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Choi SW, Sun AK, Cheung JPY, Ho JCY. Circulating Tumour Cells in the Prediction of Bone Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:252. [PMID: 38254743 PMCID: PMC10813668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is the most common organ for the development of metastases in many primary tumours, including those of the breast, prostate and lung. In most cases, bone metastasis is incurable, and treatment is predominantly palliative. Much research has focused on the role of Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) in the mechanism of metastasis to the bone, and methods have been developed to isolate and count CTCs from peripheral blood. Several methods are currently being used in the study of CTCs, but only one, the CellSearchTM system has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. This review summarises the advantages and disadvantages, and outlines which clinical studies have used these methods. Studies have found that CTC numbers are predictive of bone metastasis in breast, prostate and lung cancer. Further work is required to incorporate information on CTCs into current staging systems to guide treatment in the prevention of tumour progression into bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Wai Choi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Tramatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aria Kaiyuan Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (A.K.S.); (J.C.-Y.H.)
| | - Jason Pui-Yin Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Tramatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jemmi Ching-Ying Ho
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (A.K.S.); (J.C.-Y.H.)
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Osteoclastic activity in chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma-related bone destruction. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2021; 135:879-882. [PMID: 34348812 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215121002103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesteatoma-related bone destruction is the cause of many complications due to chronic otitis media. This study aimed to evaluate osteoclastic activity in cholesteatoma-related bone destruction using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, an enzyme specific to osteoclastic activity. METHOD Seventy-two patients diagnosed with chronic otitis media were included in this study and were divided into two groups: with and without bone destruction. The blood serum and tissue tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b levels from both groups were compared. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the level of serum enzymes between both groups. However, in tissue samples, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b levels were significantly lower in the bone destruction group than the group without bone destruction. CONCLUSION This study determined that the level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, a specific enzyme for osteoclastic activity in cholesteatoma-related bone destruction, is locally decreased. This data suggests that osteoclastic activity may decrease in cholesteatoma-related bone destruction. However, further experimental and clinical studies are required to clarify this highly complex mechanism.
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Iuliani M, Simonetti S, Ribelli G, Napolitano A, Pantano F, Vincenzi B, Tonini G, Santini D. Current and Emerging Biomarkers Predicting Bone Metastasis Development. Front Oncol 2020; 10:789. [PMID: 32582538 PMCID: PMC7283490 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the preferential sites of distant metastases from malignant tumors, with the highest prevalence observed in breast and prostate cancers. Patients with bone metastases (BMs) may experience skeletal-related events, such as severe bone pain, pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, and hypercalcemia, with negative effects on the quality of life. In the last decades, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the BM onset has been gained, leading to the development of bone-targeting agents. So far, most of the research has been focused on the pathophysiology and treatment of BM, with only relatively few studies investigating potential predictors of risk for BM development. The ability to select such "high-risk" patients could allow early identification of those most likely to benefit from interventions to prevent or delay BM. This review summarizes several evidences for the potential use of specific biomarkers able to predict early the BM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iuliani
- Medical Oncology, Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Simonetti
- Medical Oncology, Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ribelli
- Medical Oncology, Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Bruno Vincenzi
- Medical Oncology, Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Medical Oncology, Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Medical Oncology, Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Reithmeier A, Norgård M, Ek-Rylander B, Näreoja T, Andersson G. Cathepsin K regulates localization and secretion of Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) in TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:15. [PMID: 32188406 PMCID: PMC7081696 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tartrate–resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ ACP5) belongs to the binuclear metallophosphatase family and is present in two isoforms. The primary translation product is an uncleaved TRAP 5a isoform with low phosphatase activity. TRAP 5a can be post-translationally processed to a cleaved TRAP 5b isoform with high phosphatase activity by e.g. cysteine proteinases, such as Cathepsin K (CtsK). The relevance of the phosphatase activity of TRAP 5b has been demonstrated for proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells. TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells displayed higher levels of TRAP 5a and efficient processing of TRAP 5a to TRAP 5b protein, but no changes in levels of CtsK when compared to mock-transfected cells. In TRAP-overexpressing cells colocalization of TRAP 5a and proCtsK was augmented, providing a plausible mechanism for generation of TRAP 5b. CtsK expression has been associated with cancer progression and has been pharmacologically targeted in several clinical studies. Results In the current study, CtsK inhibition with MK-0822/Odanacatib did not abrogate the formation of TRAP 5b, but reversibly increased the intracellular levels of a N-terminal fragment of TRAP 5b and reduced secretion of TRAP 5a reversibly. However, MK-0822 treatment neither altered intracellular TRAP activity nor TRAP-dependent cell migration, suggesting involvement of additional proteases in proteolytic processing of TRAP 5a. Notwithstanding, CtsK was shown to be colocalized with TRAP and to be involved in the regulation of secretion of TRAP 5a in a breast cancer cell line, while it still was not essential for processing of TRAP 5a to TRAP 5b isoform. Conclusion In cancer cells multiple proteases are involved in cleaving TRAP 5a to high-activity phosphatase TRAP 5b. However, CtsK-inhibiting treatment was able to reduce secretion TRAP 5a from TRAP-overexpressing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Reithmeier
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Present Address: Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 171 65, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Maria Norgård
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbro Ek-Rylander
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Andersson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
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Urakawa H, Ando Y, Hase T, Kikumori T, Arai E, Maeda O, Mitsuma A, Sugishita M, Shimokata T, Ikuta K, Ishiguro N, Nishida Y. Clinical value of serum bone resorption markers for predicting clinical outcomes after use of bone modifying agents in metastatic bone tumors: A prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:3504-3515. [PMID: 31846063 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone modifying agents (BMAs) have become a standard treatment to prevent skeletal-related events (SREs) in bone metastases (BMs). The aim of our study is to determine the clinical value of serum bone resorption markers for predicting clinical outcomes after using BMAs in patients with BM. Patients were enrolled between May 2013 and October 2017 at the Nagoya University Hospital, Japan. We prospectively observed changes in pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) during treatment with BMAs. The relationship between serum markers before and after treatment and clinical outcomes such as progression of bone disease (BD), SREs and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Pearson chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier product limit methods were used for analysis. Sixty-seven patients were analyzed. The primary tumor sites were 21 lung, 16 breast and 30 others. Forty and 27 patients were treated with Denosumab and Zoledronic acid, respectively. Progression of BDs, SREs and death were observed in 10, 16 and 31 cases, respectively. The median follow-up period after using BMAs was 12.3 (range 0.3-66.3) months. ICTP at 3-4 weeks was significantly correlated with increasing BD progression, SREs and death after treatment in both the whole and lung cancer cohorts. Base line ICTP and TRACP-5b were also associated with increasing BD progression in the whole cohort. Our study showed that early posttreatment ICTP is useful for predicting BD progression, SREs and OS after use of BMAs in patients with BM and even in patients with lung cancer BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Urakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology and Chemotherapy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ando
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Chemotherapy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Hase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyone Kikumori
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eisuke Arai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Osamu Maeda
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Chemotherapy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayako Mitsuma
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Chemotherapy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mihoko Sugishita
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Chemotherapy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Shimokata
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Chemotherapy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ikuta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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Reithmeier A, Lundbäck T, Haraldsson M, Frank M, Ek-Rylander B, Nyholm PG, Gustavsson AL, Andersson G. Identification of inhibitors of Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ACP5) activity by small-molecule screening. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1255-1271. [PMID: 29500863 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ACP5) occurs as two isoforms-TRAP 5a with low enzymatic activity due to a loop interacting with the active site and the more active TRAP isoform 5b generated upon proteolytic cleavage of this loop. TRAP has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer. Thus, this study set out to identify small-molecule inhibitors of TRAP activity. A microplate-based enzymatic assay for TRAP 5b was applied in a screen of 30,315 compounds, resulting in the identification of 90 primary hits. After removal of promiscuous compounds, unwanted groups, and false positives by orthogonal assays and three-concentration validation, the properties of 52 compounds were further investigated to better understand their mechanism of action. Full-concentration-response curves for these compounds were established under different enzyme concentrations and (pre)incubation times to remove compounds with inconsistent results and low potencies. Full-concentration-response curves were also performed for both isoforms, to examine isoform prevalence. Filtering led to six prioritized compounds, representing different clusters. One of these, CBK289001 or (6S)-6-[3-(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-N-(propan-2-yl)-1H,4H,5H,6H,7H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carboxamide, demonstrated efficacy in a migration assay and IC50 values from 4 to 125 μm. Molecular docking studies and analog testing were performed around CBK289001 to provide openings for further improvement toward more potent blockers of TRAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Reithmeier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), H5, Division of Pathology, F46, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Haraldsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Barbro Ek-Rylander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), H5, Division of Pathology, F46, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna-Lena Gustavsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), H5, Division of Pathology, F46, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Reithmeier A, Panizza E, Krumpel M, Orre LM, Branca RMM, Lehtiö J, Ek-Rylander B, Andersson G. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ACP5) promotes metastasis-related properties via TGFβ2/TβR and CD44 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:650. [PMID: 28915803 PMCID: PMC5602878 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ACP5), a metalloenzyme that is characteristic for its expression in activated osteoclasts and in macrophages, has recently gained considerable focus as a driver of metastasis and was associated with clinically relevant parameters of cancer progression and cancer aggressiveness. METHODS MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with different TRAP expression levels (overexpression and knockdown) were generated and characterized for protein expression and activity levels. Functional cell experiments, such as proliferation, migration and invasion assays were performed as well as global phosphoproteomic and proteomic analysis was conducted to connect molecular perturbations to the phenotypic changes. RESULTS We identified an association between metastasis-related properties of TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and a TRAP-dependent regulation of Transforming growth factor (TGFβ) pathway proteins and Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44). Overexpression of TRAP increased anchorage-independent and anchorage-dependent cell growth and proliferation, induced a more elongated cellular morphology and promoted cell migration and invasion. Migration was increased in the presence of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins osteopontin and fibronectin and the basement membrane proteins collagen IV and laminin I. TRAP-induced properties were reverted upon shRNA-mediated knockdown of TRAP or treatment with the small molecule TRAP inhibitor 5-PNA. Global phosphoproteomics and proteomics analyses identified possible substrates of TRAP phosphatase activity or signaling intermediates and outlined a TRAP-dependent regulation of proteins involved in cell adhesion and ECM organization. Upregulation of TGFβ isoform 2 (TGFβ2), TGFβ receptor type 1 (TβR1) and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2), as well as increased intracellular phosphorylation of CD44 were identified upon TRAP perturbation. Functional antibody-mediated blocking and chemical inhibition demonstrated that TRAP-dependent migration and proliferation is regulated via TGFβ2/TβR, whereas proliferation beyond basal levels is regulated through CD44. CONCLUSION Altogether, TRAP promotes metastasis-related cell properties in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells via TGFβ2/TβR and CD44, thereby identifying a potential signaling mechanism associated to TRAP action in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Reithmeier
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), H5, Division of Pathology, F46, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Panizza
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology (OnkPat), K7, Research Group Janne Lehtiö, Box 1031, 171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Michael Krumpel
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), H5, Division of Pathology, F46, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas M. Orre
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology (OnkPat), K7, Research Group Janne Lehtiö, Box 1031, 171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Rui M. M. Branca
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology (OnkPat), K7, Research Group Janne Lehtiö, Box 1031, 171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology (OnkPat), K7, Research Group Janne Lehtiö, Box 1031, 171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Barbro Ek-Rylander
