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Al-Khayri JM, Sudheer WN, Banadka A, Lakshmaiah VV, Nagella P, Al-Mssallem MQ, Alessa FM, Rezk AA. Biotechnological approaches for the production of gymnemic acid from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12587-0. [PMID: 37266583 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects several organs and can be treated using phytochemicals found in medicinal plants. Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae) is one such medicinal plant rich in anti-diabetic properties. The plant is commonly known as madhunashini in Sanskrit because of its ability to cure diabetes (sugar). Gymnemic acid (GA) is a phytochemical (a triterpenoid saponin) responsible for the herb's main pharmacological activity. This secondary metabolite has a lot of potential as a phytochemical with pharmacological properties including nephroprotection, hypoglycemia, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. Gymnema has acquired a lot of popularity in recent years due to its low side effects and high efficacy in healing diabetes, which has led to overexploitation by pharmaceutical enterprises for its biomass in the wild for the purification of gymnemic acid. Modern biotechnological techniques involving the establishment of cell and organ cultures from G. sylvestre will assist us in fulfilling the need for gymnemic acid production. The present review provides insights on the establishment of cell and organ cultures for the production of a potent antidiabetic molecule gymnemic acid. Further, the review also delves into the intricacies of the different strategies for improved production of gymnemic acid using various elicitors. There is huge potential for sustainable production of gymnemic acid which could be met by establishment of bioreactor scale production. Understanding and engineering the biosynthetic pathway could also lead to improved GA production. KEY POINTS: • Gymnemic acid is one of the potential anti-diabetic molecules from madhunashini • Cell and organ culture offers potential approach for gymnemic acid production • Elicitation strategies have improved the gymnemic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel M Al-Khayri
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Wudali N Sudheer
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Akshatha Banadka
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Vasantha V Lakshmaiah
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Praveen Nagella
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Muneera Q Al-Mssallem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima M Alessa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel A Rezk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
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He J, Tang P, Liu M, Liao G, Lu R, Yang X. Triterpenoid saponins and C 21 steroidal glycosides from Gymnema tingens and their glucose uptake activities. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7503-7513. [PMID: 36908545 PMCID: PMC9993900 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new triterpenoid saponins, tigensides A-D (1-4), and one new C21 steroid, tipregnane A(9), together with six known compounds were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of the roots and stems of Gymnema tingens. The chemical structures of the new compounds were determined based on their spectroscopic data, including IR, UV, NMR, and mass spectrometric analysis. All compounds were isolated for the first time. Compounds 1-11 promoted glucose uptake in the range of 1.12 to 2.52 fold, respectively. Compound 2 showed the most potent glucose uptake, with 2.52 fold enhancement. Additionally, compound 2 showed a medium effect on the GLUT4 translocation activity in L6 cells in further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua He
- College of Pharmacy Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Ping Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University Wuhan 430074 China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources Utilization, Pharmacy School of Shihezi University Shihezi 832002 Xinjiang P. R. China
| | - Meiyu Liu
- College of Pharmacy Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Guangfeng Liao
- College of Pharmacy Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Rumei Lu
- College of Pharmacy Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- College of Pharmacy Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University Wuhan 430074 China
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He J, Yao Y, Liu M, Liao G, Yang X, Lu R. Two New C
21
Steroids from
Gymnema tingens. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Hua He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Yu‐Di Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences South-Central Minzu University Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Mei‐Yu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Guang‐Feng Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Xin‐Zhou Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences South-Central Minzu University Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Ru‐Mei Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
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Khan F, Sarker MMR, Ming LC, Mohamed IN, Zhao C, Sheikh BY, Tsong HF, Rashid MA. Comprehensive Review on Phytochemicals, Pharmacological and Clinical Potentials of Gymnema sylvestre. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1223. [PMID: 31736747 PMCID: PMC6830388 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre is a plant included in Apocynaceae family and is located in many regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. This plant is widely used as a traditional therapy for different purposes. Even now it is being used as a dietary supplement due to its numerous therapeutic uses. It is known to have blood glucose lowering potential and, thus, is widely used in traditional and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. It renders glucose lowering activity due to the presence of phytochemicals, such as gurmarin, gymnemic acid as well as gymnemasaponins. Gymnema sylvestre is also known to have anti-oxidant, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, gastro and hepatoprotective, anticancer and lipid-lowering activities. This review discusses in details on different pharmacological and clinical potentials of Gymnema sylvestre and its chemical constituents associated with its therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bassem Y. Sheikh
- Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad A. Rashid
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Al-Romaiyan A, Liu B, Persaud S, Jones P. A novel Gymnema sylvestre extract protects pancreatic beta-cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis. Phytother Res 2019; 34:161-172. [PMID: 31515869 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β, TNF-α, and interferon-γ are known to be involved in mediating β-cells death in diabetes mellitus (DM). Thus, protecting from β-cells death in patients with DM may be a useful target in alleviating symptoms of hyperglycemia. Traditional plant-based remedies have been used to treat DM for many centuries and may play a role in protecting β-cell from death. An example of these remedies is Gymnema sylvestre (GS) extract. In this study, we investigated the effect of this plant extract on β-cells apoptosis. Om Santal Adivasi (OSA®) maintained cell membrane integrity in MIN6 cells and mouse islets. Om Santal Adivasi significantly protected MIN6 cells and mouse islets from cytokine-induced apoptosis. In the presence of cytokines, OSA® significantly reduced the expression and activity of caspase-3. The antiapoptotic effect of OSA® as shown by microarray analysis is largely mediated by activating pathways involved in cell survival (mainly casein kinase II pathway) and the free radical scavenger system (specifically superoxide dismutase and catalase). This study indicates that the GS isolate OSA® protects against cytokine-induced apoptosis of β-cells by increasing the expression of cell survival pathways and free radical scavenger system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Al-Romaiyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Bo Liu
