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France Štiglic A, Falnoga I, Briški AS, Žavbi M, Osredkar J, Skitek M, Marc J. Reference intervals of 24 trace elements in blood, plasma and erythrocytes for the Slovenian adult population. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:946-957. [PMID: 38008765 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to establish the population- and laboratory-specific reference intervals (RIs) for the Slovenian adult population for 24 trace elements (TEs) in blood, plasma and erythrocytes and to evaluate the impact of gender, age, seafood consumption, smoking habits and amalgam fillings on TEs levels. METHODS TEs (Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo, Li, Be, V, Cr, Ni, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Cs, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and U) were determined in 192 a priori selected blood donors (107 women and 85 men, aged 18-65 years), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with the Octopole Reaction System. Participants filled out a questionnaire, and RIs were established according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines for TEs. RESULTS Uniform RIs for non-essential and gender-specific for essential TEs in blood, plasma and erythrocytes were established. In our population, higher blood and plasma Cu, and erythrocyte Mn levels in women were found. In men, blood Zn, plasma Zn, Mn and Se, and erythrocyte Cu levels were higher. Zn levels were higher in 30-39 years age group. Pb and Sr increased with age. Smoking positively affected Cd, Pb, Cs and Rb; seafood consumption increased As, Hg and Zn; and amalgam increased Hg, Ag and Cu levels. CONCLUSIONS Essential TEs were inside recommended levels, and the non-essential ones were far below critical levels. Established RIs will provide an important foundation for clinical diagnostics, safety erythrocyte transfusions assessment, toxicology and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka France Štiglic
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ingrid Falnoga
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Sešek Briški
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Žavbi
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joško Osredkar
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Skitek
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Marc
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hong S, Zhang Y, Hu G, Jia G. Exploration of Whole Blood Chromium as Biomarker of Hexavalent Chromium Exposure: Based on Literature Review and Monte Carlo Simulation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2274-2283. [PMID: 35859210 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a sort of common industrial poison and environmental pollutant posing great health threat to the population. Appropriate biomarkers are indispensable indicative tools in the biological monitoring and health risk assessment of Cr(VI). In this study, we explored the rationality and feasibility of whole blood Cr serving as the biomarker of internal exposure with corroboration drawn from literature review and Monte Carlo simulation. It was indicated that the whole blood Cr had practical operability in the large-scale population researches and robust biological significance with broad association with various Cr(VI)-related effect indices. The simulated distribution of whole blood Cr concentration in exposed populations was about three times higher than that of the control (13.52 ± 24.99 vs. 4.25 ± 11.37 μg/L, P < 0.05; 6.73 ± 10.92 μg/L vs. 1.96 ± 2.05 μg/L in China, P < 0.05), which suggested a great discriminatory ability that might be supported as evidence for its reasonable application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Hong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guiping Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- School of Engineering Medicine and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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3
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Ndaw S, Leso V, Bousoumah R, Rémy A, Bocca B, Duca RC, Godderis L, Hardy E, Janasik B, van Nieuwenhuyse A, Pinhal H, Poels K, Porras SP, Ruggieri F, Santonen T, Santos SR, Scheepers PTJ, Silva MJ, Verdonck J, Viegas S, Wasowicz W, Iavicoli I. HBM4EU chromates study - Usefulness of measurement of blood chromium levels in the assessment of occupational Cr(VI) exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113758. [PMID: 35764127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposures to hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)) can occur in welding, hot working stainless steel processing, chrome plating, spray painting and coating activities. Recently, within the human biomonitoring for Europe initiative (HBM4EU), a study was performed to assess the suitability of different biomarkers to assess the exposure to Cr(VI) in various job tasks. Blood-based biomarkers may prove useful when more specific information on systemic and intracellular bioavailability is necessary. To this aim, concentrations of Cr in red blood cells (RBC-Cr) and in plasma (P-Cr) were analyzed in 345 Cr(VI) exposed workers and 175 controls to understand how these biomarkers may be affected by variable levels of exposure and job procedures. Compared to controls, significantly higher RBC-Cr levels were observed in bath plating and paint application workers, but not in welders, while all the 3 groups had significantly greater P-Cr concentrations. RBC-Cr and P-Cr in chrome platers showed a high correlation with Cr(VI) in inhalable dust, outside respiratory protective equipment (RPE), while such correlation could not be determined in welders. In platers, the use of RPE had a significant impact on the relationship between blood biomarkers and Cr(VI) in inhalable and respirable dust. Low correlations between P-Cr and RBC-Cr may reflect a difference in kinetics. This study showed that Cr-blood-based biomarkers can provide information on how workplace exposure translates into systemic availability of Cr(III) (extracellular, P-Cr) and Cr(VI) (intracellular, RBC-Cr). Further studies are needed to fully appreciate their use in an occupational health and safety context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ndaw
