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Lowe JL, Fox LK, Enger BD, Progar AA, Gay JM. Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on the cultivation of bovine Mycoplasma species. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4660-4666. [PMID: 29477538 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recommendations for bovine mycoplasma culture CO2 concentrations are varied and were not empirically derived. The objective of this study was to determine whether the growth measures of bovine mycoplasma isolates differed when incubated in CO2 concentrations of 10 or 5% or in candle jars (2.7 ± 0.2% CO2). Growth of Mycoplasma bovis (n = 22), Mycoplasma californicum (n = 18), and other Mycoplasma spp. (n = 10) laboratory isolates was evaluated. Isolate suspensions were standardized to approximately 108 cfu/mL and serially diluted in pasteurized whole milk to achieve test suspensions of 102 and 106 cfu/mL. One hundred microliters of each test dilution was spread in duplicate onto the surface of a modified Hayflick's agar plate. Colony growth was enumerated on d 3, 5, and 7 of incubation. A mixed linear model included the fixed effects of CO2 treatment (2.7, 5, or 10%), species, day (3, 5, or 7), and their interactions, with total colony counts as the dependent variable. Carbon dioxide concentration did not significantly affect overall mycoplasma growth differences, but differences between species and day were present. Colony counts (log10 cfu/mL) of M. bovis were 2.6- and 1.6-fold greater than M. californicum and other Mycoplasma spp., respectively. Growth at 7 d of incubation was greater than d 3 and 5 for all species. These findings were confirmed using field isolates (n = 98) from a commercial veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Binary growth responses (yes/no) of the field isolates were not different between CO2 treatments but did differ between species and day of incubation. On average, 57% of all field isolates were detected by 3 d of incubation compared with 93% on d 7. These results suggest that the range of suitable CO2 culture conditions and incubation times for the common mastitis-causing Mycoplasma spp. may be broader than currently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Lowe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - L K Fox
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.
| | - B D Enger
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - A Adams Progar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - J M Gay
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
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2
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Kornspan JD, Tsur M, Tarshis M, Rottem S, Brenner T. Mycoplasma hyorhinis induces proinflammatory responses in mice lymphocytes. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 55:679-84. [PMID: 25042355 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are frequent contaminants of cultured cells, leading to alterations in cellular gene expression, protein synthesis, signal transduction, and metabolic pathways. Mycoplasma hyorhinis, the major contaminant of tissue cultures, has been implicated in a variety of diseases in swine. Most human and animal mycoplasmas remain attached to the surface of epithelial cells. Nonetheless, we have recently shown that M. hyorhinis is able to invade nonphagocytic melanoma cells. In the present study, we show by confocal laser scanning microscopy, that by exposing mice splenocytes to intact M. hyorhinis, intracellular mycoplasmas were detected. Mycoplasmal components were not detected within splenocytes after exposure to heat inactivated M. hyorhinis or to a purified M. hyorhinis lipoprotein (LPP) fraction. However, incubation of the splenocytes with intact M. hyorhinis cells, heat inactivated cells or M. hyorhinis LPP fraction induced accelerated cell proliferation and the secretion of interferon gamma and interleukin 17. Thus, M. hyorhinis and its LPPs can be added to the list of infectious agents causing direct stimulation of proinflammatory responses by mammalian lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Kornspan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Kornspan JD, Rottem S, Nir-Paz R. Cardiolipin synthetase is involved in antagonistic interaction (reverse CAMP phenomenon) of Mycoplasma species with Staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysis. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:1622-8. [PMID: 24599982 PMCID: PMC3993627 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00037-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis has been implicated in a variety of swine diseases. However, little is known about the hemolytic capabilities of Mycoplasma species in general or M. hyorhinis in particular. In this study, we show that M. hyorhinis possesses beta-hemolytic activity which may be involved in the invasion process. M. hyorhinis also possesses antagonistic cooperativity (reverse CAMP phenomenon) with Staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysis, resulting in the protection of erythrocytes from the beta-hemolytic activity of S. aureus (reverse CAMP). The reversed CAMP phenomenon has been attributed to phospholipase D (PLD) activity. In silico analysis of the M. hyorhinis genome revealed the absence of the pld gene but the presence of the cls gene encoding cardiolipin synthetase, which contains two PLD active domains. The transformation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum that has neither the cls gene nor the reverse CAMP phenomenon with the cls gene from M. hyorhinis resulted in the reverse CAMP phenomenon, suggesting for the first time that reverse CAMP can be induced by cardiolipin synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Kornspan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rottem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ran Nir-Paz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Corda D, Mosca MG, Ohshima N, Grauso L, Yanaka N, Mariggiò S. The emerging physiological roles of the glycerophosphodiesterase family. FEBS J 2014; 281:998-1016. [PMID: 24373430 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases are evolutionarily conserved proteins that have been linked to several patho/physiological functions, comprising bacterial pathogenicity and mammalian cell proliferation or differentiation. The bacterial enzymes do not show preferential substrate selectivities among the glycerophosphodiesters, and they are mainly dedicated to glycerophosphodiester hydrolysis, producing glycerophosphate and alcohols as the building blocks that are required for bacterial biosynthetic pathways. In some cases, this enzymatic activity has been demonstrated to contribute to bacterial pathogenicity, such as with Hemophilus influenzae. Mammalian glyerophosphodiesterases have high substrate specificities, even if the number of potential physiological substrates is continuously increasing. Some of these mammalian enzymes have been directly linked to cell differentiation, such as GDE2, which triggers motor neuron differentiation, and GDE3, the enzymatic activity of which is necessary and sufficient to induce osteoblast differentiation. Instead, GDE5 has been shown to inhibit skeletal muscle development independent of its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Corda
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
The de novo synthesized polar lipids of Mycoplasma species are rather simple, comprising primarily of the acidic glycerophospholipids PG and CL. In addition, when grown in a medium containing serum, significant amounts of PC and SPM are incorporated into the mycoplasma cell membrane although these lipids are very uncommon in wall-covered bacteria. The exogenous lipids are either incorporated unchanged or the PC incorporated is modified by a deacylation-acylation enzymatic cycle to form disaturated PC. Although their small genome, in some Mycoplasma species, other genes involved in lipid biosynthesis were detected, resulting in the synthesis of a variety of glycolipis, phosphoglycolipids and ether lipids. We suggest that analyses and comparisons of mycoplasma polar lipids may serve as a novel and useful tool for classification. Nonetheless, to evaluate the importance of polar lipids in mycoplasma, further systematic and extensive studies on more Mycoplasma species are needed. While studies are needed to elucidate the role of lipids in the mechanisms governing the interaction of mycoplasmas with host eukaryotic cells, the finding that a terminal phosphocholine containing glycolipids of M. fermentans serves both as a major immune determinants and as a trigger of the inflammatory responses, and the findings that the fusogenicity of M. fermentans with host cells is markedly stimulated by lyso-ether lipids, are important steps toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of M. fermentans pathogenicity.
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Kornspan JD, Rottem S. Phospholipase A and glycerophosphodiesterase activities in the cell membrane of Mycoplasma hyorhinis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 332:34-9. [PMID: 22507126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis, the major contaminant of tissue cultures, has been implicated in a variety of diseases in swine. Most human and animal mycoplasmas remain attached to the surface of epithelial cells. Nonetheless, we have recently shown that M. hyorhinis is able to invade and survive within nonphagocytic melanoma cells. The invasion process may require the damaging of the host cell membrane by either chemical, physical or enzymatic means. In this study, we show that M. hyorhinis membranes possess a nonspecific phospholipase A (PLA) activity capable of hydrolyzing both position 1 and position 2 of 1-acyl-2-(12-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)] aminododecanoyl) phosphatidylcholine. In silico analysis of the M. hyorhinis genome shows that the PLA of M. hyorhinis shares no homology to described phospholipases. The PLA activity of M. hyorhinis was neither stimulated by Ca (2+) nor inhibited by EGTA and had a broad pH spectrum. Mycoplasma hyorhinis also possess a potent glycerophosphodiesterase (GPD), which apparently cleaves the glycerophosphodiester formed by PLA to yield glycerol-3-phosphate. Possible roles of PLA and GPD in invading host eukaryotic cells and in forming mediators upon the interaction of M. hyorhinis with eukaryotic cells are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Kornspan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Liu W, Fang L, Li M, Li S, Guo S, Luo R, Feng Z, Li B, Zhou Z, Shao G, Chen H, Xiao S. Comparative genomics of Mycoplasma: analysis of conserved essential genes and diversity of the pan-genome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35698. [PMID: 22536428 PMCID: PMC3335003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma, the smallest self-replicating organism with a minimal metabolism and little genomic redundancy, is expected to be a close approximation to the minimal set of genes needed to sustain bacterial life. This study employs comparative evolutionary analysis of twenty Mycoplasma genomes to gain an improved understanding of essential genes. By analyzing the core genome of mycoplasmas, we finally revealed the conserved essential genes set for mycoplasma survival. Further analysis showed that the core genome set has many characteristics in common with experimentally identified essential genes. Several key genes, which are related to DNA replication and repair and can be disrupted in transposon mutagenesis studies, may be critical for bacteria survival especially over long period natural selection. Phylogenomic reconstructions based on 3,355 homologous groups allowed robust estimation of phylogenetic relatedness among mycoplasma strains. To obtain deeper insight into the relative roles of molecular evolution in pathogen adaptation to their hosts, we also analyzed the positive selection pressures on particular sites and lineages. There appears to be an approximate correlation between the divergence of species and the level of positive selection detected in corresponding lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liurong Fang
