CEA levels in serum and BAL in patients suffering from lung cancer: correlation with individuals presenting benign lung lesions and healthy volunteers

Diagnostic value of serum fibrin degradation complex DR-70 combined with conventional tumor biomarkers in colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVE

Most patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) show no early symptoms, and tumor markers have low sensitivity and specificity. We therefore investigated the ability of serum fibrin degradation complex DR-70 plus traditional tumor markers to diagnose CRC.

METHODS

We retrospectively screened patients with CRC or non-malignant colorectal diseases, as well as healthy individuals, for inclusion in this study. The individuals' clinical characteristics were recorded, and serum samples were collected. Expression levels of DR-70 and conventional tumor markers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electrochemiluminescence.

RESULTS

DR-70 levels differed significantly among patients with CRC, patients with benign colorectal diseases, and healthy individuals. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified DR-70 as a conventional tumor marker with the highest sensitivity and the second-highest specificity after carcinoembryonic antigen.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified DR-70 as a reliable marker for the detection, differentiation, and progression of CRC, with good sensitivity and specificity. DR-70 measurement could greatly improve the efficacy of CRC diagnosis when used together with other tumor markers.

Serum AMDL DR-70 levels: a new concept in the diagnosis and follow-up of colorectal carcinoma

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic potential of DR-70 assay in patients with colorectal cancer and to investigate the relationship between serum DR-70 levels and the biological characteristic of the tumor. Patients & methods: The experimental group included patients who were diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma after biopsy specimen. The control group of this study consisted of patients whose total colonoscopy was reported as normal. Results: Serum levels of DR-70 was found to be significantly higher in patients with colorectal cancer than healthy participants (p = 0.001). Receiver operating curve analyses indicated a cut-off value of 1.69 μg/ml for serum DR-70 levels. Stage of the disease, grade of the tumor, number of metastatic lymph nodes and microsatellite instability status were significantly related to serum DR-70 levels (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusion: It can be concluded that serum levels of DR-70 can be regarded as an indicator for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

Diagnostic efficacy of broncho-alveolar lavage carcino-embronic antigen in carcinoma of lung

Context:

Biomarkers can be used for screening lung cancer and the clinician can decide for further invasive workup for diagnosis.

Aims:

To know the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in Broncho Alveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) and serum of bronchogenic carcinoma.

Settings and Design:

Case-Control study was conducted in the Medical College Hospital during a period of 2 years.

Methods and Material:

We randomly selected 50 cases and 50 controls subjects. Cases were the patients with proven malignancy by biopsy or cytology, and controls were other non-malignant pulmonary diseases. All patients’ CEA of Broncho Alveolar Lavage Fluid and serum was done.

Statistical Analysis:

The mean and receiver operating curve were done for CEA of serum and BAL fluid, and based on the cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity were calculated.

Results:

Mean value of CEA in both BALF and serum in non-smoker patients of the malignant lesion was significantly higher than the non-malignant lesion. Mean value of CEA in both BALF and serum in smoker patients of the malignant lesion was higher than the benign lesion, but statistically not significant. The cut-off value for Serum CEA is 1μg/l, whereas for BALF CEA is 2μg/l. Sensitivity, specificity of CEA of Serum and BALF combined were 92% and 62% respectively.

Conclusions:

Determination of CEA in the BALF and serum may be helpful as a screening tool for further workup for malignancy.

Elevated expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 cooperatively correlates with risk of lung cancer

Lung cancer is one of the most common form of malignant diseases and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It is reported that approximately two-thirds of lung cancer patients is the presence of advance disease at the time of diagnosis. Hence novel lung cancer diagnostic tests, which can be used to screen individuals at high risk, are required. In the derivation cohort, a total of 88 patients admitted into hospital with suspected lung cancer were included. Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue samples were collected from included patients, and were analyzed for MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression. The results showed a higher level of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression and secretion in airways of lung cancer patients than that of benign diseases. A statistically significant correlation was observed between MMP-2 and TIMP-2. In addition, a validation cohort involving 107 patients was conducted to confirm these results. Interesting, BALF MMP-2 and TIMP-2 showed a high sensitivity and specificity in predicting the malignant nature of pulmonary disease in both derivation cohort and validation cohort. The findings in this study suggested that elevated expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 cooperatively correlates with risk of lung cancer. Measurement of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in BALF might be helpful for differential diagnosis of primary lung cancer.