- French National Research and Safety Institute, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
| | - Veruscka Leso
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Radia Bousoumah
- French National Research and Safety Institute, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Aurélie Rémy
- French National Research and Safety Institute, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Radu Corneliu Duca
- Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg; Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emilie Hardy
- Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Beata Janasik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - An van Nieuwenhuyse
- Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg; Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hermínia Pinhal
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics and Environmental Health Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Katrien Poels
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simo P Porras
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Flavia Ruggieri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiina Santonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sílvia Reis Santos
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics and Environmental Health Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics and Environmental Health Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jelle Verdonck
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susana Viegas
- NOVA NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600 560, Lisbon, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169 056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Krawic C, Zhitkovich A. Chemical mechanisms of DNA damage by carcinogenic chromium(VI). ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 96:25-46. [PMID: 36858775 PMCID: PMC10069994 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is a firmly established human carcinogen with documented exposures in many professional groups. Environmental exposure to Cr(VI) is also a significant public health concern. Cr(VI) exists in aqueous solutions as chromate anion that is unreactive with DNA and requires reductive activation inside the cells to produce genotoxic and mutagenic effects. Reduction of Cr(VI) in cells is nonenzymatic and in vivo principally driven by ascorbate with a secondary contribution from nonprotein thiols glutathione and cysteine. In addition to its much faster rate of reduction, ascorbate-driven metabolism avoids the formation of Cr(V) which is the first intermediate in Cr(VI) reduction by thiols. The end-product of Cr(VI) reduction is Cr(III) which forms several types of Cr-DNA adducts that are collectively responsible for all mutagenic and genotoxic effects in Cr(VI) reactions with ascorbate and thiols. Some Cr(V) forms can react with H2O2 to produce DNA-oxidizing peroxo species although this genotoxic pathway is suppressed in cells with physiological levels of ascorbate. Chemical reactions of Cr(VI) with ascorbate or thiols lack directly DNA-oxidizing metabolites. The formation of oxidative DNA breaks in early studies of these reactions was caused by iron contamination. Production of Cr(III)-DNA adducts in cells showed linear dose-dependence irrespective of the predominant reduction pathway and their processing by mismatch repair generated more toxic secondary genetic lesions in euchromatin. Overall, Cr(III)-DNA adduction is the dominant pathway for the formation of genotoxic and mutagenic DNA damage by carcinogenic Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Krawic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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5
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Strumylaite L, Kregzdyte R, Kucikiene O, Baranauskiene D, Simakauskiene V, Naginiene R, Damuleviciene G, Lesauskaite V, Zemaitiene R. Alzheimer's Disease Association with Metals and Metalloids Concentration in Blood and Urine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127309. [PMID: 35742553 PMCID: PMC9224238 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As there is some evidence that the risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is partially attributable to environmental exposure to some metals and metalloids, we examined an association between AD and arsenic, chromium, and selenium in 53 AD patients and 217 controls. Urinary arsenic, blood chromium, and selenium were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Logistic regression models calculating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate AD association with arsenic, chromium, and selenium. In AD patients, urinary arsenic and blood chromium were significantly higher, while blood selenium was significantly lower compared to controls. Increased blood selenium was related to a significant decrease in the odds of AD after adjustment for risk factors. Blood selenium per 1 kg × 10−9/m3 × 10−4 increment was associated with 1.4 times lower risk of AD (OR = 0.71; 95% CI 0.58–0.87). A significant increase in the odds of AD associated with increased blood chromium was also seen in the adjusted model: the OR per 1 kg × 10−9/m3 × 10−3 chromium increment was 2.39 (95% CI 1.32–4.31). The association of urinary arsenic with the risk of AD was not significant. The data obtained provide evidence that selenium reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, while chromium increases it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Strumylaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.K.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-37-302948
| | - Rima Kregzdyte
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.K.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Odeta Kucikiene
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Science, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (O.K.); (G.D.); (V.L.)
