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Naiyer S, Dwivedi L, Singh N, Phulera S, Mohan V, Kamran M. Role of Transcription Factor BEND3 and Its Potential Effect on Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3685. [PMID: 37509346 PMCID: PMC10377563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BEND3 is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression in mammals. While there is limited research on the role of BEND3 as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene and its potential role in cancer therapy is still emerging, several studies suggest that it may be involved in both the processes. Its interaction and regulation with multiple other factors via p21 have already been reported to play a significant role in cancer development, which serves as an indication of its potential role in oncogenesis. Its interaction with chromatin modifiers such as NuRD and NoRC and its role in the recruitment of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) are some of the additional events indicative of its potential role in cancer development. Moreover, a few recent studies indicate BEND3 as a potential target for cancer therapy. Since the specific mechanisms by which BEND3 may contribute to cancer progression are not yet fully elucidated, in this review, we have discussed the possible pathways BEND3 may take to serve as an oncogenic driver or suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naiyer
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lalita Dwivedi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Nishant Singh
- Cell and Gene Therapy Division Absorption System, Exton, PA 19341, USA
| | - Swastik Phulera
- Initium Therapeutics, 22 Strathmore Rd., STE 453, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Vijay Mohan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Kamran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Dorothea M, Xie J, Yiu SPT, Chiang AKS. Contribution of Epstein–Barr Virus Lytic Proteins to Cancer Hallmarks and Implications from Other Oncoviruses. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072120. [PMID: 37046781 PMCID: PMC10093119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent human gamma-herpesvirus that infects the majority of the adult population worldwide and is associated with several lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV displays a biphasic life cycle, namely, latent and lytic replication cycles, expressing a diversity of viral proteins. Among the EBV proteins being expressed during both latent and lytic cycles, the oncogenic roles of EBV lytic proteins are largely uncharacterized. In this review, the established contributions of EBV lytic proteins in tumorigenesis are summarized according to the cancer hallmarks displayed. We further postulate the oncogenic properties of several EBV lytic proteins by comparing the evolutionary conserved oncogenic mechanisms in other herpesviruses and oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dorothea
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Jung SY, Kim D, Park DC, Lee EH, Choi YS, Ryu J, Kim SH, Yeo SG. Immunoglobulins and Transcription Factors in Otitis Media. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063201. [PMID: 33801155 PMCID: PMC8004237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The causes of otitis media (OM) involve bacterial and viral infection, anatomo-physiological abnormalities of the Eustachian canal and nasopharynx, allergic rhinitis, group childcare centers, second-hand smoking, obesity, immaturity and defects of the immune system, formula feeding, sex, race, and age. OM is accompanied by complex and diverse interactions among bacteria, viruses, inflammatory cells, immune cells, and epithelial cells. The present study summarizes the antibodies that contribute to immune reactions in all types of otitis media, including acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, and chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma, as well as the transcription factors that induce the production of these antibodies. The types and distribution of B cells; the functions of B cells, especially in otorhinolaryngology; antibody formation in patients with otitis media; and antibodies and related transcription factors are described. B cells have important functions in host defenses, including antigen recognition, antigen presentation, antibody production, and immunomodulation. The phenotypes of B cells in the ear, nose, and throat, especially in patients with otitis media, were shown to be CD5low, CD23high, CD43low, B220high, sIgMlow, sIgDhigh, Mac-1low, CD80(B7.1)low, CD86(B7.2)low, and Syndecam-1low. Of the five major classes of immunoglobulins produced by B cells, three (IgG, IgA, and IgM) are mainly involved in otitis media. Serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM are lower in patients with OM with effusion (OME) than in subjects without otitis media. Moreover, IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations in the middle ear cavity are increased during immune responses in patients with otitis media. B cell leukemia/lymphoma-6 (Bcl-6) and paired box gene 5 (Pax-5) suppress antibody production, whereas B lymphocyte inducer of maturation program 1 (Blimp-1) and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) promote antibody production during immune responses in patients with otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Young Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang 10475, Korea;
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Dong Choon Park
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Korea;
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (E.H.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Yong-Sung Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (E.H.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Jeewon Ryu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.R.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.R.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.R.); (S.H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-958-8980; Fax: +82-2-958-8470
