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Control of Membrane Fouling in Organics Filtration Using Ce-Doped Zirconia and Visible Light. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040534. [PMID: 30987140 PMCID: PMC6523972 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fouling has been a major issue in the development of more efficient water treatment processes. Specifically in surface waters filtration, organic matter, such as humic-like substances, can cause irreversible fouling. Therefore, this study evaluates the activity of a photocatalytic layer composed of Ce-doped zirconia nanoparticles in improving the fouling resistance during filtration of an aqueous solution of humic acid (HA). These nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal and sol-gel processes and then characterized. Before the filtration experiments, the photodegradation of HA catalyzed by Ce-doped zirconia nanoparticles in dispersion was studied. It was observed that the sol-gel prepared Ce-ZrO₂ exhibited higher HA removal in practically neutral pH, achieving 93% efficiency in 180 min of adsorption in the dark followed by 180 min under visible-light irradiation using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Changes in spectral properties and in total organic carbon confirmed HA degradation and contributed to the proposal of a mechanism for HA photodegradation. Finally, in HA filtration tests, Ce-ZrO₂ photocatalytic membranes were able to recover the flux in a fouled membrane using visible-light by degrading HA. The present findings point to the further development of anti-fouling membranes, in which solar light can be used to degrade fouling compounds and possibly contaminants of emerging concern, which will have important environmental implications.
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Lönnrot S, Suorsa V, Paajanen J, Hatanpää T, Ritala M, Koivula R. Submicron fibers as a morphological improvement of amorphous zirconium oxide particles and their utilization in antimonate (Sb(v)) removal. RSC Adv 2019; 9:22355-22365. [PMID: 35519469 PMCID: PMC9067061 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zirconium oxide was formed into submicron fibers to improve the Sb(v) separation performance compared to a conventional aggregate material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Lönnrot
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Valtteri Suorsa
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | | | - Timo Hatanpää
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Mikko Ritala
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Risto Koivula
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
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Bashirom N, Kian TW, Kawamura G, Matsuda A, Razak KA, Lockman Z. Sunlight activated anodic freestanding ZrO 2 nanotube arrays for Cr(VI) photoreduction. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:375701. [PMID: 29901455 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaccbd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-active freestanding zirconia (ZrO2) nanotube (FSZNT) arrays were fabricated by a facile electrochemical anodization method in fluoride containing ethylene glycol electrolyte added to it was 1 vol% of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) at 60 V for 1 h. Poor adhesion at the metal∣oxide interface was induced by K2CO3 leading to the formation of FSZNT flakes. The effect of the crystal structures of the FSZNTs e.g., amorphous, amorphous/tetragonal, and tetragonal/monoclinic was investigated towards the photocatalytic reduction of 10 ppm hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI) at pH 2 under sunlight. The results demonstrate the amorphous FSZNTs exhibited the highest Cr(VI) removal efficiency than the crystalline FSZNTs (95% versus 33% after 5 h). The high photocatalytic activity of the amorphous FSZNTs can be attributed to enhanced Cr(VI) adsorption, high visible light absorption, and better charge carrier separation. The low photocatalytic activity of the crystalline FSZNTs annealed at 500 °C was mainly attributed to poor Cr(VI) adsorption, low visible light absorption, and less photoactive monoclinic-ZrO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurulhuda Bashirom
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Taman Muhibbah, 02600 Jejawi, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. Green Electronics Nanomaterials Group, School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Abstract
The aim of this project is to investigate the behaviour of several special types plasters specifically designed to degrade the most common pollutants which are present in the atmosphere. In particular, specific additives have been added to these plasters, in order to obtain a broad spectrum of active and synergic response, each of which have peculiar functions: - microporous materials, such as clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite, that promotes the adsorption of air pollutants thanks to its porous nature; - nano-fillers, such as carbon nanotubes, that behave both as reinforcing agents as well as adsorbent materials; - photochemical agents, such as titanium oxide, that degrade air pollutants, previously adsorbed on carbon nanotubes and zeolites, thanks to the action of light that activates photodegradation reactions. All the samples were also characterized in terms of mechanical properties, adhesion to supports and water absorption. Furthermore, photodegradation tests were carried out by exposing plaster surfaces, wetted with a Rodamine solution, to Ultraviolet rays (UV) for different times. Plasters photodegradative capacity was evaluated and the results highlighted the fact that the designed admixtures showed an important photodegradative action, strictly dependent on the types and specific ratios of the selected additives.
