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Kobayashi S, Tsurekawa S, Watanabe T. A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1829-1849. [PMID: 28144533 PMCID: PMC5238705 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new approach to grain boundary engineering (GBE) for high performance nanocrystalline materials, especially those produced by electrodeposition and sputtering, is discussed on the basis of some important findings from recently available results on GBE for nanocrystalline materials. In order to optimize their utility, the beneficial effects of grain boundary microstructures have been seriously considered according to the almost established approach to GBE. This approach has been increasingly recognized for the development of high performance nanocrystalline materials with an extremely high density of grain boundaries and triple junctions. The effectiveness of precisely controlled grain boundary microstructures (quantitatively characterized by the grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) and grain boundary connectivity associated with triple junctions) has been revealed for recent achievements in the enhancement of grain boundary strengthening, hardness, and the control of segregation-induced intergranular brittleness and intergranular fatigue fracture in electrodeposited nickel and nickel alloys with initial submicrometer-grained structure. A new approach to GBE based on fractal analysis of grain boundary connectivity is proposed to produce high performance nanocrystalline or submicrometer-grained materials with desirable mechanical properties such as enhanced fracture resistance. Finally, the potential power of GBE is demonstrated for high performance functional materials like gold thin films through precise control of electrical resistance based on the fractal analysis of the grain boundary microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Kobayashi
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Innovative Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Omae 268-1, Ashikaga, Tochigi 326-8558, Japan
| | - Sadahiro Tsurekawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Tadao Watanabe
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China, Formerly, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Kumar S, Li X, Haque A, Gao H. Is stress concentration relevant for nanocrystalline metals? NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:2510-2516. [PMID: 21591760 DOI: 10.1021/nl201083t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Classical fracture mechanics as well as modern strain gradient plasticity theories assert the existence of stress concentration (or strain gradient) ahead of a notch tip, albeit somewhat relaxed in ductile materials. In this study, we present experimental evidence of extreme stress homogenization in nanocrystalline metals that result in immeasurable amount of stress concentration at a notch tip. We performed in situ uniaxial tension tests of 80 nm thick (50 nm average grain size) freestanding, single edge notched aluminum specimens inside a transmission electron microscope. The theoretical stress concentration for the given notch geometry was as high as 8, yet electron diffraction patterns unambiguously showed absence of any measurable stress concentration at the notch tip. To identify possible mechanisms behind such an anomaly, we performed molecular dynamics simulations on scaled down samples. Extensive grain rotation driven by grain boundary diffusion, exemplified by an Ashby-Verrall type of grain switching process, was observed at the notch tip to relieve stress concentration. We conclude that in the absence of dislocations, grain realignment or rotation may have played a critical role in accommodating externally applied strain and neutralizes any stress concentration during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Watanabe T. The Importance of Grain Boundary Character Distribution to Grain Boundary Design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-122-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Palumbo G, King PJ, Lichtenberger PC, Aust KT, Erb U. Grain Boundary Structure Control for Intergranular Stress-Corrosion Resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-238-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTA geometric model for intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is presented and used to evaluate the influence of grain boundary structure on the IGSCC resistance of polycrystalline materials. Preliminary observations regarding the structure of intergranular fracture paths in Alloy 600 C-ring specimens exposed to high temperature caustic media are noted to be consistent with the general predictions of the proposed geometric model and demonstrate that significant enhancement to bulk IGSCC resistance may be achieved through material processing considerations which result in (1) moderate increases in the frequency of structurally ‘special’ grain boundaries (i.e., interfaces close to low Σ CSL's) and (2) refinement in grain size.
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Mills MJ, Thomas GJ, Daw MS, Cosandey F. Structure of a Near-Coincidence Σ9 Tilt Grain Boundary in Aluminum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-159-365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTA systematic study of the structure of tilt grain boundaries in aluminum has been initiated. High resolution transmission electron microscopy is being used to examine the interface structure of several bicrystals with <110> tilt axes. In this paper, we report the structure determination of a grain boundary close to the Σ9 (221) symmetric orientation. The grain boundary plane, which appears wavy at lower magnification, is actually composed of atomically flat microfacets. Two distinct, symmetric structures with (221) boundary planes have been identified within individual microfacets. These observations have been compared with structures calculated using the Embedded Atom Method. The semi-quantitative comparison between the observed and predicted grain boundary structures is accomplished using multislice image simulations based on the calculated structures. The results of these comparisons and the evaluation of the relative energies of the microfacets are discussed.
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Jian-Min Z, Yu-Hong H, Ke-Wei X, Vincent J. Computer simulation of symmetrical tilt grain boundaries in noble metals with MAEAM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/16/1/036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Watanabe T, Kimura SI, Karashima S. The effect of a grain boundary structural transformation on sliding in <1010>-tilt zinc bicrystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01418618408236566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Prediction and Control of Grain Boundary Fracture in Brittle Materials on the Basis of the Strongest-Link Theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.482.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses micropstructural aspects of brittleness fracture of polycrystalline materials caused by intergranular fracture. Structure-dependent intergranular brittle fracture in bicrystals and polycrystals are discussed and predicted theoretically. Experimental evidence for the structure-dependent intergranular fracture is shown and some general features are discussed to demonstrate the relationship between grain boundary structure/character, grain boundary energy and intergranular fracture strength. Theoretical prediction of the fracture toughness based on the strongest-link theory is introduced for polycrystals with different grain boundary microstructures, primarily defined by the grain boundary character distribution, grain boundary connectivity. Finally recent achievements of successful control of intergranular brittleness by grain boundary engineering based on the strongest-link theory are introduced for different materials.