Diagnostic value of epidermal growth factor, cancer antigen 125, and cancer antigen 15-3 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of lung cancer

AIM

In the present study, we assessed the diagnostic value of epidermal growth factor (egf) and cancer antigens 125 (ca125) and 15-3 (ca15-3) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) of lung cancer from 79 enrolled patients with suspected lung cancer.

METHODS

All patients underwent fibrescopic examination, during which balf samples were collected. Levels of egf, ca125, and ca15-3 were determined in balf using commercially available test kits.

RESULTS

The results showed that levels of egf in balf were significantly higher in patients with lung cancer than in patients with benign diseases (p < 0.01); no significant differences for ca125 (p = 0.67) or ca15-3 (p = 0.43) in balf were observed between the lung cancer patients and the non-cancer control subjects. With a cut-off value of 27.22 pg/mL, egf showed a sensitivity of 63.6% and a specificity of 65.7% in predicting the malignant nature of pulmonary disease.

CONCLUSIONS

The study findings suggest that levels of egf are significantly increased in balf from patients with lung cancer than in balf from patients with benign disease. Detection of the level of egf in balf is proposed as a noninvasive test to identify patients at high risk for lung cancer.

Smoking-promoted oxidative DNA damage response is highly correlated to lung carcinogenesis

Oxidative stress induced by tobacco smoking is one of the main causes of DNA damage and is known to be involved in various cancers. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, while the role of cigarette smoke-induced oxidative DNA damage response during lung carcinogenesis is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated oxidative DNA damage response levels in smoking and nonsmoking patients with lung cancer, and evaluated the potential diagnostic value of 8-OHdG for lung cancer. We observed a higher level of 8-OHdG expression and secretion in airways of lung cancer patients than that of noncancer controls. 8-OHdG expression was associated with the TNM stages. Additionally, cigarette smoke-induced oxidative DNA damage response was observed in bronchial epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. A statistical significance correlation was found between the levels of 8-OHdG and smoking index. With a cut-off value of 2.86 ng/ml, 8-OHdG showed a sensitivity and specificity of 70.0% and 73.7%, respectively, to identify a patient with lung cancer. These findings not only underscore the importance of smoking in oxidative DNA damage response of lung cancer patients, but also suggest 8-OHdG as a potential diagnostic biomarker for lung cancer.

TGF-β1, IL-6, and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: useful markers for lung cancer?

Changes of cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) reflect immunologic reactions of the lung in pulmonary malignancies. Detection of biomarkers in BALF might serve as an important method for differential diagnosis of lung cancer. A total of 78 patients admitted into hospital with suspected lung cancer were included in our study. BALF samples were obtained from all patients, and were analyzed for TGF-β1, IL-6, and TNF-α using commercially available sandwich ELISA kits. The levels of TGF-β1 in BALF were significantly higher in patients with lung cancer compared with patients with benign diseases (P = 0.003). However, no significant difference of IL-6 (P = 0.61) or TNF-α (P = 0.72) in BALF was observed between malignant and nonmalignant groups. With a cut-off value of 10.85 pg/ml, TGF-β1 showed a sensitivity of 62.2%, and a specificity of 60.6%, in predicting the malignant nature of pulmonary disease. Our data suggest that TGF-β1 in BALF might be a valuable biomarker for lung cancer. However, measurement of IL-6 or TNF-α in BALF has poor diagnostic value in lung cancer.

Role of DR-70 immunoassay in suspected malignant pleural effusion

Context:

A good proportion of patients with undiagnosed pleural effusion (PE) turn into malignancy over a period of time. Identification of positive biomarker may help in selecting the individuals who require close follow-up.

