell Physiol 1980; 103:489-502. [PMID: 6901733 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies (J. Biol. Chem, 253: 99--105, 1978) showed that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) acutely stimulated uridine uptake in pituitary cell (GH 4Cl)) cultures. Studies on the role of protein synthesis in this response to TRH led to the finding that an inhibitor of ribosomal translation, cycloheximide, also stimulated uridine uptake acutely. Studies reported here attempt to determine the mechanism of cycloheximide action and whether cycloheximide and hormone stimulation of uridine uptake occurred by similar pathways. The experiments presented indicate that: (1) seven inhibitors of ribosomal translation stimulated uridine uptake; (2) in contrast, inhibition of protein synthesis at tRNA aminoacylation resulted in reduced rates of uridine uptake; (3) inhibition of tRNA aminoacylation blocked cycloheximide but not TRH stimulation of uptake; (4) cycloheximide stimulation of uptake was restricted to amino acid-depleted cultures; (5) amino acid supplementation stimulated uridine uptake with a time-course identical to that of cycloheximide; (6) cycloheximide and amino acid supplementation promoted reacylation of cellular tRNAs in amino acid-depleted cultures; and (7) cycloheximide stimulation of uridine uptake resulted from enhanced nucleoside phosphorylation rather than increased uridine transport. We conclude that cycloheximide and amino acid stimulation of uridine phosphorylation may be mediated through a common pathway involving the extent of amino-acylation of cellular tRNAs. Furthermore, cycloheximide and TRH stimulate uridine phosphorylation by pathways that are distinguishable. It is apparent that not all cellular effects of cycloheximide can be attributed solely to inhibition of the synthesis of proteins.
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Lanks KW, Chin NW. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of cell cultures infected with mycoplasma. IN VITRO 1979; 15:503-6. [PMID: 528008 DOI: 10.1007/bf02618152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hamster BHK cells or secondary cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts are not iodinated by lactoperoxidase in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. When such cell cultures are infected with a noncultivable strain of M. hyorhinis, endogenous peroxide generation is sufficient to permit nearly maximal iodination. The SDS-polyacrylamide gel pattern of iodinated cell surface polypeptides is essentially the same regardless of the source of peroxide and whether or not the cultures are infected with mycoplasma.
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MacGregor A, Ficorilli N. Detection of mycoplasma in cell cultures: how reliable is the uridine/uracil uptake ratio method? Vet Microbiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(78)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone modulation of uridine uptake in rat pituitary cells. Characterization of the responses. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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25
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Hsu LY, Kaffe S, Yahr F, Serotkin A, Giordano F, Godmilow L, Kim HJ, David K, Kerenyi T, Hirschhorn K. Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis: first 1,000 successful cases. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1978; 2:365-83. [PMID: 162527 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
From February 1969 to August 1976, we studied 1,048 amniotic fluids. Of these, 958 (91.4%) were primarily for prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis. Cytogenetic studies were attempted in 1,021 cases; the diagnosis was successful in 1,000 of these. The failure rate of obtaining a diagnosis from the amniotic fluid cell culture of the first amniocentesis was 5% (50 cases); 29 cases had a repeat tap and successful diagnosis was achieved in all. In 21 cases, a repeat tap was refused. Thus, the overall failure rate of obtaining a final cytogenetic diagnosis was 2.06% (21/1,021). There were 32 fetal losses after amniocentesis including 16 spontaneous second trimester abortions, 7 fetal deaths in utero and 9 stillbirths. In two additional cases, fetal death had occurred before amniocentesis. This number of fetal losses does not exceed the number that would be expected in the same maternal age group without amniocentesis. In our series, the frequencies of trisomy in maternal age groups 40 years and over, 37-39 years, 35-36 years, and under 35 years were 4.5, 3.14, 0 and 0% respectively. These frequencies are comparable to those reported from other prospective prenatal studies and higher than those of retrospective live born studies. Various problems and pitfalls in prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis are discussed.