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Málek P, Erlebach J, Cieslar M, Knoop FM. Superplasticity in an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Zr alloy prepared by power metallurgy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.2211570209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Matsumoto K, Shibayanagi T, Umakoshi Y. Effect of grain size on grain orientations and grain boundary character distribution in recrystallized Al-0.3mass% Mg alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-716x(95)00375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Crawford DC, Was GS. The Role of grain boundary misorientation in intergranular cracking of Ni-16Cr-9Fe in 360 °C argon and high-Purity water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02665051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of grain boundaries in aluminum and correlation with atomistic calculations. Ultramicroscopy 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(92)90121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Haruna T, Shibayanagi T, Hori S, Furushiro N. Effect of Grain Boundary Characters on Grain Boundary Sliding during Superplastic Deformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.2320/matertrans1989.33.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Haruna
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Osaka University
| | | | - Shigenori Hori
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Norio Furushiro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Osaka University
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Crawford DC, Was GS. Grain boundary character distributions in Ni-16Cr-9Fe using selected area channeling patterns: methodology and results. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1991; 19:345-60. [PMID: 1795187 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060190309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Selected area channeling patterns imaged on an SEM are digitized and displayed on the screen of a Macintosh computer, on which the user selects channeling bands that are measured to determine orientation. Grain boundary misorientations are found using the orientation information for pairs of grains adjacent at grain boundaries, and the boundaries are classified as low angle boundaries (LABs), coincident site lattice boundaries (CSLBs), or general boundaries (GHABs) based on the misorientation information. The technique was implemented to analyze the grain boundary character distributions (GBCDs) in Ni-16Cr-9Fe. The GBCDs of solution annealed material were similar to those expected in an aggregate of randomly oriented polycrystals. However, sequential thermomechanical treatments (5% tensile strain + 945 degrees C:75 min + 2% tensile strain + 890 degrees C:15 h + 3% tensile strain + 890 degrees C:20 h or 9% compressive strain + 890 degrees C:20 h + 9% compressive strain + 890 degrees C:20 h + 3% compressive strain + 890 degrees C:15 h) applied after the solution anneal lowered the proportions of GHABs in the GBCDs from 76-79% to 47-64%. The CSL-enhanced GBCDs of both the tensile-deformed samples and the compression-deformed sample appear to have evolved mainly through impingement of twin and twin-related boundaries during recrystallization; the CSL-enhanced GBCD of a compression-deformed sample appears to have been influenced by grain rotation processes to a greater degree than were the tensile-deformed samples The CSL boundaries in the CSL-enhanced GBCDs were, in general, closer to the exact CSL misorientations than were those in the near-random GBCDs of the solution annealed material. An analysis of the distribution of misorientation axes did not indicate any correlation between grain misorientation texture and GBCD evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Crawford
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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On the spreading of grain boundary dislocations and its effect on grain boundary properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-7151(91)90158-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Watanabe T, Yamada M, Karashima S. Grain boundary strengthening associated with Σ = 9 near-coincidence boundary in 〈1010〉 twist zinc bicrystals at high temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/01418619108213933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lim L, Watanabe T. Fracture toughness and brittle-ductile transition controlled by grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) in polycrystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-7151(90)90262-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Adams B, Zhao JW, O'Hara D. Analysis of interface damage heterogeneity in polycrystalline materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-7151(90)90167-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Butrón-Guillén M, Cabañas-Moreno J, Weertman J. Fatigue cavitation and relative grain orientations in pure copper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-716x(90)90288-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Farris JP, Lee JD, Harlow DG, Delph TJ. On the scatter in creep rupture times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02782414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Raman V, watanabe T, Langdon T. A determination of the structural dependence of cyclic migration in polycrystalline aluminum using electron channeling pattern analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(89)90254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Adams B, Morris P, Wang T, Willden K, Wright S. Description of orientation coherence in polycrystalline materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(87)90293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Adams BL. Description of the intercrystalline structure distribution in polycrystalline materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02645918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Don J, Majumdar S. Creep cavitation and grain boundary structure in type 304 stainless steel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(86)90069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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S̀wia̧tnicki W, Łojkowski W, Grabski M. Investigation of grain boundary diffusion in polycrystals by means of extrinsic grain boundary dislocations spreading rate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(86)90175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The development of two texture variants and their effect on the mechanical behavior of a high strength P/M aluminum alloy, X7091. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02811678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Effects of grain boundary segregation and precipitation on the creep behaviour of a 20Cr, AlTi, Ni-base superalloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0036-9748(85)90124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lim L, Raj R. On the distribution of Σ for grain boundaries in polycrystalline nickel prepared by strainannealing technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(84)90124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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