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shanta Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Jones
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Biogenic silver nanoparticles: efficient and effective antifungal agents. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-015-0463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Neuroprotective effects of Gymnema sylvestre on streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1670-1678. [PMID: 26136876 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of traditional medicine for diabetes and associated complications, such as diabetic neuropathy (DN), has received increasing attention. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential ameliorative effect of Gymnema sylvestre (Gs) in a rat model of DN. Diabetes was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg). Treatment with Gs extract (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) began two weeks following the administration of STZ and was continued for five weeks. Pain threshold behavior tests were performed subsequent to the five-week Gs treatment period. In addition, the serum levels of glucose, insulin and proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, were determined. Furthermore, the sciatic tissue levels of nitric oxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and reduced glutathione were determined, as well as the activity levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were also assessed in the sciatic tissue. In addition, the sciatic nerve tissue samples were analyzed for histopathological alterations. The diabetic rats exhibited apparent reductions in the paw-withdrawal (31%; P<0.01) and tail-flick latencies (38%; P<0.05). Furthermore, the diabetic rats demonstrated an evident elevation in serum and sciatic levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Measured oxidative stress biomarkers were significantly altered in the sciatic nerve tissue of the diabetic rats. Treatment with Gs attenuated diabetes-induced modifications with regard to the levels of serum glucose, insulin and proinflammatory cytokines. In the sciatic nerve tissue, the diabetes-induced alterations in IL levels and oxidative stress biomarkers were significantly improved in the Gs-treated rats. Furthermore, the reduction in the sciatic tissue expression levels of IGF and NGF was also ameliorated by Gs treatment. Histological analysis indicated that Gs corrected the sciatic tissue in the diabetic rats. Therefore, the results demonstrated that the neuroprotective effect of Gs may be associated with the inhibitory effect on the excessive activation of inflammatory molecules and oxidative stress mediators.
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Aleisa AM, Al-Rejaie SS, Abuohashish HM, Ola MS, Parmar MY, Ahmed MM. Pretreatment of Gymnema sylvestre revealed the protection against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:49. [PMID: 24507431 PMCID: PMC3922996 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Overproduction of free radicals and decreased antioxidant capacity are well-known risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases. Gymnema sylvestre (GS) leaves extract is distinguished for its anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Present study is designed to evaluate the preventative activities of GS against acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis in Wistar rats. Methods Experimentally ulcerative colitis (UC) was induced by AA in animals pretreated with three different doses of GS leaves extract (50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day) and a single dose of mesalazine (MES, 300 mg/kg/day) for seven days. Twenty four hours later, animals were sacrificed and the colonic tissues were collected. Colonic mucus content was determined using Alcian blue dye binding technique. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione sulfhydryl group (T-GSH) and non-protein sulfhydryl group (NPSH) as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were estimated in colon tissues. Colonic nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and total protein (TP) concentrations were also determined. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) were estimated in colonic tissues. The histopathological changes of the colonic tissues were also observed. Results In AA administered group TBARS levels were increased, while colonic mucus content, T-GSH and NP-SH, SOD and CAT were reduced in colon. Pretreatment with GS inhibited TBARS elevation as well as mucus content, T-GSH and NP-SH reduction. Enzymatic activities of SOD and CAT were brought back to their normal levels in GS pretreated group. A significant reduction in DNA, RNA and TP levels was seen following AA administration and this inhibition was significantly eliminated by GS treatment. GS pretreatment also inhibited AA-induced elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, PGE2 and NO levels in colon. The apparent UC protection was further confirmed by the histopathological screening. Conclusion The GS leaves extract showed significant amelioration of experimentally induced colitis, which may be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant property.
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Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Gymnema sylvestre: an important medicinal plant. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:830285. [PMID: 24511547 PMCID: PMC3912882 DOI: 10.1155/2014/830285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae), popularly known as “gurmar” for its distinct property as sugar destroyer, is a reputed herb in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The phytoconstituents responsible for sweet suppression activity includes triterpene saponins known as gymnemic acids, gymnemasaponins, and a polypeptide, gurmarin. The herb exhibits a broad range of therapeutic effects as an effective natural remedy for diabetes, besides being used for arthritis, diuretic, anemia, osteoporosis, hypercholesterolemia, cardiopathy, asthma, constipation, microbial infections, indigestion, and anti-inflammatory. G. sylvestre has good prospects in the treatment of diabetes as it shows positive effects on blood sugar homeostasis, controls sugar cravings, and promotes regeneration of pancreas. The herbal extract is used in dietary supplements since it reduces body weight, blood cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and holds great prospects in dietary as well as pharmacological applications. This review explores the transition of a traditional therapeutic to a modern contemporary medication with an overview of phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the herb and its phytoconstituents.