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Dickerman LH, Tischfield JA. Comparative effects of adenine analogs upon metabolic cooperation between Chinese hamster cells with different levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. Mutat Res 1978; 49:83-94. [PMID: 622085 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(78)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mills LB, Stanbridge EJ, Sedwick WD, Korn D. Purification and partial characterization of the principal deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Mycoplasmatales. J Bacteriol 1977; 132:641-9. [PMID: 914780 PMCID: PMC221906 DOI: 10.1128/jb.132.2.641-649.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report we present the first description of the isolation and partial characterization of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity from two species of Mycoplasmatales, Mycoplasma orale type 1 and M. hyorhinis. We have identified only a single DNA polymerase species in the mycoplasma crude extracts, and the enzymes from the two organisms are very similar in their structural and enzymatic properties. The purified polymerase from each source has a specific activity of greater than 50,000 U/mg of protein, a sedimentation coefficient of 5.6s, and an estimated molecular weight by gel filtration of 130,000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the most highly purified M. orale fraction contains a single major protein band of 130,000 daltons, which we believe may represent the polymerase protein. The enzymes are most reactive with gapped (activated) DNA and show a marked preference for this primer template over oligodeoxyribonucleotide-initiated homoribo- or homodeoxyribo-polymers. The most purified preparations are devoid of contaminating endonuclease activity and also appear to lack associated 5' leads to 3'- or 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease activities, as determined by highly sensitive assays. The absence of the 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease is particularly remarkable in that this activity is essentially ubiquitous among the DNA polymerases that have thus far been characterized from procaryotes.
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Ulrich K, Briand P. Treatment of Mycoplasma hyorrhinis contaminated tissue cultures with a mixture of antibiotics. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B, MICROBIOLOGY 1977; 85B:347-9. [PMID: 602783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1977.tb01986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Results obtained using a combination of antibiotics to control mycoplasmas in tissue cultures are described. Cell strains and established cell lines from several mammalian species grown in tissue culture were found to be highly contaminated with M. hyorrhinis. Cultures were treated with a mixture of three antibiotics consisting of gentamicin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and since that time tests for mycoplasmas in the treated cultures have consistenly yielded negative results. Apart from a transient cytostatic effect on the cells during the treatment, no apparent unwanted effects were observed. The mixture of three antibiotics appeared to be superior to treatment with antibiotics singly or combinations of two antibiotics.
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Abstract
The polypeptides of adenovirus type 16 incomplete particles, with average buoyant densities of CsCl of 1.33, 1.318, 1.305, and 1.299 g/cm3 and DNA content of less than 1 U genome size, were compared with the polypeptides of the complete virion (density, 1.344 g/cm3, and 22 x 10(6) daltons of DNA) and late polypeptides in infected cells by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. In agreement with other serotypes studied (types 2 and 3), the light particles lack polypeptides V, VI, and VII. In adenovirus type 16, eight other major polypeptides are found, with apparent molecular weights of 59,000 (59K), 46K, 31K, 30K, 28K, 27K, 26K, and 19K. The 30K to 31K and 27K to 28K polypeptides are phosphorylated. The 27K and 19K polypeptides are precursors, whereas the 31K, 30K, and 26K polypeptides are chase products in the cell, as are polypeptides VI, VII, and VIII. The 26K polypeptide is proposed to be an intermediate in processing since it disappears from the young virions upon chasing. Although chase products, the 31K and 30K polypeptides are only associated with particles having buoyant density lower than 1.318 g/cm3. Polypeptides V and VII are only present in particles containing more than one quarter of the genome. No trace of cell histones could be detected in the purified incomplete particles. A major constituent of the incomplete particles, the 46K polypeptide, was rapidly labeled in the cell, and loss of radioactivity from this band was detectable only after 7 to 18 h of chase.
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Rapid detection and identification of mycoplasmal contaminants in cell cultures by immunofluorescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00918391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mortelmans K, Friedberg EC, Slor H, Thomas G, Cleaver JE. Defective thymine dimer excision by cell-free extracts of xeroderma pigmentosum cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:2757-61. [PMID: 1066689 PMCID: PMC430730 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.8.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude extracts of normal human diploid fibroblasts and of human peripheral blood lymphocytes excise thymine dimers from purified ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, or from the DNA presumably present as chromatin in unfractionated cell-free preparations of cells that had been labeled with [3H]thymidine. Extracts of xeroderma pigmentosum cells from complementation groups A, C, and D also excise thymine dimers from purified DNA, but extracts of group A cells do not excise dimers from the DNA of radioactively labeled unfractionated cell-free preparations.
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Masover GK, Namba M, Hayflick L. Cytotoxic effect of a T-strain mycoplasma (Ureaplasma urealyticum) on cultured normal human cells (wi-38). Exp Cell Res 1976; 99:363-74. [PMID: 1269532 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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A simple biochemical method for the detection of mycoplasmas and other microbial contaminants of cell cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00921623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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