Aims:

The aims of this study were to evaluate the role of DR-70 immunoassay in suspected malignant PE.

Settings and Design:

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 89 patients of suspected malignant PE and 50 normal subjects (NS) were taken as control.

Materials and Methods:

Patients with exudative PE; who had pleural fluid lymphocyte count greater than 50% and adenosine deaminase less than 30 U/L were taken as cases. We had selected NSs among relatives of patients having normal blood chemistry and radiological investigations. Sensitivity and specificity of the test to differentiate malignant and non-malignant PE and also to identify PE with underlying malignancy was analyzed.

Results:

Mean value of DR-70 in NS was found to be 0.83 ± 0.273 mg/L without any significant difference between males (0.82 mg/L) and females (0.85 mg/L). Mean value of DR-70 in PE with underlying cancer was 5.03 ± 3.79 mg/L. Sensitivity (80%) and specificity (77.78%) of the test was maximum in PE with underlying cancer using cut-off value of 2 mg/L. Mean value DR-70 in malignant PE was 5.18 ± 3.75 mg/L and in non-malignant PE was 3.73 ± 3.74 mg/L without any statistically significant difference (P = 0.08).

Conclusions:

DR-70 assay has high sensitivity in detecting underlying lung cancer, but has no role in differentiating malignant PE from non-malignant PE.

Evaluation of VEGF-C and tumor markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for lung cancer diagnosis

A total of 87 patients were enrolled and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were obtained from all subjects. A significant difference was found in BALF VEGF-C level between patients with squamous cell carcinoma and benign diseases (P = 0.043). In addition, the concentration of NSE in BALF form the malignant group was significantly higher compared with that of the benign groups (P = 0.018). However, no statistical difference was observed in BALF CEA (P = 0.375) or CYFRA21-1 (P = 0.838) between lung cancer patients and nonmalignant controls. With a cut-off value of 2.06 ng/ml, NSE had a sensitivity of 72.9%, a specificity of 69.2%, respectively, in predicting the malignant nature of pulmonary mass. Our study observed that the level of VEGF-C was increased in BALF of patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, we found that NSE was significantly higher in BALF of lung cancer patients than in benign diseases.

Utility of VEGF and sVEGFR-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for differential diagnosis of primary lung cancer

Published data have shown that the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) in plasma and pleural effusion might be usefulness for lung cancer diagnosis. Here, we performed a prospective study to investigate the utility of VEGF and sVEGFR-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for differential diagnosis of primary lung cancer. A total of 56 patients with solitary pulmonary massed by chest radiograph or CT screening were enrolled in this study. BALF and plasma samples were obtained from all patients and analyzed for VEGF and sVEGFR-1 using a commercially available sandwich ELISA kit. The results showed that the levels of VEGF in BALF were significantly higher in patients with a malignant pulmonary mass compared with patients with a benign mass (P < 0.001). However, no significant difference of sVEGFR-1 in BALF was found between malignant and non-malignant groups (P = 0.43). With a cut-off value of 214 pg/ml, VEGF showed a sensitivity and specificity of 81.8% and 84.2%, respectively, in predicting the malignant nature of a solitary pulmonary mass. Our study suggests that VEGF is significantly increased in BALF among patients with lung cancer than in benign diseases. Measurement of VEGF in BALF might be helpful for differential diagnosis of primary lung cancer.

Short-term effectiveness of smoking-cessation treatment on respiratory function and CEA level

