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Nasiri A, Kazempour-Osaloo S, Hamzehee B, Bull RD, Saarela JM. A phylogenetic analysis of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) based on nuclear ribosomal and plastid data, with a focus on Bromus sect. Bromus. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13884. [PMID: 36193423 PMCID: PMC9526414 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate phylogenetic relationships among and within major lineages of Bromus, with focus on Bromus sect. Bromus, we analyzed DNA sequences from two nuclear ribosomal (ITS, ETS) and two plastid (rpl32-trnLUAG , matK) regions. We sampled 103 ingroup accessions representing 26 taxa of B. section Bromus and 15 species of other Bromus sections. Our analyses confirm the monophyly of Bromus s.l. and identify incongruence between nuclear ribosomal and plastid data partitions for relationships within and among major Bromus lineages. Results support classification of B. pumilio and B. gracillimus within B. sect. Boissiera and B. sect. Nevskiella, respectively. These species are sister groups and are closely related to B. densus (B. sect. Mexibromus) in nrDNA trees and Bromus sect. Ceratochloa in plastid trees. Bromus sect. Bromopsis is paraphyletic. In nrDNA trees, species of Bromus sects. Bromopsis, Ceratochloa, Neobromus, and Genea plus B. rechingeri of B. sect. Bromus form a clade, in which B. tomentellus is sister to a B. sect. Genea-B. rechingeri clade. In the plastid trees, by contrast, B. sect. Bromopsis species except B. tomentosus form a clade, and B. tomentosus is sister to a clade comprising B. sect. Bromus and B. sect. Genea species. Affinities of B. gedrosianus, B. pulchellus, and B. rechingeri (members of the B. pectinatus complex), as well as B. oxyodon and B. sewerzowii, are discordant between nrDNA and plastid trees. We infer these species may have obtained their plastomes via chloroplast capture from species of B. sect. Bromus and B. sect. Genea. Within B. sect. Bromus, B. alopecuros subsp. caroli-henrici, a clade comprising B. hordeaceus and B. interruptus, and B. scoparius are successive sister groups to the rest of the section in the nrDNA phylogeny. Most relationships among the remaining species of B. sect. Bromus are unresolved in the nrDNA and plastid trees. Given these results, we infer that most B. sect. Bromus species likely diversified relatively recently. None of the subdivisional taxa proposed for Bromus sect. Bromus over the last century correspond to natural groups identified in our phylogenetic analyses except for a group including B. hordeaceus and B. interruptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Nasiri
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran,Beaty Centre for Species Discovery and Botany Section, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Kazempour-Osaloo
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Hamzehee
- Botany Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Roger D. Bull
- Beaty Centre for Species Discovery and Botany Section, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffery M. Saarela
- Beaty Centre for Species Discovery and Botany Section, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Rani S, Chahota RK, Sharma TR. Cytomixis and Associated Meiotic Abnormalities during Male Meiosis in Angelica glauca Edgew. (Apiaceae) from North-Western Himalayas. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rani S, Sharma TR, Kapila R, Chahota RK. Identification of new cytotypes of Valeriana jatamansi Jones, 1970 (Valerianaceae) from North-Western Himalayan region of India. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2015; 9:499-512. [PMID: 26753070 PMCID: PMC4698566 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v9i4.8875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Valeriana jatamansi, a medicinally important species of the family Valerianaceae, has been cytologically studied in different geographical areas of North-Western Himalayan region of India. The tetraploid cytotype with chromosome numbers 2n=32 is in conformity with the earlier reports of the species from different parts of the world. An octoploid cytotype (2n=64) makes a new addition for the species on a worldwide basis, whereas the diploid cytotype (2n=16) is new to India have been reported for the first time in India. These cytotypes (2n=16, 32, 64) show significant variations with respect to morphology as well as geographical distribution in the Western Indian Himalayas. Further, anomalous populations have been marked with meiotic abnormalities in the form of cytomixis, chromosomal stickiness, unoriented bivalents, formation of laggards and bridges resulting in abnormal microsporogenesis, and production of heterogeneous-sized fertile pollen grains along with reduced pollen fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Rani
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CSK HPKV Palampur (HP) 176 062 India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CSK HPKV Palampur (HP) 176 062 India
| | - Rakesh Kapila
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CSK HPKV Palampur (HP) 176 062 India