| | - Dale Baranauskiene
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.K.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Vaida Simakauskiene
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.K.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Rima Naginiene
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.K.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Gyte Damuleviciene
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Science, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (O.K.); (G.D.); (V.L.)
| | - Vita Lesauskaite
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Science, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (O.K.); (G.D.); (V.L.)
| | - Reda Zemaitiene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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6
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Nübler S, Schäfer M, Haji-Abbas-Zarrabi K, Marković S, Marković K, Esteban López M, Castaño A, Mol H, Koch HM, Antignac JP, Hajslova J, Thomsen C, Vorkamp K, Göen T. Interlaboratory Comparison Investigations (ICIs) for human biomonitoring of chromium as part of the quality assurance programme under HBM4EU. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 70:126912. [PMID: 34954563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pan-European human biomonitoring initiative HBM4EU targets the harmonization of human biomonitoring (HBM) procedures and data for both environmental and occupational exposure, including chromium. The determination of chromium in urine (U-Cr), plasma (P-Cr) and whole blood (WB-Cr) is a common HBM application in employees occupationally exposed to chromium (VI) compounds. METHODS European laboratories which have registered as candidate laboratories for chromium analysis within HBM4EU were invited to participate in a quality assurance/qualitycontrol (QA/QC) programme comprising interlaboratory comparison investigations (ICI) for the parameters U-Cr, P-Cr and WB-Cr. Participating laboratories received two samples of different concentrations in each of four rounds and were asked to analyse the samples using their standard analytical procedure. The data were evaluated by the Z-score approach and were reported to the participants after each round. RESULTS The majority of the 29 participating laboratories obtained satisfactory results, although low limits of quantification were required to quantify chromium concentrations in some of the ICI materials. The robust relative standard deviation of the participants' results (study RSDR) obtained from all ICI runs ranged from 6 to 16 % for U-Cr, 7-18 % for P-Cr and 4-47 % for WB-Cr. The application of both inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (EAAS) appeared appropriate for the determination of chromium in urine, plasma and whole blood with regard to occupational exposure levels. CONCLUSION This QA/QC programme succeeded in establishing a network of laboratories with high analytical comparability and accuracy for the analysis of chromium across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Nübler
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Schäfer
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Haji-Abbas-Zarrabi
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Marković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Marković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marta Esteban López
- National Center for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Center for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Antignac
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (LUNAM), Oniris, UMR 1329 INRA Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), F-44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 5, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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7
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Devoy J, Cosnier F, Bonfanti E, Antoine G, Nunge H, Lambert-Xolin AM, Décret MJ, Douteau L, Lorcin M, Sébillaud S, Grossmann S, Michaux S, Müller S, Viton S, Seidel C, Gaté. L. Intra-erythrocyte chromium as an indicator of exposure to hexavalent chromium: An in vivo evaluation in intravenous administered rat. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:133-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Husain N, Mahmood R. Hexavalent chromium induces reactive oxygen species and impairs the antioxidant power of human erythrocytes and lymphocytes: Decreased metal reducing and free radical quenching ability of the cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2017; 33:623-635. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233717703892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in biological systems is thought to be closely associated with the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. These species are produced when Cr(VI) is reduced to its trivalent form in the cell. This process results in oxidative stress due to an imbalance between the detoxifying ability of the cell and the production of free radicals. We have studied the effect of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), a [Cr(VI)] compound, on the antioxidant power of human erythrocytes and lymphocytes under in vitro conditions. Incubation of erythrocytes and lymphocytes with different concentrations of K2Cr2O7 resulted in a marked dose-dependent decrease in reduced glutathione and an increase in oxidized glutathione and reactive oxygen species levels. The antioxidant power of the cells was decreased, as determined by metal reducing and free radical quenching assays. These results show that [Cr(VI)] upregulates the generation of reactive oxygen species and, as a consequence, the cellular antioxidant defences are compromised. The resulting oxidative stress may contribute to Cr(VI)-induced cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Husain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Evaluation of chromium in red blood cells as an indicator of exposure to hexavalent chromium: An in vitro study. Toxicol Lett 2016; 255:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Evaluation of the Correlation Between Genetic Damage and Occupational Chromate Exposure Through BNMN Frequencies. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54:166-70. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31823d86b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Oxidative damage induced by chromium (VI) in rat erythrocytes: protective effect of selenium. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:577-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Adjroud O. Protective effects of selenium against potassium dichromate-induced hematotoxicity in female and male Wistar albino rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1051/ata/2010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Macfie A, Hagan E, Zhitkovich A. Mechanism of DNA-protein cross-linking by chromium. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:341-7. [PMID: 19877617 DOI: 10.1021/tx9003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is a known inducer of DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) that contribute to repression of inducible genes and genotoxicity of this metal. Lymphocytic DPCs have also shown potential utility as biomarkers of human exposure to Cr(VI). Here, we examined the mechanism of DPC formation by Cr(VI) and the impact of its main cellular reducers. In vitro reactions of Cr(VI) with one-electron reducing thiols (glutathione and cysteine) or two-electron donating ascorbate were all efficient at DPC production, indicating a dispensable role of Cr(V). No Cr(VI) reducer was able to generate DPC in the presence of Cr(III)-chelating EDTA or phosphate. A critical role of Cr(III) in DNA-protein linkages was further confirmed by dissociation of Cr(VI)-induced DPC by phosphate. EDTA was very inefficient in DPC dissociation, indicating its poor suitability for testing of Cr(III)-mediated bridging and reversal of complex DPC. Reactions containing only one Cr-modified component (protein or DNA) showed that Cr(III)-DNA adduction was the initial step in DPC formation. Cross-linking proceeded slowly after the rapid formation of Cr-DNA adducts, indicating that protein conjugation was the rate-limiting step in DPC generation. Experiments with depletion of glutathione and restoration of ascorbate levels in human lung A549 cells showed that high cellular reducing capacity promotes DPC yield. Overall, our data provide evidence for a three-step cross-linking mechanism involving (i) reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), (ii) Cr(III)-DNA binding, and (iii) protein capture by DNA-bound Cr(III) generating protein-Cr(III)-DNA cross-links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Macfie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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14
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. OBJECTIVE To determine whether serum metal ion levels and erythrocyte chromium levels in adolescents with stainless steel spinal instrumentation are elevated when compared with 2 control groups. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Instrumented spinal arthrodesis is a common procedure to correct scoliosis. The long-term consequences of retained implants are unclear. Possible toxic effects related to raised metal ion levels have been reported in the literature. METHODS Thirty patients who underwent posterior spinal arthrodesis with stainless steel instrumentation for scoliosis (group 1) were included. Minimum postoperative duration was 3 years. Serum chromium, molybdenum, iron, and ferritin levels were measured. Participants with elevated above normal serum chromium levels (n = 11) also underwent erythrocyte chromium analysis. Comparisons were made with 2 control groups; 10 individuals with scoliosis with no spinal surgery (group 2) and 10 volunteers without scoliosis (group 3). All control group participants underwent serum and erythrocyte analysis. RESULTS Elevated above normal serum chromium levels were demonstrated in 11 of 30 (37%) group 1 participants. Elevated serum chromium levels were demonstrated in 0 of 10 participants (0%) in group 2 and 1 of 10 (10%) in group 3. There was a statistically significant elevation in serum chromium levels between group 1 and group 2 participants (P = 0.001). There was no significant association between groups 1, 2, and 3 for serum molybdenum, iron, and ferritin levels. Erythrocyte chromium measurements were considered within the normal range for all participants tested (n = 31). CONCLUSION Raised serum chromium levels were detected in 37% of patients following instrumented spinal arthrodesis for correction of scoliosis. This new finding has relatively unknown health implications but potential mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic sequelae. This is especially concerning with most scoliosis patients being adolescent females with their reproductive years ahead.