Aim: Tobacco smoke contains many chemicals that are harmful and cause carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to confirm the relationship between smoking and changes in respiratory functional and laboratory parameters comparing, in particular, smoking-cessation treatment’s outcomes between smokers who reduce tobacco consumption (reducers) and smokers who quit completely (quitters). Materials & methods: A total of 181 current smokers were prospectively enrolled. All of the participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and underwent 3 months of varenicline plus nicotine-replacement therapy combined with basic counseling. Laboratory tests and clinical and lung-function parameters were evaluated at entry and after 3 months of therapy. After 3 months of smoking-cessation treatment, subjects were sorted into two subgroups: quitters and reducers. Results: After 3 months of combined therapy, 56% of the subjects (101 patients) stopped smoking; the remaining patients reduced. Significant improvements in pulmonary-function tests (especially in the 25–75% forced expiratory volume testing) were recorded. The most significant improvements were obtained in quitters: carboxyhemoglobin was reduced by 1.06%, the average expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity increased by 16% from predicted, mean serum CEA level decreased by 1.83 ng/ml, heart rate decreased by approximately 16 beats/min on average and forced 1 s expiratory flow increased by 2.57% from predicted. The Fagerström scores showed a positive correlation with the corresponding blood carboxyhemoglobin levels. Conclusion: Just 3 months of smoking-cessation treatment achieved significant improvements in lung-function parameters and a decrease in serum CEA, mostly in subjects who totally quit smoking. This result confirms the effectiveness of our smoking-cessation treatment and suggests the utility of the selected parameters as tools to motivate and monitor patients.

Evaluation of diagnostic value of four tumor markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of peripheral lung cancer

AIM

The diagnostic role of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen, Cyfra 21-1 and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for lung cancer is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of these four tumor markers in BALF for peripheral lung cancer.

METHODS

We measured and compared the levels of CEA, SCC, Cyfra21-1 and NSE in BALF in 42 patients with peripheral lung cancer and 22 patients with benign lung disease. In the patients with peripheral lung cancer, the BAL was separately performed in the bronchus of the tumor-bearing lung and in the corresponding bronchus of the opposite healthy lung.

RESULTS

The levels of CEA, SCC, Cyfra21-1 and NSE were significantly elevated in BALF from the tumor-bearing lung compared with the opposite healthy lung in the lung cancer patients (P < 0.001) or the benign lung disease patients (P < 0.005). The diagnostic sensitivities of Cyfra21-1 (86 and 76%), with a specificity of 91%, were the highest among the four tumor markers for the tumor-bearing lung versus the opposite healthy lung and benign lung disease. The combination of Cyfra21-1 and CEA increased the sensitivity to 93 and 86 percent, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The assay of these tumor markers in BALF may be used as a diagnostic tool to complement a cytological examination in the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer.

Diagnostic Role of Tumour Markers CEA, CA15-3, CA19-9 and CA125 in Lung Cancer

The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic yield of the tumour markers carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 15-3, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125, in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a group of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were collected in a group of 90 patients with benign or malignant pulmonary diseases. After appropriate processing, tumour markers were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The diagnostic yields (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) in each environment (serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) were obtained by using "Receivers operating characteristic" curve. Determined individually, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125, showed the greatest diagnostic accuracy in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Carbohydrate antigen 15-3 did so in serum. Carcinoembryonic antigen was the most relevant marker in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. For the factors evaluated in this study, determination of carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were clinically more useful markers in comparison with serum, although the latter may also be helpful in certain situations. Although there is no specific tumour marker for lung cancer, the combination of several can be used to diagnose most patients with lung cancer and also to rule out false positive and negative cases.

Lung cancer and interstitial lung diseases: a systematic review

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) represent a heterogeneous group of more than two hundred diseases of either known or unknown etiology with different pathogenesis and prognosis. Lung cancer, which is the major cause of cancer death in the developed countries, is mainly attributed to cigarette smoking and exposure to inhaled carcinogens. Different studies suggest a link between ILDs and lung cancer, through different pathogenetic mechanisms, such as inflammation, coagulation, dysregulated apoptosis, focal hypoxia, activation, and accumulation of myofibroblasts as well as extracellular matrix accumulation. This paper reviews current evidence on the association between lung cancer and interstitial lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and pneumoconiosis.