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Li
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Li
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Guo
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Luo
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Elkind E, Rechnitzer H, Vaisid T, Kornspan JD, Barnoy S, Rottem S, Kosower NS. Mycoplasma hyorhinis upregulates calpastatin and inhibits calpain-dependent proteolysis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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9
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Invasion of melanoma cells by Mycoplasma hyorhinis: enhancement by protease treatment. Infect Immun 2009; 78:611-7. [PMID: 19917715 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01017-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (strain MCLD) was recently isolated from a melanoma cell culture. Growth of MCLD was considerably improved by 24 serial passages in a modified Hayflick's mycoplasma medium. Transmission electron microscopy showed that MCLD exhibits a polymorphic appearance, with ovoid or elongated cells frequently harboring an electron-dense core at one of the poles. Adherence of M. hyorhinis to melanoma cells followed saturation kinetics. Furthermore, although M. hyorhinis has been considered to remain attached to the surface of the host cells, we show for the first time, qualitatively by confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantitatively by a gentamicin resistance assay, that MCLD is able to invade melanoma cells. The ingested mycoplasmas were randomly distributed in the cytoplasm, tending to concentrate near the plasma membrane. Both adherence to and invasion of melanoma cells by M. hyorhinis strain MCLD were dramatically enhanced by mild proteolytic digestion with proteinase K (2.5 microg/mg cell protein for 2.5 min at 37 degrees C) that affected the surface-exposed proteins of this organism, mainly the major 47-kDa lipoprotein. We suggest that the intracellular location of M. hyorhinis strain MCLD is a privileged niche, which may explain the survival of M. hyorhinis in tissue cultures. The enhanced binding to and invasion of melanoma cells by protease treatment may be due to either the activation or the enhanced exposure of an adhesin(s) on the mycoplasmal cell surface.
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10
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Taxman DJ, Ting JP. Identification of novel Mycoplasma hyorhinis gene fragments by differential display analysis of co-cultures. J Microbiol Methods 2001; 44:217-23. [PMID: 11240044 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are a diverse group of wall-less prokaryotes that have evolved an unusually small genome by adopting a parasitic mode of life. Recently, intense efforts have been made to sequence mycoplasma genomes and to define a minimal genome using mycoplasma as a model. Due to their parasitic nature, mycoplasma species are often difficult to cultivate, making it challenging to identify and sequence mycoplasma genes. In this report, we describe a method for identifying mycoplasma gene fragments from co-cultures using differential display analysis. Using this technique, we have identified fragments of seven putative genes from Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Sequence similarities suggest that four of these genes are members of the proposed minimal mycoplasma genome. The application of differential display analysis to co-cultures should be useful in the identification of genes from a variety of pathogenic organisms that are difficult to cultivate without a host.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Coculture Techniques
- DNA Primers
- DNA Probes/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, Bacterial
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycoplasma/chemistry
- Mycoplasma/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Taxman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 209 Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7295, USA
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12
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Schoeb TR, Dybvig K, Davidson MK, Davis JK. Cultivation of cilia-associated respiratory bacillus in artificial medium and determination of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2751-7. [PMID: 7504686 PMCID: PMC266006 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.10.2751-2757.