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Shlosberg Y, Huang A, Tóth TN, Kaner RB. Roots Fuel Cell Produces and Stores Clean Energy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5700-5708. [PMID: 37756260 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive scientific efforts have been conducted to develop clean bioenergy technologies. A promising approach that has been under development for more than a hundred years is the microbial fuel cell (MFC) which utilizes exoelectrogenic bacteria as an electron source in a bioelectrochemical cell. The viability of bacteria in soil MFCs can be maintained by integrating plant roots, which release organic materials that feed the bacteria. In this work, we show that rather than organic compounds, roots also release redox species that can produce electricity in a biofuel cell. We first studied the reduction of the electron acceptor Cytochrome C by green onion roots. We integrate green onion roots into a biofuel cell to produce a continuous bias-free electric current for more than 24 h in the dark. This current is enhanced upon irradiation of the onion's leaves with light. We apply cyclic voltammetry and 2D-fluorescence measurements to show that NADH and NADPH act as major electron mediators between the roots and the anode, while their concentrations in the external root matrix are increased upon irradiation of the leaves. Finally, we show that roots can contribute to energy storage by charging a supercapacitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Shlosberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ailun Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tünde N Tóth
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Zhu H, Wang H, Zhang Y, Li Y. Biophotovoltaics: Recent advances and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108101. [PMID: 36681132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biophotovoltaics (BPV) is a clean power generation technology that uses self-renewing photosynthetic microorganisms to capture solar energy and generate electrical current. Although the internal quantum efficiency of charge separation in photosynthetic microorganisms is very high, the inefficient electron transfer from photosystems to the extracellular electrodes hampered the electrical outputs of BPV systems. This review summarizes the approaches that have been taken to increase the electrical outputs of BPV systems in recent years. These mainly include redirecting intracellular electron transfer, broadening available photosynthetic microorganisms, reinforcing interfacial electron transfer and design high-performance devices with different configurations. Furthermore, three strategies developed to extract photosynthetic electrons were discussed. Among them, the strategy of using synthetic microbial consortia could circumvent the weak exoelectrogenic activity of photosynthetic microorganisms and the cytotoxicity of exogenous electron mediators, thus show great potential in enhancing the power output and prolonging the lifetime of BPV systems. Lastly, we prospected how to facilitate electron extraction and further improve the performance of BPV systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Haowei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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3
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Schneider H, Lai B, Krömer J. Utilizing Cyanobacteria in Biophotovoltaics: An Emerging Field in Bioelectrochemistry. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 183:281-302. [PMID: 36441187 DOI: 10.1007/10_2022_212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic global warming is driven by the increasing energy demand and the still dominant use of fossil energy carriers to meet these needs. New carbon-neutral energy sources are urgently needed to solve this problem. Biophotovoltaics, a member of the so-called bioelectrochemical systems family, will provide an important piece of the energy puzzle. It aims to harvest the electrons from sunlight-driven water splitting using the natural oxygenic photosystem (e.g., of cyanobacteria) and utilize them in the form of, e.g., electricity or hydrogen. Several key aspects of biophotovoltaics have been intensively studied in recent years like physicochemical properties of electrodes or efficient wiring of microorganisms to electrodes. Yet, the exact mechanisms of electron transfer between the biocatalyst and the electrode remain unresolved today. Most research is conducted on microscale reactors generating small currents over short time-scales, but multiple experiments have shown biophotovoltaics great potential with lab-scale reactors producing currents over weeks to months. Although biophotovoltaics is still in its infancy with many open research questions to be addressed, new promising results from various labs around the world suggest an important opportunity for biophotovoltaics in the decades to come. In this chapter, we will introduce the concept of biophotovoltaics, summarize its recent key progress, and finally critically discuss the potentials and challenges for future rational development of biophotovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Schneider
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Bin Lai
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Krömer
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Bioelectricity generation from live marine photosynthetic macroalgae. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 198:113824. [PMID: 34864244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of solar energy into electrical current by photosynthetic organisms has the potential to produce clean energy. Bio-photoelectrochemical cells (BPECs) utilizing unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms have been studied, however similar harvesting of electrons from more evolved intact photosynthetic organisms has not been previously reported. In this study, we describe for the first time BPECs containing intact live marine macroalgae (seaweeds) in natural seawater or saline buffer. The BPECs produce electrical currents of >50 mA/cm2, from both light-dependent (photosynthesis) and light-independent processes. These values are significantly greater than the current densities that have been reported for single-cell microorganisms. The photocurrent is inhibited by the Photosystem II inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, indicating that the source of light-driven electrons is from photosynthetic water oxidation. The current is mediated to the external anode via NADPH and possibly other reduced molecules. We show that intact macroalgae cultures can be used in large-scale BPECs containing seawater, to produce bias-free photocurrents, paving the way for the future development of low-cost energy solar energy conversion technologies using BPECs.