Respiratory Function Tests and CEA Level Monitoring of Patients Undergoing Smoking Cessation Treatment

Background and Objectives:Tobacco smoke contains many substances that are harmful and induce cancerogenesis. Carbon monoxide (CO) is the parameter commonly monitored by smoking cessation centres. The purpose of this study was to analyse other parameters and risk factors, including respiratory function and CEA (serum carcinoembryonic antigen) levels, in patients undergoing smoking cessation. Methods:One hundred and eighty current smoking patients current smokers were recruited from the outpatients for smoking cessation. Sociodemographic and lifestyle analyses were performed on them. They were also studied for respiratory function parameters and CEA (serum carcinoembryonic antigen) levels. A control group of 171 former smoking patients were also studied for functional and clinical parameters. Current smokers were also monitored for several parameters in the first 3 months after starting therapy with nicotine inhaler and varenicline, in addition to the behaviour therapy. Results:Some functional and clinical differences were found between the smokers and the former smokers groups. In the smokers' group we found no significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle between females and males. Regarding the response to varenicline-nicotine treatment combined with minimal advice, 56% of patients stopped smoking after 3 months of therapy; 30% of these had a level of severe bronchial obstruction. Operating parameters and the level of CEA at the beginning of the therapy were evaluated after 3 months, showing significant differences. Carboxyhemoglobin was reduced by 1.06%, oxyhemoglobin increased by 2.94%, FEF 25/75% increased by 16%. Conclusions:We can say that smoking cessation leads quickly to the improvement of clinical, functional and laboratory parameters. Patients with severe obstruction are more motivated to stop smoking.

Advantages of the AMDL-ELISA DR-70 (FDP) assay over carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for monitoring colorectal cancer patients

The DR-70® (FDP) test was the first cancer test cleared by USFDA for monitoring colorectal cancer (CRC) since Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) in 1982. Conservatively, 50% of biopsy-positive CRC patients have negative CEA values. DR-70 and CEA values were compared for 113 CRC monitoring patients. Total concordance rates for DR-70 and CEA were 0.665 and 0.686, respectively. CRC patient pairs were grouped based on their CEA value to deduce DR-70's effectiveness at monitoring patients with low CEA values. DR-70 had 12% to 100% greater positive concordance rates than CEA in this group. DR-70 is a welcome new option for CRC patients.

A Case of Radiation Fibrosis Appearing as Mass-Like Consolidation after SBRT with Elevation of Serum CEA

We report a case of radiation fibrosis appearing as mass-like consolidation, which was difficult to distinguish from local recurrence. A 72-year-old woman was diagnosed as having primary lung cancer (cT1N0M0 stage IA) in the right upper lobe and was treated with SBRT of 48 Gy in 4 fractions. After 12 months, mass-like consolidation appeared around the irradiated area, and after 13 months, it had increased in size. FDG-PET revealed high uptake (SUV max = 5.61) for the consolidation. CT-guided biopsy was performed, but we could not confirm the diagnosis. Considering her poor respiratory function and her age, short-interval follow-up was performed. After 15 months, the consolidation enlarged at the dorsal side, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) became elevated (14.6 ng/mL). Serum KL-6 (436 U/mL) and SP-D (204 ng/mL) were also elevated. However, after 16 months, serum CEA slightly decreased. The consolidation gradually retracted on follow-up CT images. CEA, KL-6, and SP-D were also decreased by degrees. After 40 months, there is no evidence of local recurrence.

A joint detection of CEA and CA-50 levels in saliva and serum of patients with tumors in oral region and salivary gland

OBJECTIVE

To detect the levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carcinoma associated antigen CA-50 in the patients with oral or salivary malignant tumors.

METHODS

The concentrations of salivary CEA and CA-50 were assayed in 80 patients of oral and salivary malignant tumors, 40 patients of benign tumors and 80 health controls. In 80 patients with malignant tumors, serum CEA and CA-50 were also assayed by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay and immunoradiometric analysis, respectively.

RESULTS

Salivary CEA and CA-50 levels were significantly higher in malignant tumors than in benign tumors and in health controls, respectively (P < 0.001). Only 7 cases and 3 cases of 80 patients with malignant tumors were found having increased serum CEA and CA-50 levels, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The measurement of CEA and CA-50 levels in saliva were more sensitive than in serum. This may be more useful as prognostic indicators in early diagnosis of oral and salivary malignant tumors.