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Pastor-Fernández I, Collantes-Fernández E, Jiménez-Pelayo L, Ortega-Mora LM, Horcajo P. Modeling the Ruminant Placenta-Pathogen Interactions in Apicomplexan Parasites: Current and Future Perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:634458. [PMID: 33553293 PMCID: PMC7859336 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.634458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii are one of the main concerns of the livestock sector as they cause important economic losses in ruminants due to the reproductive failure. It is well-known that the interaction of these parasites with the placenta determines the course of infection, leading to fetal death or parasite transmission to the offspring. However, to advance the development of effective vaccines and treatments, there are still important gaps on knowledge on the placental host-parasite interactions that need to be addressed. Ruminant animal models are still an indispensable tool for providing a global view of the pathogenesis, lesions, and immune responses, but their utilization embraces important economic and ethics restrictions. Alternative in vitro systems based on caruncular and trophoblast cells, the key cellular components of placentomes, have emerged in the last years, but their use can only offer a partial view of the processes triggered after infection as they cannot mimic the complex placental architecture and neglect the activity of resident immune cells. These drawbacks could be solved using placental explants, broadly employed in human medicine, and able to preserve its cellular architecture and function. Despite the availability of such materials is constrained by their short shelf-life, the development of adequate cryopreservation protocols could expand their use for research purposes. Herein, we review and discuss existing (and potential) in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo ruminant placental models that have proven useful to unravel the pathogenic mechanisms and the host immune responses responsible for fetal death (or protection) caused by neosporosis and toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pilar Horcajo
- Animal Health and Zoonoses (SALUVET) Group, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Jo Y, Choi N, Kim K, Koo HJ, Choi J, Kim HN. Chemoresistance of Cancer Cells: Requirements of Tumor Microenvironment-mimicking In Vitro Models in Anti-Cancer Drug Development. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:5259-5275. [PMID: 30555545 PMCID: PMC6276092 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, scientists have been using two-dimensional cell culture platforms for high-throughput drug screening of anticancer drugs. Growing evidence indicates that the results of anti-cancer drug screening vary with the cell culture microenvironment, and this variation has been proposed as a reason for the high failure rate of clinical trials. Since the culture condition-dependent drug sensitivity of anti-cancer drugs may negatively impact the identification of clinically effective drug candidates, more reliable in vitro cancer platforms are urgently needed. In this review article, we provide an overview of how cell culture conditions can alter drug efficacy and highlight the importance of developing more reliable cancer drug testing platforms for use in the drug discovery process. The environmental factors that can alter drug delivery and efficacy are reviewed. Based on these observations of chemoresistant tumor physiology, we summarize the recent advances in the fabrication of in vitro cancer models and the model-dependent cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs, with a particular focus on engineered environmental factors in these platforms. It is believed that more physiologically relevant cancer models can revolutionize the drug discovery process.
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Jo Y, Choi N, Kim HN, Choi J. Probing characteristics of cancer cells cultured on engineered platforms simulating different microenvironments. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1446970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonho Jo
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Huckle WR. Cell- and Tissue-Based Models for Study of Placental Development. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 145:29-37. [PMID: 28110753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research into the molecular mechanisms by which the placenta forms and functions have sought to improve prevention, diagnosis, and management of disorders of this vital tissue. This research has included development of experimental models intended to replicate behavior of the native placenta in both health and disease. Animal models devised in rodents, sheep, cattle, or other domestic animal species have the advantage of being biologically "complete," but all differ to some degree in developmental timing and anatomical details compared to the human, suggesting subtle differences in molecular mechanism. Consequently, investigators have resorted to simplified systems, characterizing the mechanisms of placental development by using explants of maternal and fetal tissue, primary cell cultures, and immortalized or choriocarcinoma-derived cell lines. Such studies have advanced our understanding of mechanisms by which trophoblasts and associated tissues invade the endometrium, produce chorionic gonadotropin, manage immune tolerance of the fetus, or elaborate proteins that may contribute to placental dysfunction. More recently, use of three-dimensional spheroid cultures, computational modeling of placental tissue dynamics and blood flow, and bioengineering of tissue constructs have been undertaken, aimed to recapitulate the types of interactions that occur among diverse uterine and placental cell types in utero. New technologies and biological paradigms, stemming in part from the ongoing Human Placenta Project, promise to expand the array of available tools, increasing the likelihood that the years ahead will see significant improvements in the ability to prevent, diagnose, and treat life-threatening disorders of placental formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Huckle
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