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Shao S, Cao H, Wang Z, Zhou D, Wu C, Wang S, Xia D, Zhang D. CHD4/NuRD complex regulates complement gene expression and correlates with CD8 T cell infiltration in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:31. [PMID: 32070428 PMCID: PMC7027061 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylation) complex is a repressive complex in gene transcription by modulating chromatin accessibility of target genes to transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. Although individual subunits of the complex have been implicated in many other cancer types, the complex’s role in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not fully understood. More importantly, the NuRD complex has not yet been investigated as a whole in cancers. Methods We analyzed the expression of the NuRD complex in HCC and evaluated the prognostic value of NuRD complex expression in HCC using the RNA-seq data obtained from the TCGA project. We examined the effect of CHD4 knockdown on HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, colony-forming ability, and on complement gene expression. We also performed bioinformatic analyses to investigate the correlation between the NuRD complex expression and immune infiltration. Results We found that nine subunits, out of 14 subunits of the NuRD complex examined, were significantly overexpressed in HCC, and their expression levels were positively correlated with cancer progression. More importantly, our data also demonstrated that these subunits tended to be overexpressed as a whole in HCC. Subsequent studies demonstrated that knockdown of CHD4 in HCC cells inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony-forming ability and promotes apoptosis of HCC cells, indicating that the CHD4/NuRD complex plays oncogenic roles in HCC. Further analysis revealed that the CHD4/NuRD complex regulates complement gene expression in HCC. Intriguingly, we found that the CHD4/NuRD complex expression was inversely correlated with CD8 T cell infiltration in HCC. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that the CHD4/NuRD complex plays an oncogenic role in human HCC and regulates complement gene expression in HCC cells. The results of inverse correlation between the CHD4/NuRD complex and CD8 T cell and DC cell infiltration in HCC suggest that the CHD4/NuRD complex not only plays direct regulatory roles in HCC cells, but also has an impact on the immune microenvironment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Haowei Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhongkun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chaoshen Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dian Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Daoyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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Abstract
Reversible histone acetylation and deacetylation at the N-terminus of histone tails play a crucial role in regulation of gene activity. Hyperacetylation of histones relaxes chromatin structure and is associated with transcriptional activation, whereas hypoacetylation of histones induces chromatin compaction and gene repression. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. Emerging evidences revealed that plant HATs and HDACs play essential roles in regulation of gene expression in plant development and plant responses to environmental stresses. Furthermore, HATs and HDACs were shown to interact with various chromatin-remodeling factors and transcription factors involved in transcriptional regulation of multiple developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - C-W Yu
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Chen
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K Wu
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Phadnis-Moghe AS, Crawford RB, Kaminski NE. Suppression of human B cell activation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin involves altered regulation of B cell lymphoma-6. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:39-50. [PMID: 25543051 PMCID: PMC4349138 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produces marked suppression of the primary humoral immune response in virtually every animal species evaluated thus far. In addition, epidemiological studies performed in areas of dioxin contamination have identified an association between TCDD exposure and an increased incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Recent studies using an in vitro CD40 ligand model of human B cell differentiation have shown that TCDD impairs both B cell activation and differentiation. The present study extends these findings by identifying B cell lymphoma-6 [BCL-6] as a putative cellular target for deregulation by TCDD, which may contribute to suppression of B cell function as well as NHL. BCL-6 is a multifunctional transcriptional repressor frequently mutated in NHLs and known to regulate critical events of B cell activation and differentiation. In the presence of TCDD, BCL-6 protein levels were elevated and concurrently the same population of cells with high BCL-6 levels showed decreased CD80 and CD69 expression indicative of impaired cellular activation. The elevated BCL-6 levels resulted in a concomitant increase in BCL-6 DNA binding activity at its cognate binding site within an enhancer region for CD80. Furthermore, a small molecule inhibitor of BCL-6 activity reversed TCDD-mediated suppression of CD80 expression in human B cells. In the presence of a low-affinity ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), suppression of B cell activation and altered BCL-6 regulation were not observed. These results provide new mechanistic insights into the role of BCL-6 in the suppression of human B cell activation by TCDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini S Phadnis-Moghe
- *Genetics Program, Center for Integrative Toxicology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824 *Genetics Program, Center for Integrative Toxicology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
| | - Robert B Crawford
- *Genetics Program, Center for Integrative Toxicology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824 *Genetics Program, Center for Integrative Toxicology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- *Genetics Program, Center for Integrative Toxicology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824 *Genetics Program, Center for Integrative Toxicology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
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Abstract
The nucleosome remodelling and histone deacetylase (NuRD; also known as Mi-2) complex regulates gene expression at the level of chromatin. The NuRD complex has been identified - using both genetic and molecular analyses - as a key determinant of differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells and during development in various model systems. Similar to other chromatin remodellers, such as SWI/SNF and Polycomb complexes, NuRD has also been implicated in the regulation of transcriptional events that are integral to oncogenesis and cancer progression. Emerging molecular details regarding the recruitment of NuRD to specific loci during development, and the modulation of these events in cancer, are used to illustrate how the inappropriate localization of the complex could contribute to tumour biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y Lai
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina NC 27709, USA.