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Haldar KK, Biswas R, Tanwar S, Sen T, Lahtinen J. One‐Pot Synthesis of Au Embedded ZnO Nanorods Composite Heterostructures with Excellent Photocatalytic Properties. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanta Haldar
- Department of Chemical scienceSchool of Basic and Applied ScienceCentral University of Punjab 151001-Bathinda Punjab India
| | - Rathindranath Biswas
- Department of Chemical scienceSchool of Basic and Applied ScienceCentral University of Punjab 151001-Bathinda Punjab India
| | - Swati Tanwar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology 160062- Mohali Punjab
| | - Tapasi Sen
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology 160062- Mohali Punjab
| | - Jouko Lahtinen
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto University School of Science FI-00076 Aalto Finland
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Jing M, Hong R, Shao W, Lin H, Zhang D, Zhuang S, Zhang D. Laser induced photocatalytic activity enhancement of TiO 2 thin films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:A1132-A1138. [PMID: 29220990 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.0a1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the photocatalytic activity enhancement of TiO2 thin films was realized by laser irradiation. The H2 yield of the as-irradiated film is 79 μmol/(h*m2), which is 33% more than that of the as-deposited TiO2 film. Spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction and Raman system were employed to characterize the samples. The results showed that both the scanning rate and line spacing of the laser modification have effects on photocatalytic activity. It suggests that a phase junction is formed between the amorphous and rutile phases. The increment of H2 generation could be attributed to the alignment of Fermi levels in the phase junction.
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Singhania A, Gupta SM. Low-temperature CO oxidation over Cu/Pt co-doped ZrO 2 nanoparticles synthesized by solution combustion. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1546-1552. [PMID: 28884060 PMCID: PMC5550805 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles co-doped with Cu and Pt were applied as catalysts for carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation. These materials were prepared through solution combustion in order to obtain highly active and stable catalytic nanomaterials. This method allows Pt2+ and Cu2+ ions to dissolve into the ZrO2 lattice and thus creates oxygen vacancies due to lattice distortion and charge imbalance. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) results showed Cu/Pt co-doped ZrO2 nanoparticles with a size of ca. 10 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra confirmed cubic structure and larger oxygen vacancies. The nanoparticles showed excellent activity for CO oxidation. The temperature T50 (the temperature at which 50% of CO are converted) was lowered by 175 °C in comparison to bare ZrO2. Further, they exhibited very high stability for CO reaction (time-on-stream ≈ 70 h). This is due to combined effect of smaller particle size, large oxygen vacancies, high specific surface area and better thermal stability of the Cu/Pt co-doped ZrO2 nanoparticles. The apparent activation energy for CO oxidation is found to be 45.6 kJ·mol-1. The CO conversion decreases with increase in gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and initial CO concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singhania
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shipra Mital Gupta
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16-C, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India
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Tee SY, Win KY, Teo WS, Koh L, Liu S, Teng CP, Han M. Recent Progress in Energy-Driven Water Splitting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600337. [PMID: 28546906 PMCID: PMC5441509 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is readily obtained from renewable and non-renewable resources via water splitting by using thermal, electrical, photonic and biochemical energy. The major hydrogen production is generated from thermal energy through steam reforming/gasification of fossil fuel. As the commonly used non-renewable resources will be depleted in the long run, there is great demand to utilize renewable energy resources for hydrogen production. Most of the renewable resources may be used to produce electricity for driving water splitting while challenges remain to improve cost-effectiveness. As the most abundant energy resource, the direct conversion of solar energy to hydrogen is considered the most sustainable energy production method without causing pollutions to the environment. In overall, this review briefly summarizes thermolytic, electrolytic, photolytic and biolytic water splitting. It highlights photonic and electrical driven water splitting together with photovoltaic-integrated solar-driven water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yin Tee
- Institute of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of Singapore9 Engineering DriveSingapore117576
| | - Khin Yin Win
- Institute of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634
| | - Wee Siang Teo
- School of Material Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798
| | - Leng‐Duei Koh
- Institute of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of Singapore9 Engineering DriveSingapore117576
| | - Shuhua Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634
| | - Choon Peng Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of Singapore9 Engineering DriveSingapore117576
| | - Ming‐Yong Han
- Institute of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of Singapore9 Engineering DriveSingapore117576
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Doane TA. A survey of photogeochemistry. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2017; 18:1. [PMID: 28246525 PMCID: PMC5307419 DOI: 10.1186/s12932-017-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The participation of sunlight in the natural chemistry of the earth is presented as a unique field of study, from historical observations to prospects for future inquiry. A compilation of known reactions shows the extent of light-driven interactions between naturally occurring components of land, air, and water, and provides the backdrop for an outline of the mechanisms of these phenomena. Catalyzed reactions, uncatalyzed reactions, direct processes, and indirect processes all operate in natural photochemical transformations, many of which are analogous to well-known biological reactions. By overlaying photochemistry and surface geochemistry, complementary approaches can be adopted to identify natural photochemical reactions and discern their significance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Doane
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616-5270 USA