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Shlosberg Y, Eichenbaum B, Tóth TN, Levin G, Liveanu V, Schuster G, Adir N. NADPH performs mediated electron transfer in cyanobacterial-driven bio-photoelectrochemical cells. iScience 2021; 24:101892. [PMID: 33364581 PMCID: PMC7750406 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that live cyanobacteria can produce photocurrent in bio-photoelectrochemical cells (BPECs) that can be exploited for clean renewable energy production. Electron transfer from cyanobacteria to the electrochemical cell was proposed to be facilitated by small molecule(s) mediator(s) whose identity (or identities) remain unknown. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of electron transfer in the BPEC by identifying the major electron mediator as NADPH in three cyanobacterial species. We show that an increase in the concentration of NADPH secreted into the external cell medium (ECM) is obtained by both illumination and activation of the BPEC. Elimination of NADPH in the ECM abrogates the photocurrent while addition of exogenous NADP+ significantly increases and prolongs the photocurrent production. NADP+ is thus the first non-toxic, water soluble electron mediator that can functionally link photosynthetic cells to an energy conversion system and may serve to improve the performance of future BPECs. NADPH is the electron mediator in cyanobacterial bio-photoelectrochemical cells Operation of the electrochemical cell induces NADPH release from cyanobacteria Addition of exogenous NADP+ to cyanobacteria enhances photocurrent production NADPH is released by different fresh or sea water cyanobacterial species
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Shlosberg
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | | | - Tünde N Tóth
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Guy Levin
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | | | - Gadi Schuster
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Noam Adir
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Wey LT, Bombelli P, Chen X, Lawrence JM, Rabideau CM, Rowden SJL, Zhang JZ, Howe CJ. The Development of Biophotovoltaic Systems for Power Generation and Biological Analysis. ChemElectroChem 2019; 6:5375-5386. [PMID: 31867153 PMCID: PMC6899825 DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biophotovoltaic systems (BPVs) resemble microbial fuel cells, but utilise oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms associated with an anode to generate an extracellular electrical current, which is stimulated by illumination. Study and exploitation of BPVs have come a long way over the last few decades, having benefited from several generations of electrode development and improvements in wiring schemes. Power densities of up to 0.5 W m-2 and the powering of small electrical devices such as a digital clock have been reported. Improvements in standardisation have meant that this biophotoelectrochemical phenomenon can be further exploited to address biological questions relating to the organisms. Here, we aim to provide both biologists and electrochemists with a review of the progress of BPV development with a focus on biological materials, electrode design and interfacial wiring considerations, and propose steps for driving the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T. Wey
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Paolo Bombelli
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB1 2EWUK
| | - Joshua M. Lawrence
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Clayton M. Rabideau
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett DrCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Stephen J. L. Rowden
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Jenny Z. Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB1 2EWUK
| | - Christopher J. Howe
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
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7
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Schuergers N, Werlang C, Ajo-Franklin CM, Boghossian AA. A Synthetic Biology Approach to Engineering Living Photovoltaics. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2017; 10:1102-1115. [PMID: 28694844 PMCID: PMC5501249 DOI: 10.1039/c7ee00282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to electronically interface living cells with electron accepting scaffolds is crucial for the development of next-generation biophotovoltaic technologies. Although recent studies have focused on engineering synthetic interfaces that can maximize electronic communication between the cell and scaffold, the efficiency of such devices is limited by the low conductivity of the cell membrane. This review provides a materials science perspective on applying a complementary, synthetic biology approach to engineering membrane-electrode interfaces. It focuses on the technical challenges behind the introduction of foreign extracellular electron transfer pathways in bacterial host cells and the past and future efforts to engineer photosynthetic organisms with artificial electron-export capabilities for biophotovoltaic applications. The article highlights advances in engineering protein-based, electron-exporting conduits in a model host organism, E. coli, before reviewing state-of-the-art biophotovoltaic technologies that use both unmodified and bioengineered photosynthetic bacteria with improved electron transport capabilities. A thermodynamic analysis is used to propose an energetically feasible pathway for extracellular electron transport in engineered cyanobacteria and identify metabolic bottlenecks amenable to protein engineering techniques. Based on this analysis, an engineered photosynthetic organism expressing a foreign, protein-based electron conduit yields a maximum theoretical solar conversion efficiency of 6-10% without accounting for additional bioengineering optimizations for light-harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Schuergers
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. Werlang
- Interschool Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. M. Ajo-Franklin
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Synthetic Biology Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A. A. Boghossian
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 158:159-175. [PMID: 28070595 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents the current state of research on bioelectrochemical systems that include phototrophic organisms. First, we describe what is known of how phototrophs transfer electrons from internal metabolism to external substrates. This includes efforts to understand both the source of electrons and transfer pathways within cells. Second, we consider technological progress toward producing bio-photovoltaic devices with phototrophs. Efforts to improve these devices by changing the species included, the electrode surfaces, and chemical mediators are described. Finally, we consider future directions for this research field.
