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Hamilton JA, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Autoreactive B cells in SLE, villains or innocent bystanders? Immunol Rev 2019; 292:120-138. [PMID: 31631359 PMCID: PMC6935412 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current concepts for development of autoreactive B cells in SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) focus on extrinsic stimuli and factors that provoke B cells into tolerance loss. Traditionally, major tolerance loss pathways are thought to be regulated by factors outside the B cell including autoantigen engagement of the B-cell receptor (BCR) with simultaneous type I interferon (IFN) produced by dendritic cells, especially plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Later, in autoreactive follicles, B-cells encounter T-follicular helper cells (Tfh) that produce interleukin (IL)-21, IL-4 and pathogenic cytokines, IL-17 and IFN gamma (IFNɣ). This review discusses these mechanisms and also highlights recent advances pointing to the peripheral transitional B-cell stage as a major juncture where transient autocrine IFNβ expression by developing B-cells imprints a heightened susceptibility to external factors favoring differentiation into autoantibody-producing plasmablasts. Recent studies highlight transitional B-cell heterogeneity as a determinant of intrinsic resistance or susceptibility to tolerance loss through the shaping of B-cell responsiveness to cytokines and other environment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John D Mountz
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Klarquist J, Hennies CM, Lehn MA, Reboulet RA, Feau S, Janssen EM. STING-mediated DNA sensing promotes antitumor and autoimmune responses to dying cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:6124-34. [PMID: 25385820 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses to Ags released by dying cells play a critical role in the development of autoimmunity, allograft rejection, and spontaneous as well as therapy-induced tumor rejection. Although cell death in these situations is considered sterile, various reports have implicated type I IFNs as drivers of the ensuing adaptive immune response to cell-associated Ags. However, the mechanisms that underpin this type I IFN production are poorly defined. In this article, we show that dendritic cells (DCs) can uptake and sense nuclear DNA-associated entities released by dying cells to induce type I IFN. Remarkably, this molecular pathway requires STING, but not TLR or NLR function, and results in the activation of IRF3 in a TBK1-dependent manner. DCs are shown to depend on STING function in vivo to efficiently prime IFN-dependent CD8(+) T cell responses to tumor Ags. Furthermore, loss of STING activity in DCs impairs the generation of follicular Th cells and plasma cells, as well as anti-nuclear Abs, in an inducible model of systemic lupus erythematosus. These findings suggest that the STING pathway could be manipulated to enable the rational design of immunotherapies that enhance or diminish antitumor and autoimmune responses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Klarquist
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Cassandra M Hennies
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Maria A Lehn
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Rachel A Reboulet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Sonia Feau
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
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Hong M, Ma B, Lin Z, Zhou X, Geng X, Shen L, Li B. Hep-2 cell based indirect immunofluorescence assay for antinuclear antibodies as a potential diagnosis of drug-induced autoimmunity in nonclinical toxicity testing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 71:141-7. [PMID: 25455225 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are important biomarkers in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases in humans; however, the diagnostic performance of ANA in nonclinical safety studies are not well understood. Here, we studied the use of ANAs as potential nonclinical biomarkers for drug-induced autoimmunity (DIA) using a Hep-2 based indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Initially, MRL-fas(lpr)/J mice and HgCl₂-treated rats were used as SLE-positive models. Serum samples obtained from 94 normal mice or 204 normal rats aged one to four months served as the negative control. The IFA effectively distinguished ANAs-positive samples in both species with a cut-off titer of 1:100. Brown Norway rats were treated with 450 mg/kg D-penicillamine for 30 consecutive days. ANAs were generated and corresponded with DIA development. Human Hep-2 cells, mice Neuro 2A cells, and Chinese Hamster Lung cells served as antigen from different species, which were found cross-reactive with ANA-positive serum samples from mice, rats, and humans without any differences in diagnosis. This methodology showed no species-specificity for ANA detection. Furthermore, we found approximately 20 percentage of the mice aged seven to eight months demonstrated age-related ANAs, which was consistent with humans. Overall, our findings demonstrated the use of ANA detection using IFA in the nonclinical diagnosis of murine drug-induced autoimmunity, and age-related ANAs should be considered when aged animals are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hong
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration, 100176 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Ma
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration, 100176 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Lin
