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A low-cost simple test for weekly detection of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and arginini contaminations in cell cultures and viral preparations. J Virol Methods 2021; 299:114327. [PMID: 34644588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mollicutes (Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma) are parasitic bacteria that adhere to cellular surfaces, naturally resistant to many antibiotics and extremely small. They are often found as contaminants in cultured cells, where they go unnoticed. They may be present in viral stocks because they are present in supernatants of cells where cultured viruses are released. The best way to keep laboratories free of Mycoplasma is to discard infected cultures, but, as judged by the very common finding of Mycoplasma-contaminated cultures in many laboratories, this is not done as often as it should be. A possible reason is that most procedures recommended take as long as performing a simple experiment and many laboratories delay testing to save money and time. Indeed, many methods exist to detect Mycoplasma infection of cell lines, but they take at least a couple of hours of hands-on work, if not more. Here we describe a procedure to screen viral stocks and tissue cultures for Mycoplasma presence. It relies on isolation of Mycoplasma on ordinary horse blood agar directly from exhausted tissue culture supernatants and does not require experienced personnel or expensive equipment. It only requires minutes of hands-on work, and, for this, it may be useful for weekly screening of cultures. It yields semiquantitative results in roughly 5 days, which is the time that usually passes between one subculture passage of cells in vitro to another. Because of its simplicity, it may be useful for detecting Mycoplasma in viral stocks and for frequent screening of cultures in research laboratories.
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Hong S, Lee HA, Chung Y, Kim O. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection in pigs by PCR amplification of 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region. J Biomed Res 2015. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2015.16.3.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Netto C, Soccol VT, Sepulveda LM, Timenetsky J. Experimental infection of BHK21 and Vero cell lines with different Mycoplasma spp. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1513-9. [PMID: 25763061 PMCID: PMC4323330 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma spp, belongs to the class Mollicutes and is capable to produce alterations in cellular cultures causing damages to the biotechnological industry. Bioproducts generally require two essential inputs, bovine serum and cells. The study herein aims to evaluate the mycoplasma concentrations that affect the growing of BHK21 and Vero cells. The species used were: Mycoplasma orale, M. salivarium, M. arginini and M. hyorhinis, cultivated in a SP4 media. Two contamination tests were performed with BHK21 and Vero cells and one of them applied different concentrations of mycoplasma. In the first one, mycoplasma was applied at the day zero and, in the second one, the contamination was performed after the monolayer establishment. The both cellular cultures presented cytopathic effects with mycoplasma contamination, but the Vero cells suffered more damages than the BHK21 ones. It was also observed that the severity of the cytopathic effect depended on the mycoplasma specie, on the concentration and on the time of contact with the cellular culture, which evidences the importance of controlling the presence of mycoplasma in biotechnological industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Netto
- Mestrado em Biotecnologia Industrial Universidade Positivo CuritibaPR Brazil Mestrado em Biotecnologia Industrial, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. ; Ourofino Saúde Animal Ribeirão PretoSP Brazil Ourofino Saúde Animal, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia Universidade Federal de Curitiba CuritibaPR Brazil Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lya Madureira Sepulveda
- Ourofino Saúde Animal Ribeirão PretoSP Brazil Ourofino Saúde Animal, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Departamento de Microbiologia Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade de São Paulo São PauloSP Brazil Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Mycoplasma removal: simple curative methods for viral supernatants. J Virol Methods 2012; 187:234-7. [PMID: 23117065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a partner of the European Virus Archive (EVA) FP7 infrastructure, our research group is maintaining and developing a large virus collection. To meet the standards of the quality management system adopted by all European Virus Archive partners, the detection and eradication of mycoplasma in cell culture supernatants (stored at -80°C or freeze-dried) has to be improved. Although the methods for mycoplasma elimination from infected cell lines were largely described, the decontamination procedures of precious cell culture supernatants was poorly documented. In this study, a large panel of mycoplasma-contaminated virus stocks (enveloped and non enveloped, RNA and DNA viruses) was tested successfully for mycoplasma removal using two simple optimized methods. These easy-to-perform protocols, using respectively Plasmocin™ (InvivoGen, Cayla, France) and chloroform, were shown to remove mycoplasma completely from cell supernatant without incidence in viral infectivity.