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Halan B, Tschörtner J, Schmid A. Generating Electric Current by Bioartificial Photosynthesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 167:361-393. [PMID: 29224082 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abundant solar energy can be a sustainable source of energy. This chapter highlights recent advancements, challenges, and future scenarios in bioartificial photosynthesis, which is a new subset of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) and technologies. BES technologies exploit the catalytic interactions between biological moieties and electrodes. At the nexus of BES and photovoltaics, this review focuses on light-harvesting technologies based on bioartificial photosynthesis. Such technologies are promising because electrical energy is generated from sunlight and water without the need for additional organic feedstock. This review focuses on photosynthetic electron generation and transfer and compares the current status of bioartificial photosynthesis with other artificial systems that mimic the chemistry of photosynthetic energy transformation.The fundamental principles and the operation of functional units of bioartificial photosynthesis are addressed. Selected photobioelectrochemical systems employed to obtain light-driven electric currents from photosynthetic organisms are presented. The achievable current output and theoretical maxima are revisited by conceptualizing operational and process window techniques. Factors affecting overall photocurrent efficiency, performance limitations, and scaleup bottlenecks are highlighted in view of enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of photobioelectrochemical systems. To finish, the challenges associated with bioartificial photosynthetic technologies are outlined. Graphical Abstract Operational window for (bio-)artificial photosynthesis. Green circle in the upper right corner: development objective for research and engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Halan
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jenny Tschörtner
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Green RA, Lim KS, Henderson WC, Hassarati RT, Martens PJ, Lovell NH, Poole-Warren LA. Living electrodes: tissue engineering the neural interface. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2013:6957-60. [PMID: 24111345 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6611158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Soft, cell integrated electrode coatings are proposed to address the problem of scar tissue encapsulation of stimulating neuroprosthetics. The aim of these studies was to prove the concept and feasibility of integrating a cell loaded hydrogel with existing electrode coating technologies. Layered conductive hydrogel constructs are embedded with neural cells and shown to both support cell growth and maintain electro activity. The safe charge injection limit of these electrodes was 8 times higher than conventional platinum (Pt) electrodes and the stiffness was four orders of magnitude lower than Pt. Future studies will determine the biological cues required to support stem cell differentiation from the electrode surface.
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11
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Li X, Liu T, Wang K, Waite TD. Light-induced extracellular electron transport by the marine raphidophyte Chattonella marina. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1392-1399. [PMID: 25569116 DOI: 10.1021/es503511m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in extracellular electron transfer (EET) from organisms to receptors, particularly in anaerobic biofilms at mineral surfaces. Less attention has been given to EET by planktonic organisms in oxic environments where extracellular electron generation and transport might be expected to be of limited consequence. In this study, the EET activity of the photosynthetic marine raphidophyte, Chattonella marina, was examined using a mediatorless photosynthetic microbial fuel cell with results showing positive light response. Electron output by organisms present in cell suspension was substantially higher than those present in biofilms at the electrode surface. Indeed, current generation under light illumination of the C. marina suspension continued even when contact between the organisms and the electrodes was prevented by dialysis membrane, suggesting that soluble electron carriers secreted by C. marina were facilitating the EET process. Cyclic voltammetry measurements of the cell-free exudate showed redox peaks in the range of 0.1-0.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl), confirming that redox active species were present in the cell suspension. Facilitation of electron transfer from the planktonic organism to the anode by endogenous redox-active exudates appears to be critical to current generation. The ability of these exudates to remain in their reduced state in the presence of oxygen is possibly a function of the spin-restricted nature of oxygen-mediated exudate oxidation. Quantification of the EET processes operating in this planktonic system assists in understanding the means and extent to which C. marina induces redox transformations in the external medium with these transformations presumably of benefit to the survival of this organism, potentially including facilitation of iron uptake and induction of toxicity to other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2052
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12