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15
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Qu Q, Li X, An F, Jia G, Liu L, Watanabe-Meserve H, Koenig K, Cohen B, Costa M, Roy N, Zhong M, Chen LC, Liu S, Yan L. CrVI exposure and biomarkers: Cr in erythrocytes in relation to exposure and polymorphisms of genes encoding anion transport proteins. Biomarkers 2008; 13:467-77. [PMID: 18979639 DOI: 10.1080/13547500802099574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 195 subjects, including 141 exposed workers and 54 farmers, were recruited in China to evaluate the usefulness of chromium (Cr) in erythrocytes as a biomarker of exposure to CrVI. The levels of Cr in red blood cells (RBC) were remarkably elevated even in a group of workers routinely exposed to CrVI as low as 5-15 microg m(-3) and showed a significant exposure-response trend over the exposure range from 0.002 to 1152 microg m(-3) (p <0.0001). Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that age and cigarette smoke were not associated with Cr in RBC. However, female subjects had lower Cr in RBC compared with their male counterparts for about the same exposure levels (p <0.05). The genotypes of band III, which encodes for anion transport protein and may regulate CrO4(-2) across cell membranes, were also identified and included for analysis. The ratios of Cr in RBC to CrVI exposure were higher in subjects with a wild genotype than in those who had heterozygous or homozygous variant alleles. However, the difference was not statistically significant probably due to the limited number of participating subjects. In addition, 15 of the 141 workers were selected for multiple exposure monitoring and blood sample collections to evaluate the inter- and intraindividual variations of Cr in RBC. Compared with the personal exposure levels, Cr in RBC had small intraindividual variations with a reliability coefficient of 0.88. The study suggests that Cr in RBC may serve as a sensitive and reliable biomarker for long-term exposure to CrVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Qu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.
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16
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Scheepers PTJ, Heussen GAH, Peer PGM, Verbist K, Anzion R, Willems J. Characterisation of exposure to total and hexavalent chromium of welders using biological monitoring. Toxicol Lett 2008; 178:185-90. [PMID: 18455331 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to total and hexavalent chromium (TCr and HCr) was assessed by personal air sampling and biological monitoring in 53 welders and 20 references. Median inhalation exposure levels of TCr were 1.3, 6.0, and 5.4 microg/m(3) for welders of mild steel (MS, <5% alloys), high alloy steel (HAS, >5% alloys), and stainless steel (SS, >26% alloys), respectively. The median exposures to HCr compounds were 0.23, 0.20, and 0.08 microg/m(3), respectively. Median concentrations of TCr in urine, blood plasma and erythrocytes were elevated in all welders, compared with the corresponding median concentrations in the reference group (p<0.005). The TCr levels observed in plasma were two-fold higher in welders of SS and HAS than in welders of MS (p<0.01). Exposure to HCr as indicated by median total content of Cr in erythrocytes was 10 microg/L in welders of SS, MS and HAS. Uptake of TCr during the shift was confirmed for welders of SS by a median increase of urinary TCr from pre- to post-shift of 0.30 microg/g creatinine. For welders of MS and HAS as a group TCr was not increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T J Scheepers