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), H5, Division of Pathology, F46, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), H5, Division of Pathology, F46, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Gao YL, Liu MR, Yang SX, Dong YJ, Tan XF. Prognostic significance of ACP5 expression in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2017; 12:1100-1105. [PMID: 28398694 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5), which is essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation, promotes cell motility through the modulation of focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. This study seeks to elucidate the association of ACP5 expression and the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (AD). METHODS The expression of ACP5 was measured by Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis in lung AD and matched tumor-adjacent tissues, and the χ2 test was applied to analyze the correlation between ACP5 expression and clinicopathologic features. Using the Kaplan-Meier method, univariate and multivariate regression analysis was to explore the correlation between ACP5 expression and overall survival (OS). RESULTS We found that ACP5 was frequently upregulated in lung AD tissues. The high expression of ACP5 was significantly related to lymph node status, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, and differentiation. From the results of univariate survival analysis, it indicated that the patients with high expression of ACP5 expression had a significantly lower OS than the patients with low expression of ACP5 expression. As it showed in Multivariate Cox regression analysis, the high expression of ACP5 expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that high expression of ACP5 correlates with tumor progression and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in lung AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Gao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Mei-Rong Liu
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Shu-Xiang Yang
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Yu-Jin Dong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, 255020, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, China
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Krumpel M, Reithmeier A, Senge T, Baeumler TA, Frank M, Nyholm PG, Ek-Rylander B, Andersson G. The small chemical enzyme inhibitor 5-phenylnicotinic acid/CD13 inhibits cell migration and invasion of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase/ACP5-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:154-62. [PMID: 26428664 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ACP5/uteroferrin/purple acid phosphatase/PP5) has received considerable attention as a newly discovered proinvasion metastasis driver associated with different malignancies. This renders TRAP an interesting target for novel anti-cancer therapy approaches. TRAP exists as two isoforms, 5a and 5b, where the 5a isoform represents an enzymatically less active monomeric precursor to the more enzymatically active 5b isoform generated by proteolytic excision of a repressive loop domain. Recently, three novel lead compounds were identified by fragment-based screening and demonstrated to be efficient TRAP enzyme inhibitors in vitro. We conclude that one of the three compounds i.e. 5-phenylnicotinic acid (CD13) was efficient as a TRAP inhibitor with Kic values in the low micromolar range towards the TRAP 5b isoform, but was not able to inhibit the TRAP 5a isoform. Structure-based docking revealed similar interactions of CD13 with the active site in both TRAP isoforms. In stably TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, CD13 inhibited intracellular TRAP activity and showed no cytotoxicity at 200 µM. Furthermore, CD13 selectively blocked the TRAP 5b isoform compared to the TRAP 5a in cultured cells, indicating the usefulness of CD13 for assessing the different biological functions of the two TRAP isoforms 5a and 5b in cell systems. Moreover, inhibition of cell migration and invasion of stably TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 by CD13 was observed. These data establish a proof of principle that a small chemical inhibitor of the TRAP enzyme can block TRAP-dependent functions in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krumpel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anja Reithmeier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Teresa Senge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Toni Andreas Baeumler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martin Frank
- Biognos AB, PO Box 8963, SE-402 74 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Barbro Ek-Rylander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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ACP5, a direct transcriptional target of FoxM1, promotes tumor metastasis and indicates poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:1395-406. [PMID: 23604121 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5), which is essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation, promotes cell motility through the modulation of focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. However, whether ACP5 contributes to the metastasis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. In this paper, a complementary DNA microarray, serial deletion, site-directed mutagenesis and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that ACP5 is a direct transcriptional target of Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1). ACP5 expression was markedly higher in HCC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. ACP5 overexpression was correlated with microvascular invasion, poor differentiation and higher tumor-node-metastasis stage. HCC patients with positive ACP5 expression had poorer prognoses than those with negative ACP5 expression. A multivariate analysis revealed that ACP5 expression was an independent and significant risk factor for disease recurrence and reduced-patient survival following curative resection. Transwell assays and an orthotopic metastatic model showed that the upregulation of ACP5 promoted HCC invasion and lung metastasis, whereas ACP5 knockdown inhibited these processes. The knockdown of ACP5 significantly attenuated FoxM1-enhanced invasion and lung metastasis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that ACP5 expression was positively correlated with FoxM1 expression in human HCC tissues, and their coexpression was associated with poor prognoses. In summary, ACP5 is a direct transcriptional and functional target of FoxM1. This novel FoxM1/ACP5 signaling pathway promotes HCC metastasis and may be a candidate biomarker for prognosis and a target for new therapies.
