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Lüddecke T, Paas A, Harris RJ, Talmann L, Kirchhoff KN, Billion A, Hardes K, Steinbrink A, Gerlach D, Fry BG, Vilcinskas A. Venom biotechnology: casting light on nature's deadliest weapons using synthetic biology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1166601. [PMID: 37207126 PMCID: PMC10188951 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1166601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms are complex chemical arsenals that have evolved independently many times in the animal kingdom. Venoms have attracted the interest of researchers because they are an important innovation that has contributed greatly to the evolutionary success of many animals, and their medical relevance offers significant potential for drug discovery. During the last decade, venom research has been revolutionized by the application of systems biology, giving rise to a novel field known as venomics. More recently, biotechnology has also made an increasing impact in this field. Its methods provide the means to disentangle and study venom systems across all levels of biological organization and, given their tremendous impact on the life sciences, these pivotal tools greatly facilitate the coherent understanding of venom system organization, development, biochemistry, and therapeutic activity. Even so, we lack a comprehensive overview of major advances achieved by applying biotechnology to venom systems. This review therefore considers the methods, insights, and potential future developments of biotechnological applications in the field of venom research. We follow the levels of biological organization and structure, starting with the methods used to study the genomic blueprint and genetic machinery of venoms, followed gene products and their functional phenotypes. We argue that biotechnology can answer some of the most urgent questions in venom research, particularly when multiple approaches are combined together, and with other venomics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lüddecke
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tim Lüddecke,
| | - Anne Paas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard J. Harris
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lea Talmann
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Kim N. Kirchhoff
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - André Billion
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kornelia Hardes
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “ASCRIBE”, Giessen, Germany
| | - Antje Steinbrink
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Doreen Gerlach
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bryan G. Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Guo Y, Goodman CL, Stanley DW, Bonning BC. Cell Lines for Honey Bee Virus Research. Viruses 2020; 12:E236. [PMID: 32093360 PMCID: PMC7077248 DOI: 10.3390/v12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With ongoing colony losses driven in part by the Varroa mite and the associated exacerbation of the virus load, there is an urgent need to protect honey bees (Apis mellifera) from fatal levels of virus infection and from the non-target effects of insecticides used in agricultural settings. A continuously replicating cell line derived from the honey bee would provide a valuable tool for the study of molecular mechanisms of virus-host interaction, for the screening of antiviral agents for potential use within the hive, and for the assessment of the risk of current and candidate insecticides to the honey bee. However, the establishment of a continuously replicating honey bee cell line has proved challenging. Here, we provide an overview of attempts to establish primary and continuously replicating hymenopteran cell lines, methods (including recent results) of establishing honey bee cell lines, challenges associated with the presence of latent viruses (especially Deformed wing virus) in established cell lines and methods to establish virus-free cell lines. We also describe the potential use of honey bee cell lines in conjunction with infectious clones of honey bee viruses for examination of fundamental virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Guo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Cynthia L. Goodman
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65203, USA; (C.L.G.); (D.W.S.)
| | - David W. Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65203, USA; (C.L.G.); (D.W.S.)