- Research Lab Molecular Epidemiology, Department Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Pierre F, Diebold F, Baruthio F. Biomonitoring of two types of chromium exposure in an electroplating shop. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2007; 81:321-9. [PMID: 17605030 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-007-0216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study is concerned with two specific chromium (Cr) exposure situations at a hard-process electroplating company. Its aims are to define variations in urinary Cr concentration and to clarify their exposure relationships. METHODS Airborne chromium exposure and urinary excretion were measured for a-one week period. The majority of the exposed population was divided into two groups distinguishing chromium plating and polishing functions. Analysis of airborne Cr distinguished water soluble Cr(VI), water total soluble Cr and water insoluble Cr. Volunteers provided 6-7 urine samples per day for a monitoring period of 7 days. RESULTS Differences between the two groups appear in relation to the type of exposure. Low concentration water soluble Cr(VI) (5.3 microg/m3 maximum) in electroplating shops is practically undetected in other workshops. Water insoluble Cr present in low concentration in electroplating exceeds 1 mg/m3 in polishing shops. Total soluble Cr concentrations are similar in these two activities (3-10 microg/m3). In polishing, 0.4% of the Cr aerosol comprises soluble Cr. Urinary Cr varied according to a 24 h cycle in similar manner in both groups throughout the monitoring week. Minimum values (3-10 microg/g crea) occurred when starting a work shift, following by a rapid rise as soon as exposure commenced, whilst maximum values (12-30 microg/g crea) were recorded towards the end of the work shift. CONCLUSIONS Although uncorrelated with soluble Cr(VI), urinary Cr (24 h) is effectively related to the soluble fraction of airborne chromium. In the case of chromium electroplating, correspondence between exposure and excretion appears to be governed by relationships different to those emerging from stainless steel welding, from which current biological limit values have been derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Pierre
- Pollution and Health, INRS, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, 54501, France.
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18
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Kalahasthi RB, Rao RHR, Murthy RBK, Kumar MK. Effect of chromium(VI) on the status of plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in chromium plating workers. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 164:192-9. [PMID: 17098216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was carried out to determine the effect of chromium(VI) on the status of plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in workers exposed to chromium during chromium plating process. METHODS Fifty subjects working in chromium plating process formed the study group. An equal number of age-sex matched subjects working in administrative units formed the control group. The control subjects were residing in the same city but away from the work place of study group subjects. Urinary chromium levels were determined by using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were determined by using spectrophotmetric methods. RESULTS A significant increase of plasma lipid peroxidation and a significant decrease of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels were noted in the study group as compared with the controls. The level of plasma lipid peroxidation was positively and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were negatively and significantly correlated with chromium levels in urine. Multiple regression analysis was assessed the oxidative stress associated with chromium and life style confounding factors such as BMI, coffee, tea, alcohol and smoking. The multiple regression analysis showed that the urine chromium levels >10 micro g/g of creatinine, smoking, consumption of green vegetables and BMI variables were significantly associated with the levels of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION The results show that the increased plasma lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) observed in chromium-exposed workers could be used as biomarkers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Babu Kalahasthi
- Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Bangalore Medical College Campus, Bangalore, India.