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Kołowerzo-Lubnau A, Niedojadło J, Świdziński M, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E, Smoliński DJ. Transcriptional activity in diplotene larch microsporocytes, with emphasis on the diffuse stage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117337. [PMID: 25671569 PMCID: PMC4324999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Manuscript provides insights into the biology of long-lived plants, different from Arabidopsis, tomato or grass species that are widely studied. In the European larch the diplotene stage lasts approximately 5 months and it is possible to divide it into several substages and to observe each of them in details. The diplotene stage is a period of intensive microsporocyte growth associated with the synthesis and accumulation of different RNA and proteins. Larch microsporocytes display changes in chromatin morphology during this stage, alternating between 4 short stages of chromatin condensation (contraction) and 5 longer diffusion (relaxation) stages. The occurrence of a diplotene diffusion stage has been observed in many plant species. Interestingly, they have also been observed during spermiogenesis and oogenesis in animals. The aim of this study was to examine whether chromatin relaxation during the diplotene is accompanied by the synthesis and maturation of mRNA. The results reveal a correlation between the diffusion and chromatin decondensation, transcriptional activity. We also found decreasing amount of poly(A) mRNA synthesis in the consecutive diffusion stages. During the early diffusion stages, mRNA is intensively synthesized. In the nuclei large amounts of RNA polymerase II, and high levels of snRNPs were observed. In the late diffusion stages, the synthesized mRNA is not directly subjected to translation but it is stored in the nucleus, and later transported to the cytoplasm and translated. In the last diffusion stage, the level of poly(A) RNA is low, but that of splicing factors is still high. It appears that the mRNA synthesized in early stages is used during the diplotene stage and is not transmitted to dyad and tetrads. In contrast, splicing factors accumulate and are most likely transmitted to the dyad and tetrads, where they are used after the resumption of intense transcription. Similar meiotic process were observed during oogenesis in animals. This indicates the existence of an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of chromatin-based regulation of gene expression during meiotic prophase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kołowerzo-Lubnau
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Centre For Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- * E-mail: (AKL); (DJS)
| | - Janusz Niedojadło
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Michał Świdziński
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Dariusz J. Smoliński
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Centre For Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- * E-mail: (AKL); (DJS)
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Malik RA, Gupta RC, Kumari S, Malik AH. Cytomictic anomalous male meiosis and 2n pollen grain formation in Mertensia echioides Benth. (Boraginaceae) from Kashmir Himalaya. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:134192. [PMID: 25544950 PMCID: PMC4269315 DOI: 10.1155/2014/134192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently Mertensia echioides Benth. (Boraginaceae) collected from Kashmir Himalaya, India, is cytologically analyzed for the first time revealing 2n = 2x = 24 (diploid). Interestingly we found 4.3-6.2% syncytic meiocytes/PMCs with 2n = 4x = 48 (tetraploid) in addition to normal meiocytes (2n = 24) during male meiosis. These comparatively larger PMCs (pollen mother cells) lead to the formation of fertile giant 2n pollen grains. A frequency of 6.4-13.3% PMCs shows transfer of chromatin material at prophase-I and, therefore, results in aneuploid meiocytes. Whole chromatin transfer by the process of cytomixis could also have led to the formation of tetraploid cells. Translocation heterozygosity is also evident in the form of multivalents in 12-17% diploid (2x) meiocytes at diakinesis and metaphase-I and is reported for the first time in this species. The syncytes formed depict open chain hexavalent and quadrivalent formation in the three populations with different frequencies. Moreover chromatin stickiness at metaphase-I is observed in 45% of PMCs in population-1 (P-1). Syncyte or unreduced PMC formation leading to unreduced fertile gametes is here speculated to act as a possible way out for infraspecific polyploidization in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyaz Ahmad Malik
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Raghbir Chand Gupta
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Santosh Kumari
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Akhtar Hussain Malik
- Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
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Mandal A, Datta AK, Gupta S, Paul R, Saha A, Ghosh BK, Bhattacharya A, Iqbal M. Cytomixis--a unique phenomenon in animal and plant. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:985-996. [PMID: 23475075 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytomixis is reported to be a uniform phenomenon in the context of fertilization during spermatogenesis of animals and in some lower groups of plants where oogamous reproduction prevails. However, the phenomenon is versatile in flowering taxa as it lacks uniformity in occurrences, causes, formation of intercellular bridges, involvement of number of cells in a cluster, evolutionary significance among others. A review on cytomixis is conducted with an objective that it may offer a scope to unravel some of the ambiguities associated with it and provide further information on cell, reproductive, structural and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aninda Mandal