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Ryabchuk VK, Kuznetsov VN, Emeline AV, Artem'ev YM, Kataeva GV, Horikoshi S, Serpone N. Water Will Be the Coal of the Future-The Untamed Dream of Jules Verne for a Solar Fuel. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121638. [PMID: 27916848 PMCID: PMC6272904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article evokes the futuristic visions of two giants, one a writer, Jules Verne, who foresaw water as the coal of the future, and the other a scientist, Giacomo Ciamician, who foresaw the utilization of solar energy as an energy source with which to drive photochemical and photocatalytic reactions for the betterment of mankind. Specifically, we examine briefly the early work of the 1960s and 1970s on the photosplitting of free water and water adsorbed on solid supports, based mostly on metal oxides, from which both hydrogen and oxygen evolve in the expected stoichiometric ratio of 2 to 1. The two oil crises of the 1970s (1973 and 1979) spurred the interest of researchers from various disciplines (photochemistry, photo-catalysis and photoelectrochemistry) in search of a Holy Grail photocatalyst, process, or strategy to achieve efficient water splitting so as to provide an energy source alternative to fossil fuels. Some approaches to the photosplitting of water adsorbed on solid insulators (high bandgap materials; Ebg ≥ 5 eV) and semiconductor photocatalysts (metal oxides) are described from which we deduce that metal oxides with bandgap energies around 5 eV (e.g., ZrO₂) are more promising materials to achieve significant water splitting on the basis of quantum yields than narrower bandgap photocatalysts (e.g., TiO₂; Ebg ≈ 3.0-3.2 eV), which tend to be relatively inactive by comparison. Although proof of concept of the photosplitting of water has been demonstrated repeatedly in the last four decades, much remains to be done to find the Holy Grail photocatalyst and/or strategy to achieve significant yields of hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir K Ryabchuk
- Faculty of Physics, Saint-Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya Str. 1, Petergof, Saint-Petersburg 198504, Russia.
| | - Vyacheslav N Kuznetsov
- Faculty of Physics, Saint-Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya Str. 1, Petergof, Saint-Petersburg 198504, Russia.
| | - Alexei V Emeline
- Faculty of Physics, Saint-Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya Str. 1, Petergof, Saint-Petersburg 198504, Russia.
- Laboratory of Photoactive Nanocomposite Materials, Saint-Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya Str. 1, Petergof, Saint-Petersburg 198504, Russia.
| | - Yurii M Artem'ev
- Laboratory of Photoactive Nanocomposite Materials, Saint-Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya Str. 1, Petergof, Saint-Petersburg 198504, Russia.
| | - Galina V Kataeva
- Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe highway, 31, Moscow 115409, Russia.
| | - Satoshi Horikoshi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
| | - Nick Serpone
- PhotoGreen Laboratory, Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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Zheng Y, Chen G, Yu Y, Sun J, Zhou Y, He F. Ion exchange synthesis of an all tungsten based Z-scheme photocatalytic system with highly enhanced photocatalytic activity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first example of an all tungsten based Z-scheme photocatalyst (composed of WO3·0.33H2O and PbWO4) has been synthesized via an ion exchange method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Yaoguang Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Jingxue Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Yansong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
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Martha S, Chandra Sahoo P, Parida KM. An overview on visible light responsive metal oxide based photocatalysts for hydrogen energy production. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11682a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes the recent development and challenges in visible light responsive metal oxide based photocatalysts for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyabadi Martha
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology
- Institute of Technical Education and Research
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751030
- India
| | - Prakash Chandra Sahoo
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology
- Institute of Technical Education and Research
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751030
- India
| | - K. M. Parida
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology
- Institute of Technical Education and Research
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751030
- India
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Comparison of the nanoparticles performance in the photocatalytic degradation of a styrene-butadiene rubber nanocomposite. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Xing J, Fang WQ, Zhao HJ, Yang HG. Inorganic Photocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:642-57. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chen X, Shen S, Guo L, Mao SS. Semiconductor-based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. Chem Rev 2010; 110:6503-70. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1001645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6148] [Impact Index Per Article: 439.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Chen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Liejin Guo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Samuel S. Mao
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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Min Ji S, Borse PH, Gyu Kim H, Won Hwang D, Suk Jang J, Won Bae S, Sung Lee J. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water–methanol mixtures using N-doped Sr2Nb2O7under visible light irradiation: effects of catalyst structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:1315-21. [DOI: 10.1039/b417052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chang SM, Doong RA. The Effect of Chemical States of Dopants on the Microstructures and Band Gaps of Metal-Doped ZrO2 Thin Films at Different Temperatures. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047440n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sue-min Chang
- Department of Atomic Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-an Doong
- Department of Atomic Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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Kim HG, Ji SM, Jang JS, Bae SW, Lee JS. Formation of La2Ti2O7 crystals from amorphous La2O3-TiO2 powders synthesized by the polymerized complex method. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02705579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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