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19
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Budhwar R, Das M, Bihari V, Kumar S. Exposure estimates of chromeplaters in India: an exploratory study. Biomarkers 2005; 10:252-7. [PMID: 16191484 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500218625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The literature has a paucity of knowledge on the exposure and effect estimates of chromeplaters in India. In an exploratory endeavour on chromium (Cr) exposure risk assessment, blood and urinary Cr levels plus the DNA-protein crosslink content were analysed in peripheral blood lymphocytes of chromeplaters (n=24). A cross-sectional study design was selected. Non-chromeplaters (n=35) were taken as the matching control. The results show that levels of blood and urinary Cr were greater in chromeplaters. A significant increase in DNA-protein crosslink coefficients of peripheral blood lymphocytes and urinary Cr levels was observed. The results demonstrate higher exposure estimates in chromeplaters and reveal exposure to a biologically effective dose of the toxic metal. The study also validated the employed biomarkers for Cr exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Budhwar
- Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
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20
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Maeng SH, Chung HW, Yu IJ, Kim HY, Lim CH, Kim KJ, Kim SJ, Ootsuyama Y, Kasai H. Changes of 8-OH-dG levels in DNA and its base excision repair activity in rat lungs after inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium. Mutat Res 2003; 539:109-16. [PMID: 12948819 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to the toxicological and epidemiological studies, hexavalent chromium (Cr) is associated with increase of lung cancer risk. Genotoxic effects, such as chromosomal aberrations, and cellular oxidative DNA damage by reactive oxygen species produced by hexavalent Cr exposure may play an important role in its carcinogenesis. To clarify whether reactive oxygen species are involved in its mechanism, we examined the levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OH-dG) and its base excision repair activities in the lung tissues of rats that repeatedly inhaled a sodium chromate solution mist for 1, 2, and 3 weeks. The levels of 8-OH-dG increased significantly in the lung tissues of the rats exposed for 1 week at the low concentration (0.18 mg/m(3), P<0.05), as compared with the controls. However, there was no difference in the 8-OH-dG levels at the higher concentration or with more than 2 weeks of exposure. The 8-OH-dG repair activities decreased in a dose-dependent manner during 2 weeks of exposure, on the contrary they recovered at 3 weeks of repeated exposure. These results suggest that the DNA damage caused by hexavalent Cr inhalation is induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species and by inhibition of base excision repair activity during the earlier phase of exposure. However, the 8-OH-dG levels and its repair activities recovered to the level of the controls in the latter inhalation exposure period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Maeng
- Center for Occupational Toxicology, Occupational Safety & Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency, Daejeon 305-380, South Korea
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21
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Gambelunghe A, Piccinini R, Ambrogi M, Villarini M, Moretti M, Marchetti C, Abbritti G, Muzi G. Primary DNA damage in chrome-plating workers. Toxicology 2003; 188:187-95. [PMID: 12767690 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the primary DNA damage due to occupational exposure to chromium (VI), DNA strand-breaks and apoptosis in peripheral lymphocytes were measured in a group of 19 chrome-plating workers. DNA strand-breaks was assessed by alkaline (pH>13) single-cell microgel electrophoresis ('comet') assay, while apoptosis was measured by flow-cytometry after propidium iodide staining of the cells. Concentrations of chromium in urine, erythrocytes and lymphocytes were investigated as biological indicators of exposure. A group of 18 hospital workers (control group I) and another 20 university personnel (control group II) without exposure to chromium were also studied as controls. The results of the study show that chrome-plating workers have higher levels of chromium in urine, erythrocytes and lymphocytes than unexposed workers. Comet tail moment values, assumed as index of DNA damage, are increased in chromium-exposed workers and results are significantly correlated to chromium lymphocyte concentrations. No difference emerged in the percentage of apoptotic nuclei in exposed and unexposed workers. The study confirms that measurements of chromium in erythrocytes and lymphocytes may provide useful information about recent and past exposure to hexavalent chromium at the workplace. The increase in DNA strand-breaks measured by comet assay suggests this test is valid for the biological monitoring of workers exposed to genotoxic compounds such as chromium (VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gambelunghe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Perugia, Via E. dal Pozzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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22