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11
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Scott KL, Nogueira C, Heffernan TP, van Doorn R, Dhakal S, Hanna JA, Min C, Jaskelioff M, Xiao Y, Wu CJ, Cameron LA, Perry SR, Zeid R, Feinberg T, Kim M, Woude GV, Granter SR, Bosenberg M, Chu GC, DePinho RA, Rimm DL, Chin L. Proinvasion metastasis drivers in early-stage melanoma are oncogenes. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:92-103. [PMID: 21741599 PMCID: PMC3176328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and genomic evidence suggests that the metastatic potential of a primary tumor may be dictated by prometastatic events that have additional oncogenic capability. To test this "deterministic" hypothesis, we adopted a comparative oncogenomics-guided function-based strategy involving: (1) comparison of global transcriptomes of two genetically engineered mouse models with contrasting metastatic potential, (2) genomic and transcriptomic profiles of human melanoma, (3) functional genetic screen for enhancers of cell invasion, and (4) evidence of expression selection in human melanoma tissues. This integrated effort identified six genes that are potently proinvasive and oncogenic. Furthermore, we show that one such gene, ACP5, confers spontaneous metastasis in vivo, engages a key pathway governing metastasis, and is prognostic in human primary melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L. Scott
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Nogueira
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, (IPATIMUP)/Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Timothy P. Heffernan
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sabin Dhakal
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason A. Hanna
- Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chengyin Min
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariela Jaskelioff
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yonghong Xiao
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chang-Jiun Wu
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa A. Cameron
- Confocal and Light Microscopy Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel R. Perry
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhamy Zeid
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamar Feinberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Scott R. Granter
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald C. Chu
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronald A. DePinho
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L. Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lynda Chin
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to LC:
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12
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Bone-marker levels in patients with prostate cancer: potential correlations with outcomes. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2011; 4:127-34. [PMID: 20489645 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32833ac6d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The skeleton is typically the first site of metastasis in patients with prostate cancer, and bone metastases can result in severe bone pain and potentially debilitating fractures. Although bone scans are a reliable means of assessing osteoblastic lesions, tools for monitoring early changes in bone health are lacking. Biochemical markers of bone turnover might fulfill this unmet need. RECENT FINDINGS Correlative studies have suggested that bone-marker levels may have utility in assessing disease progression and response to bone-directed therapy. Elevated levels of the markers, N-telopeptide of type I collagen and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, are associated with higher rates of death and skeletal-related events in the bone metastasis setting. Marker levels also correlate with response to zoledronic acid treatment, and similar data with the investigational agent, denosumab, are emerging. SUMMARY Changes in bone-marker levels reflect alterations in skeletal homeostasis and can provide important insights into bone disease progression and response to bone-directed therapy in patients with prostate cancer. More mature data from currently ongoing clinical trials will provide further insight on the utility of marker assessments as an adjunct to established monitoring methods in prostate cancer.
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13
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Consensus on the utility of bone markers in the malignant bone disease setting. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 80:411-32. [PMID: 21411334 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical markers of bone turnover provide insight into ongoing rates of skeletal metabolism and tumor-bone interactions in patients with malignant bone disease. This article reviews the available recent evidence assessing the potential of bone markers for detecting and monitoring malignant bone lesions in patients with advanced cancers, and for assessing overall skeletal health and response to antiresorptive therapies in patients at all stages of cancer progression. Most data thus far are for urinary N-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) in predicting risks of skeletal morbidity and death and monitoring response to zoledronic acid in patients with bone metastases. Ongoing studies are evaluating such correlations for other markers and therapies. Emerging evidence suggests that bone markers may help identify patients at high risk for bone metastasis or bone lesion progression, thereby allowing improved follow-up. Results from ongoing clinical trials evaluating such potential applications of bone markers are awaited.