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Vinuesa CG, Linterman MA, Goodnow CC, Randall KL. T cells and follicular dendritic cells in germinal center B-cell formation and selection. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:72-89. [PMID: 20727030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized microenvironments formed after infection where activated B cells can mutate their B-cell receptors to undergo affinity maturation. A stringent process of selection allows high affinity, non-self-reactive B cells to become long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells. While the precise mechanism of selection is still poorly understood, the last decade has advanced our understanding of the role of T cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in GC B-cell formation and selection. T cells and non-T-cell-derived CD40 ligands on FDCs are essential for T-dependent (TD) and T-independent GC formation, respectively. TD-GC formation requires Bcl-6-expressing T cells capable of signaling through SAP, which promotes formation of stable T:B conjugates. By contrast, differentiation of B blasts along the extrafollicular pathway is less dependent on SAP. T-follicular helper (Tfh) cell-derived CD40L, interleukin-21, and interleukin-4 play important roles in GC B-cell proliferation, survival, and affinity maturation. A role for FDC-derived integrin signals has also emerged: GC B cells capable of forming an immune synapse with FDCs have a survival advantage. This emerges as a powerful mechanism to ensure death of B cells that bind self-reactive antigen, which would not normally be presented on FDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola G Vinuesa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research and Australian Phenomics Facility, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Lai AY, Fatemi M, Dhasarathy A, Malone C, Sobol SE, Geigerman C, Jaye DL, Mav D, Shah R, Li L, Wade PA. DNA methylation prevents CTCF-mediated silencing of the oncogene BCL6 in B cell lymphomas. J Exp Med 2010; 207:1939-50. [PMID: 20733034 PMCID: PMC2931164 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation commonly occurs in cancer cells where it has been implicated in the epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes. Additional roles for DNA methylation, such as transcriptional activation, have been predicted but have yet to be clearly demonstrated. The BCL6 oncogene is implicated in the pathogenesis of germinal center-derived B cell lymphomas. We demonstrate that the intragenic CpG islands within the first intron of the human BCL6 locus were hypermethylated in lymphoma cells that expressed high amounts of BCL6 messenger RNA (mRNA). Inhibition of DNA methyltransferases decreased BCL6 mRNA abundance, suggesting a role for these methylated CpGs in positively regulating BCL6 transcription. The enhancer-blocking transcription factor CTCF bound to this intronic region in a methylation-sensitive manner. Depletion of CTCF by short hairpin RNA in neoplastic plasma cells that do not express BCL6 resulted in up-regulation of BCL6 transcription. These data indicate that BCL6 expression is maintained during lymphomagenesis in part through DNA methylation that prevents CTCF-mediated silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y. Lai
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Mehrnaz Fatemi
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Archana Dhasarathy
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Christine Malone
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Steve E. Sobol
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Cissy Geigerman
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - David L. Jaye
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Deepak Mav
- SRA International, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Ruchir Shah
- SRA International, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Leping Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Paul A. Wade
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Wang E, Hutchinson CB, Huang Q, Sebastian S, Rehder C, Kanaly A, Moore J, Datto M. Histiocytic sarcoma arising in indolent small B-cell lymphoma: report of two cases with molecular/genetic evidence suggestive of a 'transdifferentiation' during the clonal evolution. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:802-12. [PMID: 20331331 DOI: 10.3109/10428191003699845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The biologic relationship between small B-cell lymphoma and histiocytic sarcoma (HS) when occurring in the same patient remains unclear, though recent data suggest a possible 'transdifferentiation' from follicular lymphoma (FL) to HS. We investigated the clonal relationship in two cases of small B-cell lymphoma with subsequent HS. Case 1: A 62-year-old female with splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) developed HS in a groin lymph node 1 year after the primary diagnosis. PCR/sequence analysis of the IGH gene showed a monoclonal rearrangement carrying an identical nucleotide sequence of PCR products from the spleen with SMZL and the lymph node with HS. Case 2: A 61-year-old female with a remote history of FL developed supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, which was confirmed to be HS. PCR analysis of the HS detected a monoclonal rearrangement of the IGH gene and FISH analysis revealed IGH/BCL2 fusion, a genetic hallmark for FL. The transformed HSs showed partial retention of their prior B-cell lymphomas' signatures, including expression of OCT2 in both cases and expression of BCL6 and enhanced expression of BCL2 in case 2. Both HSs demonstrated hypermutated IGH variable regions, arguing against a common progenitor mechanism of the transformation process. The data suggest a common clonal origin of B-cell lymphoma and subsequent HS occurring in the same patient, indicating that 'transdifferentiation' occurs in other small B-cell lymphomas, in addition to the previously reported FL or B-cell lymphoma with IGH/BCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endi Wang
- Department of Pathology, DUMC Box 3712, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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IgA and Differentiation-associated Transcription Factors in Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 2:131-5. [PMID: 19784405 PMCID: PMC2751877 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2009.2.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Inadequate antibody responses to pathogens may lead to the recurrence of otitis media with effusion (OME). Although B-cell production by antibodies is controlled by transcription factors, the status of these factors has not been assessed in patients with OME. Methods Expression of immunoglobulin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of transcription factors Bcl-6, Blimp-1, Pax-5, and XBP-1 was assessed by RT-PCR in the middle-ear fluid of 29 children with >4 OME episodes in 12 months or >3 episodes in 6 months (the OME-prone group) and in 32 children with <3 OME episodes in 12 months (OME group). The relationship between recurrence of OME and expression levels of immunoglobulins and transcription factors in middle-ear fluid was determined. Results The concentration of IgA in middle-ear fluid was significantly lower in the OME-prone than in the OME group, as was the expression of mRNA encoding the transcription factors Blimp-1 and XBP-1 (P<0.05 each). Expression of mRNA encoding the transcription factors Bcl-6 and Pax-5 was more intense in the OME-prone than in the OME group, but these differences were not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion Lower concentrations of IgA, Blimp-1 and XBP-1 in middle ear fluid of patients with OME may be related to OME recurrence and chronicity.
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Cella M, Fuchs A, Vermi W, Facchetti F, Otero K, Lennerz JKM, Doherty JM, Mills JC, Colonna M. A human natural killer cell subset provides an innate source of IL-22 for mucosal immunity. Nature 2009; 457:722-5. [PMID: 18978771 PMCID: PMC3772687 DOI: 10.1038/nature07537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1031] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are classically viewed as lymphocytes that provide innate surveillance against virally infected cells and tumour cells through the release of cytolytic mediators and interferon (IFN)-gamma. In humans, blood CD56(dim) NK cells specialize in the lysis of cell targets. In the lymph nodes, CD56(bright) NK cells secrete IFN-gamma cooperating with dendritic cells and T cells in the generation of adaptive responses. Here we report the characterization of a human NK cell subset located in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, such as tonsils and Peyer's patches, which is hard-wired to secrete interleukin (IL)-22, IL-26 and leukaemia inhibitory factor. These NK cells, which we refer to as NK-22 cells, are triggered by acute exposure to IL-23. In vitro, NK-22-secreted cytokines stimulate epithelial cells to secrete IL-10, proliferate and express a variety of mitogenic and anti-apoptotic molecules. NK-22 cells are also found in mouse mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues and appear in the small intestine lamina propria during bacterial infection, suggesting that NK-22 cells provide an innate source of IL-22 that may help constrain inflammation and protect mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anja Fuchs
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Karel Otero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jochen K. M. Lennerz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason M. Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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