- Department of Botany, Cytogenetics, Genetics and Plant Breeding Section, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
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Kumar S, Jeelani SM, Rani S, Gupta RC, Kumari S. Cytology of five species of subfamily Papaveroideae from the Western Himalayas. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:307-16. [PMID: 22643839 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During the present course, population-based meiotic studies were carried out on five species of subfamily Papaveroideae from selected localities of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in the Western Himalayas (India). Varied intraspecific chromosome counts were reported for the first time in Argemone mexicana and Meconopsis latifolia, both existing on 2n = 2x = 14. The x = 7, confirmed for the first time from the newly found diploid cytotype, is suggested to be the primary chromosomal basic number for the Meconopsis. Furthermore, meiotic course was noted to be normal in Argemone ochroleuca, it varied from normal to abnormal in the populations of A. mexicana and Papaver dubium whereas it was invariably found to be abnormal in all the populations of Meconopsis aculeata and M. latifolia. These anomalous taxa were marked with meiotic abnormalities in the form of cytomixis, chromosomal stickiness, unoriented bivalents, formation of laggards and bridges resulting in abnormal microsporogenesis, and production of heterogeneous-sized fertile pollen grains along with reduced pollen fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India 147002
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Liu Y, Hui RK, Deng RN, Wang JJ, Wang M, Li ZY. Abnormal male meiosis explains pollen sterility in the polyploid medicinal plant Pinellia ternata (Araceae). GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:112-20. [PMID: 22290471 DOI: 10.4238/2012.january.17.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pinellia ternata is an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Its different populations in China have various ploidy levels, based on x = 13, as well as extensive aneuploid series. The microsporogenesis process was observed in specimens from three populations from three regions of Hubei Province; they were characterized by normal and abnormal meiotic divisions in pollen mother cells (PMCs) at all stages simultaneously. Meiotic abnormalities including univalents/multivalents, chromosomal laggards/bridges and micronuclei appeared in about 50% of the PMCs, together with abnormal cytokinesis. Chromatin/chromosome transfer between meiocytes occurred only during the first division, at low frequency; this might contribute to these meiotic abnormalities. Although the remaining 50% of the PMCs presented normal cytological behavior, pollen fertility was only about 2%. These results provide cytological explanations for its low seed-set and the general use of asexual reproduction through tubers and bulbils; it also explains the wide variations in chromosome number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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Rezaei M, Arzani A, Sayed-Tabatabaei BE. Meiotic behaviour of tetraploid wheats (Triticum turgidum L.) and their synthetic hexaploid wheat derivates influenced by meiotic restitution and heat stress. J Genet 2010; 89:401-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-010-0058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nouroozi M, Sheidai M, Attar F, Noormohammadi Z. Contribution to Cytotaxonomy of Iranian Cirsium (Asteraceae). CYTOLOGIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.75.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Sheidai
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University
| | | | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Biology Department, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (SRBIAU)
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Affiliation(s)
- Girjesh Kumar
- Department of Botany, Plant Genetics Laboratory, University of Allahabad
| | - Preeti Srivastava
- Department of Botany, Plant Genetics Laboratory, University of Allahabad
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Sheidai M, Yazdanbakhsh Z, Noormohammadi Z. Meiotic Chromosome Numbers in 9 Iranian Species of Oryzopsis (Poaceae). CYTOLOGIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.75.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sheidai
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University
| | - Zahra Yazdanbakhsh
- Biology Department, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (SRBIAU)
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Biology Department, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (SRBIAU)
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Montvid PY. Chiasma frequencies in the meiocytes from the anther diametrical zones in species from the genus Capsicum L. CYTOL GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452709030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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