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Combined Flt3L/TK gene therapy induces immunological surveillance which mediates an immune response against a surrogate brain tumor neoantigen. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1793-801. [PMID: 21505426 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor with a median survival of 14.6 months postdiagnosis. The infiltrative nature of GBM prevents complete resection and residual brain tumor cells give rise to recurrent GBM, a hallmark of this disease. Recurrent GBMs are known to harbor numerous mutations/gene rearrangements when compared to the primary tumor, which leads to the potential expression of novel proteins that could serve as tumor neoantigens. We have developed a combined immune-based gene therapeutic approach for GBM using adenoviral (Ads) mediated gene delivery of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-thymidine kinase (TK) into the tumor mass to induce tumor cells' death combined with an adenovirus expressing fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) to recruit dendritic cells (DCs) into the tumor microenvironment. This leads to the induction of specific anti-brain tumor immunity and immunological memory. In a model of GBM recurrence, we demonstrate that Flt3L/TK mediated immunological memory is capable of recognizing brain tumor neoantigens absent from the original treated tumor. These data demonstrate that the Flt3L/TK gene therapeutic approach can induce systemic immunological memory capable of recognizing a brain tumor neoantigen in a model of recurrent GBM.
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Larocque D, Sanderson NSR, Bergeron J, Curtin JF, Girton J, Wibowo M, Bondale N, Kroeger KM, Yang J, Lacayo LM, Reyes KC, Farrokhi C, Pechnick RN, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Exogenous fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand overrides brain immune privilege and facilitates recognition of a neo-antigen without causing autoimmune neuropathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14443-8. [PMID: 20660723 PMCID: PMC2922551 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913496107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble antigens diffuse out of the brain and can thus stimulate a systemic immune response, whereas particulate antigens (from infectious agents or tumor cells) remain within brain tissue, thus failing to stimulate a systemic immune response. Immune privilege describes how the immune system responds to particulate antigens localized selectively within the brain parenchyma. We believe this immune privilege is caused by the absence of antigen presenting dendritic cells from the brain. We tested the prediction that expression of fms-like tyrosine kinase ligand 3 (Flt3L) in the brain will recruit dendritic cells and induce a systemic immune response against exogenous influenza hemagglutinin in BALB/c mice. Coexpression of Flt3L with HA in the brain parenchyma induced a robust systemic anti-HA immune response, and a small response against myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein epitopes. Depletion of CD4(+)CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) enhanced both responses. To investigate the autoimmune impact of these immune responses, we characterized the neuropathological and behavioral consequences of intraparenchymal injections of Flt3L and HA in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. T cell infiltration in the forebrain was time and strain dependent, and increased in animals treated with Flt3L and depleted of Tregs; however, we failed to detect widespread defects in myelination throughout the forebrain or spinal cord. Results of behavioral tests were all normal. These results demonstrate that Flt3L overcomes the brain's immune privilege, and supports the clinical development of Flt3L as an adjuvant to stimulate clinically effective immune responses against brain neo-antigens, for example, those associated with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Larocque
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Nicholas S. R. Sanderson
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Josée Bergeron
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - James F. Curtin
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Joe Girton
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Mia Wibowo
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Cedars-Sinai Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and
| | - Niyati Bondale
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Kurt M. Kroeger
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Jieping Yang
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Liliana M. Lacayo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Kevin C. Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Catherine Farrokhi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Robert N. Pechnick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
- Brain Research Institute, and
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Brain Research Institute, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Brain Research Institute, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Abstract
It has been observed during influenza epidemics and in a number of population and clinical trials that this prevalent viral infection was associated with increased death rates from cardiovascular diseases. The clinical and experimental data that may explain accelerated coronary atherosclerosis in influenza infection with implications involving autoimmune mechanisms are analyzed in this article. Both cellular and humoral autoimmune modes could be proposed to participate in the onset or progression of atheromatous lesions due to influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Gurevich
- Center of Atherosclerosis and Lipid Disorders, Chair of Cardiology, Mechnicov's State Medical Academy, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Abstract
It has been observed during influenza epidemics and in a number of population and clinical trials that this prevalent viral infection was associated with increased death rates from cardiovascular diseases. The clinical and experimental data that may explain accelerated coronary atherosclerosis in influenza infection with implications involving autoimmune mechanisms are reviewed in this article. Both cellular and humoral autoimmune mode could be proposed to participate in the onset or progression of atheromatous lesions due to influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Gurevich
- Mechnicov's State Medical Academy, The Center of Atherosclerosis and Lipid Disorders, Chair of Cardiology, 194291 pr. Kultury 4, CMSD-122, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Scarlett RF, Rocke DM, Kantanie S, Patel JB, Shore EM, Kaplan FS. Influenza-like viral illnesses and flare-ups of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004:275-9. [PMID: 15232462 DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000129557.38803.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Flare-ups of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva are most commonly triggered by soft tissue trauma. After observing severe flare-ups of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in two half-sisters with culture-confirmed influenza B infections, we hypothesized that influenza-like viral illnesses also can trigger fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva flare-ups. To address this hypothesis, we designed a questionnaire to assess whether patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva experienced influenza symptoms during the 2000 to 2001 influenza season, and whether these symptoms were correlated with flare-ups of the condition. The questionnaire was sent to patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva worldwide. Of the 264 patients surveyed, 123 (47%) responded. The survey revealed that the risk of a disease flare-up of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva during an influenza-like viral illness was increased at least threefold and possibly much more. The survey data strongly supported the hypothesis that influenza-like viral illnesses are associated with disease flare-ups in patients who have fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Influenza-like viral illnesses may be a source of previously unrecognized muscle injury leading to heterotopic ossification and permanent loss of mobility in these patients. These findings have important implications for understanding and preventing environmental triggers of disease activity in this population of patients genetically susceptible to progressive heterotopic ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Scarlett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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