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Vanoirbeek JAJ, Hoet PHM, Nemery B, Verbeken EK, Haufroid V, Lison D, Dinsdale D. Kinetics of an intratracheally administered chromium catalyst in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2003; 66:393-409. [PMID: 12554544 DOI: 10.1080/15287390306366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromium-based catalysts are used for the synthesis of polyethylene, but little is known about the hazard and biomonitoring possibilities of this type of chromium for workers who may be occupationally exposed to such compounds. Therefore, the bioavailability and toxicokinetics of chromium were studied in male Wistar rats after a single intratracheal instillation (2 ml/kg body weight) of various doses (1, 5, or 25 mg/kg body weight) of the catalyst (approximately 1% chromium bound to an amorphous silica matrix), either before (CAT-Cr[III]) or after (CAT-Cr[VI]) heat treatment. The results were compared with those of equivalent amounts of two chromium salts (CrCl(3) and K(2) Cr(2) O (7). Each dose group was composed of three rats. The concentration of chromium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in urine (collected daily for 7 d) and in plasma, erythrocytes, lung, and liver tissue obtained 2 d (only highest concentration) and 7 d after dosing. On d 2, a significant increase in lung weight was found in the animals treated with the highest dose of the hexavalent Cr products. On d 7, on the basis of body weights, lung weights, and lung histology, there was no overt toxicity, except after the highest dose of CAT-Cr(VI). The elimination of all forms of chromium was apparently monoexponential, with calculated half-life elimination times in urine of 4-11 h for Cr(III) (CAT-Cr[III] and CrCl3 ) and 8-21 h for Cr(VI) (CAT-Cr[VI] and K(2) Cr(2) O(7). On d 2, the erythro-cytes Cr concentrations were significantly higher for the hexavalent Cr products than for the trivalent Cr products. After 7 d, the erythrocytes Cr concentrations were significantly increased above control values (3 microg/L) only in rats treated with the 2 highest doses of Cr( VI) compounds (12 and 64 microg/L for K(2) Cr(2) O(7), and 14 and 79 microg/L for CAT-Cr[VI]). The present study shows that intratracheally instilled Cr(VI) and Cr(III) have different toxicokinetic profiles and that the Cr(VI) catalyst has the same bioavailability and excretion kinetics as a water-soluble Cr(VI) salt. Exposure to chromium compounds could be monitored by measuring Cr concen-trations in urine (shortly after exposure) and in erythrocytes (also at later time points after high Cr[VI] exposure).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A J Vanoirbeek
- Pneumology (Lung Toxicology), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Yücesoy B, Mirshahidi S, Yücesoy C, Karakaya A. In vitro effects of various metals on natural killer cell activity in cultured human lymphocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1999; 21:599-607. [PMID: 10466082 DOI: 10.3109/08923979909007128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals have been shown to have a differential effects on various aspects of immune response. Recently natural killer cells have been widely investigated due to their purported role in immune surveillance. To ascertain the immunotoxic effects of lead, cadmium, nickel and chromium on natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitro, peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors were examined in the presence of different concentrations (10(-5)-10(-8) M) of four selected metal salts (cadmium sulphate, lead nitrate, chromium nitrate and nickel sulphate). NK cell activity was evaluated in a 4-h chromium release assay against K562 target cells. All of the metal salts were found to exert no effect on NK cell function in the human concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yücesoy
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Tandoğan, Turkey
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24
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Draper WM, Ashley K, Glowacki CR, Michael PR. Industrial hygiene chemistry: keeping pace with rapid change in the workplace. Anal Chem 1999; 71:33R-60R. [PMID: 10384781 DOI: 10.1021/a19900058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W M Draper
- Sanitation and Radiation Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704, USA
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25
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Kristiansen J, Christensen JM, Iversen BS, Sabbioni E. Toxic trace element reference levels in blood and urine: influence of gender and lifestyle factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1997; 204:147-160. [PMID: 9301099 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(97)00155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study is part of the EURO-TERVIHT project (Trace Element Reference Values in Human Tissues) which aims at establishing reference intervals for trace elements in blood, urine and other human tissues. In this study reference intervals (0.05-0.95 fractiles) were estimated for lead in blood (105-529 nmol/l for men, 80-340 nmol/l for women), manganese in blood (100-271 nmol/l) and arsenic in urine (36-541 nmol/l for men, 21-475 nmol/l for women). Upper reference limits (0.95 fractile) were established for chromium in urine (13 nmol/l), nickel in urine (52 nmol/l) and cobalt in urine (23 nmol/l for men, 31 nmol/l for women). The reference group was a Danish subpopulation (n = 189), age 40-70 years. The influence of gender, age, health status parameters, nutrition and various lifestyle factors was investigated. Urinary arsenic and blood lead levels were found to be higher for men than for women. Arsenic levels also increased with age up to 60 years, and then decreased. Alcohol intake lead to increased arsenic levels in urine as well as blood lead levels. Urinary nickel levels were higher in persons frequently eating porridge and porridge oats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kristiansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Occupational Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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