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus, an unclassified gliding bacterium associated with respiratory disease in rats, mice, and rabbits, has previously been cultivated only in embryonated chicken eggs, cell culture, or cell culture medium supplemented with conditioned medium from cultured tracheas. A reference strain of CAR bacillus, originally isolated in eggs, grew in cell culture flasks as adherent individual bacilli and ropy, whorled fascicles in cell culture media supplemented only with fetal calf serum. Using Dulbecco's minimal essential medium, we isolated CAR bacillus from naturally infected rats and a naturally infected rabbit and from experimentally inoculated mice and rats. Isolates were maintained for up to 20 passages. Isolates from rats were similar in morphology to the reference strain, but most were more actively motile and formed pincushion-like aggregates. The rabbit bacilli were smaller and formed fewer aggregates. DNAs of rat isolates differed only slightly in restriction fragment patterns from that of the reference strain, whereas that of the rabbit isolate was distinctly different. Cultures of CAR bacilli of all strains from rats contained Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma pulmonis, or both, and cultures of the CAR bacillus from the rabbit contained an unidentified arginine-utilizing mycoplasma. The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of the reference strain was determined by amplification by polymerase chain reaction, cloning of the product, and sequencing by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. Comparison of the sequence with sequences in the GenBank data base indicated that CAR bacillus is a unique organism most closely related to Flavobacterium ferrugineum and Flexibacter sancti.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Schoeb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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13
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Schaeffer WI, Melamede R. Fluorometric quantitation of broth-cultured mycoplasmas by using alkaline ethidium bromide. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:1303-7. [PMID: 8501232 PMCID: PMC262923 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.5.1303-1307.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a fluorometric system which does for broth-grown mycoplasmas what turbidimetric analysis does for broth-grown bacteria. It allows one to monitor the growth of broth-grown mycoplasmas at any interval desired. The entire procedure is quick, taking not more than 20 min. The fluorometric readings correlate with colonial growth on agar, making it possible, for the first time, to take readings which closely estimate the CFU present in the culture at a given moment in time. We show that this system can be used to assess the effectiveness of an antimycoplasmal antibiotic and to optimize medium components and that fluorometer readings taken during the logarithmic phase of growth correlate with the DNA content of the viable cells. Use of this methodology will permit investigators to know absolutely the phase of the growth cycle of the culture concomitant with the growth of the culture itself, and since fluorometer readings of culture aliquots can be converted to DNA equivalents, the standardization of mycoplasmal cultures within and between laboratories will be a possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Schaeffer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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Pfützner H, Otto P. Detection of Mycoplasma contamination in primary calf kidney cell cultures. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1992; 277:49-53. [PMID: 1520969 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 31 primary cell culture preparations of calf kidney including their processing stages (kidney, washing fluid, cell suspension, cell culture monolayer) were investigated for mycoplasmas by cultural methods. Mycoplasma (M.) arginini, was isolated from 8 out of 27 investigated samples of calf kidney from 3 out of 26 washing fluids, 5 out of 20 cell suspensions, and from 9 out of 21 cell culture monolayers. Furthermore, M. arginini was repeatedly found in throat swabs of the cell laboratory technicians. The results give indications as to the source and route of mycoplasma infections of primary cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pfützner
- Research Institute for Bacterial Animal Diseases, Jena, Germany
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Kotani H, Butler G, Heggan D, McGarrity GJ. Elimination of mycoplasmas from cell cultures by a novel soft agar technique. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1991; 27A:509-13. [PMID: 1869494 DOI: 10.1007/bf02631153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasmal infection of cell cultures remains a significant threat to diagnostic and research procedures. In certain defined situations, curing of mycoplasmal infected cultures is a reasonable exercise. Four methods of curing were compared: treatment with BM-cycline, 5 bromouracil, use of specific antisera and treatment of infected cells suspended in soft agar with antibiotics. Antisera treatments were of low efficiency of curing: 50%. None of nine infected cell lines treated with 5-bromouracil were consistently cured of mycoplasmas. The use of BM-cycline was effective for some, but not all lines and required long periods of treatment, 12-21 days. 35 naturally or deliberately infected cultures were treated in soft agar a total of 119 times. This procedure which consisted of suspending infected cultures in soft agar containing appropriate antibiotics resulted in successful mycoplasmal elimination 118/119 times. This soft agar technique took 1-3 days. In separate studies, it was shown that certain Mycoplasma fermentans strains were resisted to this and other curing methods. This may be due to their intracellular location. Such strains may be more amenable to antibiotics that penetrate mammalian cells. It is concluded that the soft agar technique is a rapid, efficient and reliable method to eliminate cell culture mycoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kotani
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey 08103
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