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Di Fabio G, Romanucci V, Zarrelli M, Giordano M, Zarrelli A. C-4 gem-dimethylated oleanes of Gymnema sylvestre and their pharmacological activities. Molecules 2013; 18:14892-919. [PMID: 24304585 PMCID: PMC6269971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre R. Br., one of the most important medicinal plants of the Asclepiadaceae family, is a herb distributed throughout the World, predominantly in tropical countries. The plant, widely used for the treatment of diabetes and as a diuretic in Indian proprietary medicines, possesses beneficial digestive, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and anti-helmentic effects. Furthermore, it is believed to be useful in the treatment of dyspepsia, constipation, jaundice, hemorrhoids, cardiopathy, asthma, bronchitis and leucoderma. A literature survey revealed that some other notable pharmacological activities of the plant such as anti-obesity, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties have been proven too. This paper aims to summarize the chemical and pharmacological reports on a large group of C-4 gem-dimethylated pentacyclic triterpenoids from Gymnema sylvestre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy; E-Mails: (G.D.F.); (V.R.)
| | - Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy; E-Mails: (G.D.F.); (V.R.)
| | - Mauro Zarrelli
- IMCB-Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials CNR–National Research Council P E Fermi, (Granatello) Portici, Napoli 80055, Italy; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Michele Giordano
- IMCB-Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials CNR–National Research Council P E Fermi, (Granatello) Portici, Napoli 80055, Italy; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy; E-Mails: (G.D.F.); (V.R.)
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Biolarvicidal compound gymnemagenol isolated from leaf extract of miracle fruit plant, Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) Schult against malaria and filariasis vectors. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1373-86. [PMID: 21537987 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the fact that the application of synthetic larvicide has envenomed the surroundings as well as non-target organisms, natural products of plant origin with insecticidal properties have been tried as an indigenous method for the control of a variety of insect pests and vectors in the recent past. Insecticides of plant origin have been extensively used on agricultural pests and, to a very limited extent, against insect vectors of public health importance, which deserve careful and thorough screening. The use of plant extracts for insect control has several appealing features as these are generally more biodegradable, less hazardous and a rich storehouse of chemicals of diverse biological activities. Moreover, herbal sources give a lead for discovering new insecticides. Therefore, biologically active plant materials have attracted considerable interest in mosquito control study in recent times. The crude leaf extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) Schult (Asclepiadaceae) and purified gymnemagenol compound were studied against the early fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). In the present study, bioassay-guided fractionation of petroleum ether leaf extract of G. sylvestre led to the separation and identification of gymnemagenol as a potential new antiparasitic compound. Phytochemical analysis of G. sylvestre leaves revealed the presence of active constituents such as carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, flavonoids and tannins. However, cardiac glycosides and phlobatannins are absent in the plant extracts. Quantitative analysis results suggested that saponin (5%) was present in a high concentration followed by tannins (1.0%). The 50 g powder was loaded on silica gel column and eluted with chloroform-methanol-water as eluents. From that, 16 mg pure saponin compound was isolated and analysed by thin layer chromatography using chloroform and methanol as the solvent systems. The structure of the purified triterpenoid fraction was established from infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), (13)C NMR and mass spectral data. The carbon skeleton of the compound was obtained by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shift assignments obtained for gymnemagenol from (1)H NMR correspond to the molecular formula C(30)H(50)O(4). The compound was identified as 3β, 16β, 28, 29-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene (gymnemagenol sapogenin). Parasite larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of purified compound gymnemagenol for 24 h. The results suggested that the larval mortality effects of the compound were 28%, 69%, 100% and 31%, 63%, 100% at 6, 12 and 24 h against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. In the present study, the per cent mortality were 100, 86, 67, 36, 21 and 100, 78, 59, 38 and 19 observed in the concentrations of 1,000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.75 ppm against the fourth-instar larvae of A. subpitcus and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The purified compound gymnemagenol was tested in concentrations of 80, 40, 20, 10 and 5 ppm, and the per cent mortality were 100, 72, 53, 30 and 15 against A. subpitcus and 100, 89, 61, 42 and 30 against C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The larvicidal crude leaf extract of G. sylvestre showed the highest mortality in the concentration of 1,000 ppm against the larvae of A. subpictus (LC(50) = 166.28 ppm, r (2) = 0.807) and against the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50) = 186.55 ppm, r (2) = 0.884), respectively. The maximum efficacy was observed in gymnemagenol compound with LC(50) and r (2) values against the larvae of A. subpictus (22.99 ppm, 0.922) and against C. quinquefasciatus (15.92 ppm, 0.854), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay.
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Leach MJ. Gymnema sylvestre for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 13:977-83. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2006.6387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Leach
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace Adelaide, South Australia
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