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14
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Saad F, Eastham JA, Smith MR. Biochemical markers of bone turnover and clinical outcomes in men with prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2010; 30:369-78. [PMID: 21163673 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Disrupted skeletal homeostasis is common in patients with prostate cancer. Low bone density is common at diagnosis, and fracture risk is further elevated by the effects of androgen-deprivation therapy. Later in the disease course, bone metastases can result in skeletal morbidity. Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels can provide important insights into overall disease progression, convenient, noninvasive tools for monitoring skeletal health are lacking. Biochemical markers released into serum and urine as a result of bone turnover might fulfill this unmet need. The objectives of this article are to assess current evidence examining the potential utility of bone turnover markers for monitoring skeletal health, bone disease progression, and response to antiresorptive therapies in the prostate cancer setting. METHODS Published articles and abstracts from major oncology or urology congresses pertaining to the use of bone turnover markers to monitor skeletal health and disease progression were identified and assessed for relevance and methodologic stringency. RESULTS Several randomized trials and correlative studies support the utility of bone marker level changes to assess disease progression in the metastatic setting, bone health during hormonal therapy, and response to bisphosphonate therapy. The available data support potential associations between levels of the collagen type I telopeptides (NTX and CTX) and the severity of metastatic bone disease as well as outcomes during antiresorptive therapy. Evidence linking bone marker level changes with early diagnosis of skeletal metastases is emerging. Although several markers have shown promising results in correlative studies, results from ongoing prospective trials are needed to establish the role of bone markers in this setting. CONCLUSIONS Bone marker levels reflect ongoing skeletal metabolism and can provide important insights into bone health and response to bisphosphonate therapy in patients with prostate cancer. The data supporting a role for bone markers to monitor skeletal disease progression and response to zoledronic acid therapy are especially strong. Bone marker assessments may complement established diagnostic and monitoring paradigms in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Saad
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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15
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Chao TY, Wu YY, Janckila AJ. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRACP 5b) as a serum maker for cancer with bone metastasis. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1553-64. [PMID: 20599857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Zenger S, He W, Ek-Rylander B, Vassiliou D, Wedin R, Bauer H, Andersson G. Differential expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoforms 5a and 5b by tumor and stromal cells in human metastatic bone disease. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 28:65-73. [PMID: 20967488 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) exists in human serum as two major isoforms, monomeric 5a and proteolytically processed enzymatically active 5b. The 5b isoform is secreted by osteoclasts and has recently been advocated as a serum marker for bone metastasis in breast cancer patients. The 5a isoform, on the other hand, is not bone-derived and has been proposed to be a marker of activated macrophages and chronic inflammation. In this study, expression of TRAP protein and enzymatic activity in bone metastases from different primary sites was examined. TRAP activity was high in bone metastases from prostate cancer, intermediate in breast cancer, and low in lung and kidney cancers. The partially purified TRAP from breast cancer bone metastasis samples exhibited the enzymatic characteristics of purple acid phosphatase. Both 5a and 5b isoforms were expressed in bone metastases of different histogenetic origins, i.e. prostate, breast, lung and kidney, and also a novel previously unreported 42 kDa variant of the TRAP 5a isoform was identified in bone metastases. This novel TRAP 5a isoform was absent in human bone, indicating that the 42 kDa variant is specific to metastatic cancer tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed that metastatic cancer cells were the predominant source of TRAP 5a, whereas tumor-associated macrophages and occasionally multinucleated giant cells in the tumor stroma preferentially expressed the proteolytically processed TRAP 5b variant. Our results indicate the presence of a previously unstudied variant of monomeric TRAP 5a in cancer cells, which may have functional and diagnostic implications. Moreover, the presence of TRAP-positive macrophages in bone metastases could, together with cancer cells and osteoclasts, contribute to the elevated levels of serum TRAP activity observed in patients with bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhan Zenger
- Division of Pathology F 46, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.