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Aregueta-Robles UA, Woolley AJ, Poole-Warren LA, Lovell NH, Green RA. Organic electrode coatings for next-generation neural interfaces. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2014; 7:15. [PMID: 24904405 PMCID: PMC4034607 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional neuronal interfaces utilize metallic electrodes which in recent years have reached a plateau in terms of the ability to provide safe stimulation at high resolution or rather with high densities of microelectrodes with improved spatial selectivity. To achieve higher resolution it has become clear that reducing the size of electrodes is required to enable higher electrode counts from the implant device. The limitations of interfacing electrodes including low charge injection limits, mechanical mismatch and foreign body response can be addressed through the use of organic electrode coatings which typically provide a softer, more roughened surface to enable both improved charge transfer and lower mechanical mismatch with neural tissue. Coating electrodes with conductive polymers or carbon nanotubes offers a substantial increase in charge transfer area compared to conventional platinum electrodes. These organic conductors provide safe electrical stimulation of tissue while avoiding undesirable chemical reactions and cell damage. However, the mechanical properties of conductive polymers are not ideal, as they are quite brittle. Hydrogel polymers present a versatile coating option for electrodes as they can be chemically modified to provide a soft and conductive scaffold. However, the in vivo chronic inflammatory response of these conductive hydrogels remains unknown. A more recent approach proposes tissue engineering the electrode interface through the use of encapsulated neurons within hydrogel coatings. This approach may provide a method for activating tissue at the cellular scale, however, several technological challenges must be addressed to demonstrate feasibility of this innovative idea. The review focuses on the various organic coatings which have been investigated to improve neural interface electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J. Woolley
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura A. Poole-Warren
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel H. Lovell
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rylie A. Green
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Biological photovoltaics: intra- and extra-cellular electron transport by cyanobacteria. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 40:1302-7. [PMID: 23176472 DOI: 10.1042/bst20120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A large variety of new energy-generating technologies are being developed in an effort to reduce global dependence on fossil fuels, and to reduce the carbon footprint of energy generation. The term 'biological photovoltaic system' encompasses a broad range of technologies which all employ biological material that can harness light energy to split water, and then transfer the resulting electrons to an anode for power generation or electrosynthesis. The use of whole cyanobacterial cells is a good compromise between the requirements of the biological material to be simply organized and transfer electrons efficiently to the anode, and also to be robust and able to self-assemble and self-repair. The principle that photosynthetic bacteria can generate and transfer electrons directly or indirectly to an anode has been demonstrated by a number of groups, although the power output obtained from these devices is too low for biological photovoltaic devices to be useful outside the laboratory. Understanding how photosynthetically generated electrons are transferred through and out of the organism is key to improving power output, and investigations on this aspect of the technology are the main focus of the present review.
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Abdel-Raouf N, Al-Homaidan A, Ibraheem I. Microalgae and wastewater treatment. Saudi J Biol Sci 2012; 19:257-75. [PMID: 24936135 PMCID: PMC4052567 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic and inorganic substances which were released into the environment as a result of domestic, agricultural and industrial water activities lead to organic and inorganic pollution. The normal primary and secondary treatment processes of these wastewaters have been introduced in a growing number of places, in order to eliminate the easily settled materials and to oxidize the organic material present in wastewater. The final result is a clear, apparently clean effluent which is discharged into natural water bodies. This secondary effluent is, however, loaded with inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus and causes eutrophication and more long-term problems because of refractory organics and heavy metals that are discharged. Microalgae culture offers an interesting step for wastewater treatments, because they provide a tertiary biotreatment coupled with the production of potentially valuable biomass, which can be used for several purposes. Microalgae cultures offer an elegant solution to tertiary and quandary treatments due to the ability of microalgae to use inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus for their growth. And also, for their capacity to remove heavy metals, as well as some toxic organic compounds, therefore, it does not lead to secondary pollution. In the current review we will highlight on the role of micro-algae in the treatment of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Abdel-Raouf
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Medical Studies and Sciences Sections, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A.A. Al-Homaidan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - I.B.M. Ibraheem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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15
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Martens N, Hall EAH. DIAMINODURENE AS A MEDIATOR OF A PHOTOCURRENT USING INTACT CELLS OF CYANOBACTERIA. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Martens
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. H. Hall
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
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16
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17
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Photosynthetic bioelectrochemical cell utilizing cyanobacteria and water-generating oxidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Torimura M, Miki A, Wadano A, Kano* K, Ikeda* T. Electrochemical investigation of cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. PCC7942-catalyzed photoreduction of exogenous quinones and photoelectrochemical oxidation of water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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