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Zhang X, Li X, He Y, Law PJ, Farrington SM, Campbell H, Tomlinson IPM, Houlston RS, Dunlop MG, Timofeeva M, Theodoratou E. Phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) of colorectal cancer risk SNP effects on health outcomes in UK Biobank. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:822-830. [PMID: 34912076 PMCID: PMC8888597 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between colorectal cancer (CRC) and other health outcomes have been reported, but these may be subject to biases, or due to limitations of observational studies. METHODS We set out to determine whether genetic predisposition to CRC is also associated with the risk of other phenotypes. Under the phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) and tree-structured phenotypic model (TreeWAS), we studied 334,385 unrelated White British individuals (excluding CRC patients) from the UK Biobank cohort. We generated a polygenic risk score (PRS) from CRC genome-wide association studies as a measure of CRC risk. We performed sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the results and searched the Danish Disease Trajectory Browser (DTB) to replicate the observed associations. RESULTS Eight PheWAS phenotypes and 21 TreeWAS nodes were associated with CRC genetic predisposition by PheWAS and TreeWAS, respectively. The PheWAS detected associations were from neoplasms and digestive system disease group (e.g. benign neoplasm of colon, anal and rectal polyp and diverticular disease). The results from the TreeWAS corroborated the results from the PheWAS. These results were replicated in the observational data within the DTB. CONCLUSIONS We show that benign colorectal neoplasms share genetic aetiology with CRC using PheWAS and TreeWAS methods. Additionally, CRC genetic predisposition is associated with diverticular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xue Li
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Public Health and the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yazhou He
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Oncology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Philip J Law
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Susan M Farrington
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian P M Tomlinson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Malcolm G Dunlop
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Timofeeva
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Piperberg JB, Reif-Lehrer L. Glutamine synthetase in cultured whole retinas from the embryonic chick. Role of protein and RNA syntheses in 4 degrees C storage enhancement. CELL BIOPHYSICS 1984; 6:131-48. [PMID: 6207921 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity is enhanced in cultured whole retinas when a 72 h incubation at 37 degrees C is preceded by storage at 4 degrees C for 2-24 h. This enhancement occurs even in the absence of glucocorticoids and is maximal in retinas from 11 to 14 d embryos. In comparison, cortisol-induced increases in retinal GS activity at 37 degrees C are optimal in retinas from 8 to 12 d embryos. This study, using cycloheximide (an inhibitor of protein synthesis) and cordycepin (an inhibitor of RNA synthesis), indicates that both protein and RNA synthesis are required for the 4 degrees C storage enhancement of GS activity. The necessary RNA synthesis occurs within the first 48 h following transfer to 37 degrees C and does not require concomitant protein synthesis. Uridine uptake, but not incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material, is increased by initial 4 degrees C storage when compared with whole retina controls incubated at 37 degrees C for the total time. In contrast, both uptake and incorporation of amino acids are increased in 4 degrees C-stored retinas for as long as 72 h subsequent to transfer from 4 to 37 degrees C. This suggests that enhancement GS activity may arise from a combination of elevated general protein synthesis and specific messenger-RNA synthesis following 4 degrees C storage.
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