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17
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Endo-Munoz L, Cumming A, Rickwood D, Wilson D, Cueva C, Ng C, Strutton G, Cassady AI, Evdokiou A, Sommerville S, Dickinson I, Guminski A, Saunders NA. Loss of osteoclasts contributes to development of osteosarcoma pulmonary metastases. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7063-72. [PMID: 20823153 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a transcriptomic screen of osteosarcoma (OS) biopsies and found that expression of osteoclast-specific tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5/TRAP) is significantly downregulated in OS compared with nonmalignant bone (P < 0.0001). Moreover, lesions from OS patients with pulmonary metastases had 2-fold less ACP5/TRAP expression (P < 0.018) than lesions from patients without metastases. In addition, we found a direct correlation (P = 0.0166) between ACP5/TRAP expression and time to metastasis. Therefore, we examined whether metastasis-competent (MC) OS cells could induce loss of ACP5(+) osteoclasts and contribute to metastasis. We found that MC OS cell lines can inhibit osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In addition, osteoclasts can inhibit the migration of MC OS cells in vitro. Finally, ablation of osteoclasts with zoledronic acid increases the number of metastatic lung lesions in an orthotopic OS model, whereas fulvestrant treatment increases osteoclast numbers and reduces metastatic lesions. These data indicate that the metastatic potential of OS is determined early in tumor development and that loss of osteoclasts in the primary lesion enhances OS metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Endo-Munoz
- The University of Queensland, Level 4, R Wing, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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18
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Abstract
Bone mineral density is considered to be the standard measure for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and the assessment of fracture risk. The majority of fragility fractures occur in patients with bone mineral density in the osteopenic range. The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) can be used as an assessment modality for the prediction of fractures on the basis of clinical risk factors, with or without the use of femoral neck bone mineral density. Treatment of osteoporosis should be considered for patients with low bone mineral density (a T-score of between -1.0 and -2.5) as well as a ten-year risk of hip fracture of > or = 3% or a ten-year risk of a major osteoporosis-related fracture of > or = 20% as assessed with the FRAX. Biochemical bone markers are useful for monitoring the efficacy of antiresorptive or anabolic therapy and may aid in identifying patients who have a high risk of fracture. An approach combining the assessment of bone mineral density, clinical risk factors for fracture with use of the FRAX, and bone turnover markers will improve the prediction of fracture risk and enhance the evaluation of patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasis Unnanuntana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for A. Unnanuntana:
| | - Brian P. Gladnick
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Mineralized Tissues Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021
| | - Joseph M. Lane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for A. Unnanuntana:
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19
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Janckila AJ, Yam LT. Biology and clinical significance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases: new perspectives on an old enzyme. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 85:465-83. [PMID: 19915788 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-009-9309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 5 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) has been a clinically relevant biomarker for about 50 years. It has always been a reliable and specific cytochemical marker for hairy cell leukemia and for differentiated cells of monocytic lineage. Only recently has the test for serum TRAP activity been accepted as sensitive and specific enough for clinical use as a marker of osteoclasts and bone resorption. This has come about through steady advances in knowledge about TRAP enzymology, structure, function, and molecular regulation and a consequent appreciation that TRAP isoforms 5a and 5b have very different clinical significance. As a measure of osteoclast number and bone resorption, TRAP 5b has diagnostic and prognostic applications in osteoporosis, cancers with bone metastasis, chronic renal failure, and perhaps other metabolic and pathologic bone diseases. Serum TRAP 5a, on the other hand, has no relationship to bone metabolism but seems instead to be a measure of activated macrophages and chronic inflammation. Exploration of the real clinical usefulness of serum TRAP 5a for diagnosis and disease management in a wide variety of chronic inflammatory diseases is only now beginning. This perspective traces the important basic scientific developments that have led up to the refinement of serum TRAP isoform immunoassays and their validation as biomarkers of disease. Many unanswered questions remain, providing a wealth of opportunity for continued research of this multifaceted enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Janckila
- Special Hematology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 800 Zorn Ave., Louisville, KY 40206, USA.