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Aili SR, Touchard A, Escoubas P, Padula MP, Orivel J, Dejean A, Nicholson GM. Diversity of peptide toxins from stinging ant venoms. Toxicon 2014; 92:166-78. [PMID: 25448389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) represent a taxonomically diverse group of arthropods comprising nearly 13,000 extant species. Sixteen ant subfamilies have individuals that possess a stinger and use their venom for purposes such as a defence against predators, competitors and microbial pathogens, for predation, as well as for social communication. They exhibit a range of activities including antimicrobial, haemolytic, cytolytic, paralytic, insecticidal and pain-producing pharmacologies. While ant venoms are known to be rich in alkaloids and hydrocarbons, ant venoms rich in peptides are becoming more common, yet remain understudied. Recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques have begun to reveal the true complexity of ant venom peptide composition. In the few venoms explored thus far, most peptide toxins appear to occur as small polycationic linear toxins, with antibacterial properties and insecticidal activity. Unlike other venomous animals, a number of ant venoms also contain a range of homodimeric and heterodimeric peptides with one or two interchain disulfide bonds possessing pore-forming, allergenic and paralytic actions. However, ant venoms seem to have only a small number of monomeric disulfide-linked peptides. The present review details the structure and pharmacology of known ant venom peptide toxins and their potential as a source of novel bioinsecticides and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira R Aili
- Neurotoxin Research Group, School of Medical & Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Axel Touchard
- CNRS, UMR Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 316, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Escoubas
- VenomeTech, 473 Route des Dolines - Villa 3, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Matthew P Padula
- Neurotoxin Research Group, School of Medical & Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jérôme Orivel
- CNRS, UMR Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 316, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Alain Dejean
- CNRS, UMR Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 316, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France; Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Graham M Nicholson
- Neurotoxin Research Group, School of Medical & Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Paes-De-Oliveira VT, Berger B, Poiani SB, Paulino Simões ZL, Da Cruz-Landim C. Effects of treatment of the fat body trophocytes ofMelipona quadrifasciata anthidioidesnurse workers and virgin queens in culture by juvenile hormone III and ecdysterone (20-HE). Microsc Res Tech 2012; 76:20-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Silva LM, Lages CP, Venuto T, Lima RM, Diniz MV, Valentim CLL, Baba EH, Pimenta PFP, Fortes-Dias CL. Primary culture of venom glands from the Brazilian armed spider, Phoneutria nigriventer (Araneae, Ctenidae). Toxicon 2008; 51:428-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pan J, Hink WF. Isolation and characterization of myrmexins, six isoforms of venom proteins with anti-inflammatory activity from the tropical ant, Pseudomyrmex triplarinus. Toxicon 2000; 38:1403-13. [PMID: 10758275 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Venom from the tropical ant, Pseudomyrmex triplarinus, has anti-inflammatory properties demonstrated by the carrageenin-induced edema animal mode. A multi-protein complex that inhibits edema was isolated from the venom and was further characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and amino acid sequencing. Although the complex exhibited a single band in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, six proteins (isoforms) were resolved and purified to homogeneity and were designated myrmexin I-VI. They have very similar molecular masses between 6998 and 7142 Da. Each myrmexin is a heterodimer consisting of a small subunit (SS1 or SS2 or SS3) disulfide-linked to a larger, quite structurally unrelated subunit (LS1 or LS2). Thus, the myrmexin complex consists of six isoforms of venom proteins: myrmexin I (SS1/LS2), myrmexin II (SS1/LS1), myrmexin III (SS2/LS2), myrmexin IV (SS3/LS2), myrmexin V (SS2/LS1), myrmexin VI (SS3/LS1). Subunit SS1 is highly homologous to SS2 (96% of identity) and SS3 (87% of identity) and LS1 is highly homologous to LS2 (79% of identity). Our study suggests that myrmexins may represent a new class of anti-inflammatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1019, USA
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Nishino H, Mitsuhashi J. Effects of some mammalian growth-promoting substances on insect cell cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1995; 31:822-3. [PMID: 8826083 DOI: 10.1007/bf02634563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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WAHRMAN MIRYAMZ, ZHU SUTIAN. Haploid and diploid cell cultures from a haplo-diploid insect. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1993.9672336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hink WF, Romstedt KJ, Burke JW, Doskotch RW, Feller DR. Inhibition of human platelet aggregation and secretion by ant venom and a compound isolated from venom. Inflammation 1989; 13:175-84. [PMID: 2503443 DOI: 10.1007/bf00924788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Venom from the tropical ant, Pseudomyrmex triplarinus, has activity against rheumatoid arthritis. Since platelets are involved in inflammatory responses, they were employed to study the effects of venom on prostaglandin-dependent human platelet aggregation and secretion. The assay is very sensitive and uses microliter volumes, which makes it useful as a screen during isolation and characterization of venom components. Whole venom inhibited arachidonic acid- and U46619-induced platelet aggregation with IC50s of 45 and 39 micrograms/ml, respectively. This suggested that venom prevented the action of prostaglandins. Pure venom was fractionated by gel filtration and at least three materials with antiplatelet activity were detected. The smallest component (factor F) was most active and was purified by additional molecular filtration and characterized by UV absorbance, thin-layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and activity to platelets. Factor F was identified as adenosine, which is known to stimulate platelet adenylate cyclase and has not been previously reported to be a component of insect venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Hink
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Lynn DE, Hung ACF. Development of a continuous cell line from the insect egg parasitoid,Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02623443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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