Absence of trypsinogen autoactivation and immunolocalization of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in acinar cells in vitro

The spectrum of complications of hereditary pancreatitis. Is this a model for future gene therapy?

Hereditary pancreatitis is an unusual form of acute and chronic pancreatitis that is usually associated with two specific mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene. The extensive information available on the biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology of cationic trypsinogen and its gene provides the groundwork for development of a variety of therapeutic strategies, including gene therapy. Several features of this disease, however, make gene therapy unlikely in the near future. Further research using new models, including transgenic animals, is required before breakthroughs in therapy can be expected.

Seasonal variation in trypsin activity in juvenile Atlantic salmon upper and lower modal groups

Juvenile salmon in their first year of growth showed a bimodal distribution of body lengths by December. For experimental purposes samples of fish from the upper 2% of body lengths were taken as representing the upper modal group (UMG), whilst fish from the bottom 5% of body lengths were taken to represent the lower modal group (LMG). The population of fish from which the samples were taken were fed ad libitum from December to July. During the winter months to March, neither group increased in weight. Growth resumed between March and July. The LMG fish had a very low food intake, as indicated by the relative weight of digesta in the stomach, in the winter months. However, following resumption of feeding, the relative weight of stomach digesta of the LMG fish exceeded that of the UMG fish between May and July. The activity of trypsin in the intestinal digesta followed a similar pattern, the LMG fish showing a higher trypsin activity in the spring months. Starvation of UMG fish for 5 days in winter resulted in accumulation of trypsin in the pancreatic tissues, whilst injection of the trypsin releasing hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) into starving UMG fish resulted in reduction of trypsin in the secretory tissues. CCK also caused reduction of trypsin in the pancreatic tissues of LMG fish, suggesting that the pancreas of this group is potentially fully functional during the winter period. Ultrastructure studies of the pancreatic acinar cells showed evidence for lower secretory activity in the LMG fish, as indicated by smaller numbers of zymogen granules, less well developed Golgi systems and a smaller number of active secreting cells. It appears that trypsin secretion by the pancreas in LMG fish is at a low level during the winter, in response to the reduced amounts of food passing through the gut, which is ultimately controlled by changes in food intake, lowered metabolic level and lowered appetite levels.