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20
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Hald A, Hansen RR, Thomsen MW, Ding M, Croucher PI, Gallagher O, Ebetino FH, Kassem M, Heegaard AM. Cancer-induced bone loss and associated pain-related behavior is reduced by risedronate but not its phosphonocarboxylate analog NE-10790. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1177-85. [PMID: 19444917 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prostate, breast and lung cancers readily develop bone metastases which lead to fractures, hypercalcemia and pain. Malignant growth in the bones depends on osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and in this regard bisphosphonate compounds, which have high-bone affinity and inhibit osteoclast activity, have been found to alleviate bone cancer symptoms. In this study, the bisphosphonate risedronate and its phosphonocarboxylate derivative NE-10790 was tested in a murine bone cancer pain model. Risedronate decreased bone cancer-related bone destruction and pain-related behavior and decreased the spinal expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, whereas NE-10790 had no effect on these parameters. Furthermore, risedronate but not NE-10790 induced dose-dependent toxicity in NCTC-2472 cells in vitro. Furthermore, the direct toxic effect of risedronate on tumor cells observed in vitro opens the possibility that a direct toxic effect on tumor cells may also be present in vivo and be related to the efficacy of bisphosphonate compounds. In conclusion, these results suggest that risedronate treatment may lead to an increased life quality, in patient suffering from bone cancer, in terms of decreased osteolysis and pain, and merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hald
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Tankó LB, Karsdal MA, Christiansen C, Leeming DJ. Biochemical approach to the detection and monitoring of metastatic bone disease: What do we know and what questions need answers? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 25:659-68. [PMID: 17160557 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-006-9024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic spread to bones frequently occurs in several types of cancer diseases, in particular breast, prostate, and lung cancer. Infiltration of bone by tumour cells is a source of several complications including severe bone pain, spinal cord compression, hypercalcemia, pathologic fractures, all reducing quality of life and worsening prognosis. Therefore, early recognition of bone metastases is among the highest priorities in the clinical management of cancer disease. Currently, detection and staging relies on radiological imaging techniques (scintigraphy, radiography, computer tomography, etc.). Due to their limited sensitivity and/or inconveniences, irradiation, and considerable costs related to serial use, they are not suited for close monitoring of cancer patients to capture skeletal spread in an early stage or to follow-up on therapeutical responses. Interaction of tumour cells with surrounding bone cells leads to enhanced bone resorption and/or bone formation. These cellular processes result in the release of numerous epitopes that, if detected by immunoassays, can reflect the changes of the rate of bone turnover and the occurrence of metastatic spread to bone. Numerous studies reported elevated levels of bone turnover markers in patients with bone metastases proportionally to the extent of skeletal involvement. Furthermore, preliminary data suggest that biomarkers can predict skeletal-related events (SREs), disease progression, and even cancer-related death. The present review intends to summarize the list of emerged biomarkers, major studies assessing their relative utility for detection of bone metastases in different types of cancer disease, and discuss their potentials for becoming part of screening protocols for improving our success rate in the early detection of metastatic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- László B Tankó
- Center for Clinical and Basic Research A/S, Ballerup byvej 222, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark.
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22
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Abstract
Metastasis of cancer to bone leads to significant alterations in normal bone remodelling that are reflected in changes in bone turnover markers. These markers are classically defined as markers of bone resorption or formation; markers of bone resorption are measures of osteoclastic activity, whereas markers of bone formation are measures of osteoblastic activity. Recently, there has been growing interest in the use of these markers in metastatic bone disease (MBD), and an increasing number of studies have investigated the potential use of these markers in diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression and treatment, and prediction of outcome. In this review, we briefly discuss the biology of bone metastases as well as describe the bone turnover markers and their possible role in aiding clinicians in the treatment of patients with MBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Hannon
- Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, Division of Clinical Sciences (North), University of Sheffield Clinical Sciences Centre, Northern General Hospital, Herries Rd, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK.
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23
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van Gils MPMQ, Stenman UH, Schalken JA, Schröder FH, Luider TM, Lilja H, Bjartell A, Hamdy FC, Pettersson KSI, Bischoff R, Takalo H, Nilsson O, Mulders PFA, Bangma CH. Innovations in serum and urine markers in prostate cancer current European research in the P-Mark project. Eur Urol 2005; 48:1031-41. [PMID: 16054748 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given of serum and urine prostate cancer markers that are currently under investigation and subsequently the P-Mark project is introduced. There are many markers showing promise to overcome the limitations of prostate specific antigen (PSA). Eventually, these markers should be able to increase the specificity in diagnosis, differentiate between harmless and aggressive disease and identify progression towards androgen independence at an early stage. In the P-Mark project, several recently developed, promising markers will be evaluated using clinically well-defined biorepositories. Following successful evaluation, these markers will be validated on a sample set derived from two large, European, prostate cancer studies and used for the identification of special risk groups in the general population. In addition, novel markers will be identified in the same biorepositories by different mass spectrometry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P M Q van Gils
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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