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration, 100176 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Zhou
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration, 100176 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingchao Geng
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration, 100176 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianzhong Shen
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration, 100176 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration, 100176 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Xu Z, Vallurupalli A, Fuhrman C, Ostrov D, Morel L. A New Zealand Black-derived locus suppresses chronic graft-versus-host disease and autoantibody production through nonlymphoid bone marrow-derived cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4130-9. [PMID: 21335485 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of lupus pathogenesis results from the integration of susceptibility and resistance genes. We have used a chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) model to characterize a suppressive locus at the telomeric end of the NZM2410-derived Sle2 susceptibility locus, which we named Sle2c2. cGVHD is induced normally in Sle2c2-expressing mice, but it is not sustained. The analysis of mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that cGVHD resistance was eliminated by non-B non-T hematopoietic cells expressing the B6 allele, suggesting that resistance is mediated by this same cell type. Furthermore, Sle2c2 expression was associated with an increased number and activation of the CD11b(+) GR-1(+) subset of granulocytes before and in the early stage of cGVHD induction. We have mapped the Sle2c2 critical interval to a 6-Mb region that contains the Cfs3r gene, which encodes for the G-CSFR, and its NZM2410 allele carries a nonsynonymous mutation. The G-CSFR-G-CSF pathway has been previously implicated in the regulation of GVHD, and our functional data on Sle2c2 suppression suggest a novel regulation of T cell-induced systemic autoimmunity through myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The validation of Csf3r as the causative gene for Sle2c2 and the further characterization of the Sle2c2 MDSCs promise to unveil new mechanisms by which lupus pathogenesis is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Rai G, Ray S, Shaw RE, Degrange PF, Mage RG, Newman BA. Models of systemic lupus erythematosus: development of autoimmunity following peptide immunizations of noninbred pedigreed rabbits. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:660-7. [PMID: 16365462 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reported in this study are the initial results from studies to develop rabbit models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by immunizations using two distinct peptides on branched polylysine backbones (multiple Ag peptide)-peptides. Eleven rabbits received a peptide from the Sm B/B' spliceosomal complex previously shown to be immunogenic in rabbits, and 13 rabbits received a peptide from the rabbit N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR2b. All 24 animals in different generations of pedigreed, noninbred rabbits produced peptide-specific responses. Anti-nuclear autoantibody responses, including anti-dsDNA, were seen in 17 of 24 rabbits. To date, two rabbits have been observed to have seizure-like events and a third nystagmus. A model for eliciting development of SLE in genetically related yet heterogeneous rabbits may more closely resemble development of human SLE than do some models in inbred mice. Through selective breeding, it may also ultimately provide additional information about the genetics and etiology of SLE and serve as a model for assessing new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Rai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Yamamoto K. T cells and autoimmune diseases. Allergol Int 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1592.2001.00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lentz VM, Manser T. Self-limiting systemic autoimmune disease during reconstitution of T cell-deficient mice with syngeneic T cells: support for a multifaceted role of T cells in the maintenance of peripheral B cell tolerance. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1483-97. [PMID: 11058568 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.11.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell compartment can be partially reconstituted in mice with targeted inactivation of the TCR C(beta) and C(delta) genes by injection of mature, syngeneic T cells. Surprisingly, during this reconstitution high titers of IgG anti-nuclear antibodies and symptoms of systemic autoimmune disease develop. However, this autoimmune response is transient and aged, reconstituted mice show no overt signs of disease. The autoantibody response appears to be derived from a pre-existing population of host self-reactive B cells and requires CD40 ligand-mediated co-stimulation from donor cells. Diminution of this response is coincident with a vigorous germinal center reaction and the disappearance of a subpopulation of activated B cells that expresses elevated levels of Fas. Collectively, our data support the idea that T cells play a multifaceted role in the maintenance of peripheral B cell tolerance that includes mediating the activation-induced death of autospecific B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta/genetics
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Self Tolerance/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Lentz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, BLSB 708, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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