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Gopalkrishna V, Verma H, Kumbhar NS, Tomar RS, Patil PR. DETECTION OF MYCOPLASMA SPECIES IN CELL CULTURE BY PCR AND RFLP BASED METHOD: EFFECT OF BM-CYCLIN TO CURE INFECTIONS. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0255-0857(21)02052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ishikawa Y, Kozakai T, Morita H, Saida K, Oka S, Masuo Y. Rapid detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures using SYBR Green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2006; 42:63-9. [PMID: 16759150 DOI: 10.1290/0505035.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple method for rapid detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures using SYBR Green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To detect eight common contaminant mollicutes, including Mycoplasma (M. arginini, M. fermentans, M. orale, M. hyorhinis, M. hominis, M. salivarium, M. pirum) and Acholeplasma laidlawii, four primers were prepared based on the 23S rRNA regions. Using these primers and a minimum of 100 fg of mycoplasma genomic DNA, the 23S rRNA regions of these eight mycoplasma species were consistently amplified by real-time PCR. In contrast, no specific amplification product was observed using DNA templates prepared from various mammalian cell lines. Frozen and cultured samples of several cell lines were tested for mycoplasma contamination to evaluate the utility of this method. Of 25 samples that tested positive for mycoplasma by Hoechst staining, which requires two passages of cell cultures started from frozen samples, mycoplasma was detected by real-time PCR in 24 samples of cell extracts prepared directly from frozen samples. When cultured samples were used for this assay, the accuracy of the diagnoses was further improved. Thus, this technique, which is simple, rapid, and sensitive enough for practical application, is suitable for handling many samples and for routine screening for mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ishikawa
- International Patent Organism Depositary, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Kong F, James G, Gordon S, Zelynski A, Gilbert GL. Species-specific PCR for identification of common contaminant mollicutes in cell culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:3195-200. [PMID: 11425741 PMCID: PMC93000 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.7.3195-3200.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma arginini, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, and Acholeplasma laidlawii are the members of the class Mollicutes most commonly found in contaminated cell cultures. Previous studies have shown that the published PCR primer pairs designed to detect mollicutes in cell cultures are not entirely specific. The 16S rRNA gene, the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, and the 5' end of the 23S rRNA gene, as a whole, are promising targets for design of mollicute species-specific primer pairs. We analyzed the 16S rRNA genes, the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions, and the 5' end of the 23S rRNA genes of these mollicutes and developed PCR methods for species identification based on these regions. Using high melting temperatures, we developed a rapid-cycle PCR for detection and identification of contaminant mollicutes. Previously published, putative mollicute-specific primers amplified DNA from 73 contaminated cell lines, but the presence of mollicutes was confirmed by species-specific PCR in only 60. Sequences of the remaining 13 amplicons were identified as those of gram-positive bacterial species. Species-specific PCR primers are needed to confirm the presence of mollicutes in specimens and for identification, if required.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Giorgelli F, Giannecchini M, Bemi V, Turchi G, Sgarrella F, Tozzi MG, Camici M. Role of the phosphorolysis of deoxyadenosine in the cytotoxic effect of the combination of deoxyadenosine and deoxycoformycin on a human colon carcinoma cell line (LoVo). J Cell Biochem 2000; 80:241-7. [PMID: 11074595 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(20010201)80:2<241::aid-jcb130>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In LoVo cells, phosphorolytic activity acting on deoxyadenosine plays a major role in the resistance to the cytotoxic effect of the combination of deoxynucleoside with deoxycoformycin. In fact, the observed dependence of toxicity on cell density appears to be related to the metabolic conversion of deoxyadenosine into adenine. The phosphorylation of the deoxynucleoside, which represents the first step towards the formation of the cytotoxic agent dATP, proceeds at a significantly lower rate as compared to the phosphorolysis of deoxyadenosine. The analysis of the levels of deoxyadenosine and its derivatives in the incubation media reveals that the rates of disappearance of deoxyadenosine and of formation of adenine increase in concert with the reduction of the effect on cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giorgelli
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Pisa, Italy
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Tang J, Hu M, Lee S, Roblin R. A polymerase chain reaction based method for detecting Mycoplasma/Acholeplasma contaminants in cell culture. J Microbiol Methods 2000; 39:121-6. [PMID: 10576701 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(99)00107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A detection system that utilizes a primer mixture in a nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting Mycoplasma contaminants in cell cultures is described. Primers were designed to amplify the spacer regions between the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA genes of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma. This detection system was able to detect 20-180 colony forming units per milliliter of sample. Eight commonly encountered Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma contaminants, which include Mycoplasma (M.) arginini, M. fermentans, M. hominis, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, M. pirum, M. salivarium, and Acholeplasma laidlawii, were consistently amplified. Mycoplasma contaminants generated a single DNA band of 236-365 base pairs (bp), whereas A. laidlawii produced a characteristic two-band pattern of 426 and 219 bp amplicons. Species identification could be achieved by size determination and restriction enzyme digestion. Minor cross-reactions were noted with a few closely related gram positive bacteria and DNA from rat cell lines. A Mycoplasma Detection Kit for detecting Mycoplasma contaminants in cell cultures has been developed based on this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tang
- Bacteriology Program, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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Tang J, Hu M, Lee S, Roblin R. Primer mixture enhances PCR detection of Mycoplasma/Acholeplasma contaminants in cell cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1999; 35:1-3. [PMID: 10475245 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-999-0033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bemi V, Tazzni N, Banditelli S, Giorgelli F, Pesi R, Turchi G, Mattana A, Sgarrella F, Tozzi MG, Camici M. Deoxyadenosine metabolism in a human colon-carcinoma cell line (LoVo) in relation to its cytotoxic effect in combination with deoxycoformycin. Int J Cancer 1998; 75:713-20. [PMID: 9495239 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980302)75:5<713::aid-ijc9>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have assessed the intracellular metabolism of 2'-deoxyadenosine in a human colon-carcinoma cell line (LoVo), both in the absence and in the presence of deoxycoformycin, the powerful inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The combination of 2'-deoxyadenosine and deoxycoformycin has been reported to inhibit the growth of LoVo cells in culture. In this paper we demonstrate that the observed toxic effect is strictly dependent on cell density. In the absence of deoxycoformycin, 2'-deoxyadenosine is primarily deaminated to 2'-deoxyinosine and then converted into hypoxanthine. In the presence of the inhibitor, the deoxynucleoside, in addition to a phosphorylation process, undergoes phosphorolytic cleavage giving rise to adenine. The conversion of 2'-deoxyadenosine to adenine might represent a protective device, emerging when the activity of adenosine deaminase is reduced or inhibited. There is much evidence to indicate that the enzyme catalyzing this process may be distinct from methylthioadenosine phosphorylase and S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase, which are the enzymes reported to be responsible for the formation of adenine from 2'-deoxyadenosine in mammals.
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Nissen E, Pauli G, Vater J, Vollenbroich D. Application of surfactin for mycoplasma inactivation in virus stocks. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1997; 33:414-5. [PMID: 9201506 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-997-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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