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Edmonds MD, Cloeckaert A, Booth NJ, Fulton WT, Hagius SD, Walker JV, Elzer PH. Attenuation of a Brucella abortus mutant lacking a major 25 kDa outer membrane protein in cattle. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1461-6. [PMID: 11560278 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the virulence of a Brucella abortus mutant, BA25, lacking a major 25 kd outer membrane protein (Omp25) in cattle. ANIMALS 20 mixed-breed heifers in late gestation. PROCEDURE 10 heifers were inoculated with 1 x 10(7) colony-forming units of the Omp25 mutant via the conjunctival sac, and an equal number were infected with the virulent parental strain B. abortus 2308. The delivery status of the dams was recorded, and colonization was assessed following necropsy. The ability of BA25 to replicate inside bovine phagocytes and chorionic trophoblasts was also evaluated in vitro because of the propensity of virulent brucellae to replicate inside these cells in vivo. RESULTS The parental strain induced abortions in 5 of 10 inoculated cattle, whereas only 1 of 10 dams exposed to BA25 aborted. Brucella abortus strain 2308 colonized all of the cow-calf pairs and induced Brucella-specific antibodies in 100% of the dams. In contrast, BA25 was isolated by bacteriologic cultural technique from 30% of the calves and 50% of the inoculated dams (n = 10). Of the 10 heifers inoculated with BA25, 4 did not develop Brucella-specific antibodies nor were they colonized by the mutant strain. In bovine macrophages and chorionic trophoblasts, BA25 replicated in significantly lower numbers than the virulent parental strain (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The 25 kd outer membrane protein may be an important virulence factor for B. abortus in cattle. The attenuation of the Omp25 mutant in cattle may involve the inability of BA25 to replicate efficiently in bovine phagocytes and chorionic trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Edmonds
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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Talbot NC, Caperna TJ, Edwards JL, Garrett W, Wells KD, Ealy AD. Bovine blastocyst-derived trophectoderm and endoderm cell cultures: interferon tau and transferrin expression as respective in vitro markers. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:235-47. [PMID: 10642558 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous cultures of bovine trophectoderm (CT-1 and CT-5) and bovine endoderm (CE-1 and CE-2) were initiated and maintained on STO feeder cells. CT-1 and CT-5 were derived from the culture of intact, 10- to 11-day in vitro-produced blastocysts. CE-1 and CE-2 were derived from the culture of immunodissected inner cell masses of 7- to 8-day in vitro-produced blastocysts. The cultures were routinely passaged by physical dissociation. Although morphologically distinct, the trophectoderm and endoderm both grew as cell sheets of polarized epithelium (dome formations) composed of approximately cuboidal cells. Both cell types, particularly the endoderm, grew on top of the feeder cells for the most part. Trophectoderm cultures grew faster, relative to endoderm, in large, rapidly extending colonies of initially flat cells with little or no visible lipid. The endoderm, in contrast, grew more slowly as tightly knit colonies with numerous lipid vacuoles in the cells at the colony centers. Ultrastructure analysis revealed that both cell types were connected by desmosomes and tight junctional areas, although these were more extensive in the trophectoderm. Endoderm was particularly rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus indicative of cells engaged in high protein production and secretion. Interferon tau expression was specific to trophectoderm cultures, as demonstrated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and antiviral activity; and this property may act as a marker for this cell type. Serum protein production specific to endoderm cultures was demonstrated by Western blot; this attribute may be a useful marker for this cell type. This simple coculture method for the in vitro propagation of bovine trophectoderm and endoderm provides a system for assessing their biology in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Talbot
- USDA, ARS, LPSI, Gene Evaluation and Mapping Laboratory, and Growth Biology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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Kemppainen B, Terse P, Zurovac O, Stringfellow D. Preliminary evaluation of in vitro prescreen assays for developmental toxicants based on cultured murine preimplantation embryos and a cell line developed from a bovine preimplantation embryo. Toxicol In Vitro 1996; 10:323-30. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(96)00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/1995] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Samartino LE, Traux RE, Enright FM. Invasion and replication of Brucella abortus in three different trophoblastic cell lines. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1994; 41:229-36. [PMID: 7839743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1994.tb00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to compare the replication of the pathogenic strain Brucella abortus 2308 in three trophoblastic cell lines derived bovine placentas at different gestational stages. The trophoblastic cell lines were obtained from a 13-15 day embryo, from 5-month placentomal tissue and from an 8-month extra-placentomal portion of the placenta. The infection rate was similar in all cell lines at 4 h. Colony-forming Units were counted at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 30 h post-inoculation. At 12, 16, 24 and 30 h B. abortus rapidly replicated within the 5-month and 8-month trophoblastic cell lines, but grew slowly within trophoblastic cells derived from embryonic tissue. Electron microscopic studies consistently showed clusters of B. abortus in trophoblastic cells derived from 5- and 8-month placentas, while few cells of the embryonic line were infected and these contained only 1-2 bacteria per cell. It was concluded that B. abortus can infect trophoblastic cells throughout the gestational period but bacterial multiplication does not occur in these cells before middle or late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Samartino
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Parasitology School of Veterinary Medicine, LSU, Baton Rouge 70803
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Terse PS, Madhyastha MS, Zurovac O, Stringfellow D, Marquardt RR, Kemppainen BW. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo biological activity of mycotoxins. Toxicon 1993; 31:913-9. [PMID: 8212037 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90228-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays developed to screen the cytotoxic activity of chemicals in murine (NIH/3T3) and bovine (BE 12-6) embryonic cells were used to determine the concentrations (microgram/ml) of mycotoxins which caused 50% lethality (LC50). Embryonic cells were seeded in 96 well plates, cultured for 72 hr with dilutions of each individual and combinations of mycotoxins, and stained and counted. Verrucarin A and roridin A had the strongest cytotoxic activity, and ergotamine tartrate was least toxic. Furthermore, results correlated with published values of in vivo activity, indicating this assay can be used for acute toxicity screening of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Terse
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849
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