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Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process of the pancreatic gland that eventually may lead to a severe systemic inflammatory response. A key event in pancreatic damage is the intracellular activation of NF-κB and zymogens, involving also calcium, cathepsins, pH disorders, autophagy, and cell death, particularly necrosis. This review focuses on the new role of redox signaling in acute pancreatitis. Oxidative stress and redox status are involved in the onset of acute pancreatitis and also in the development of the systemic inflammatory response, being glutathione depletion, xanthine oxidase activation, and thiol oxidation in proteins critical features of the disease in the pancreas. On the other hand, the release of extracellular hemoglobin into the circulation from the ascitic fluid in severe necrotizing pancreatitis enhances lipid peroxidation in plasma and the inflammatory infiltrate into the lung and up-regulates the HIF-VEGF pathway, contributing to the systemic inflammatory response. Therefore, redox signaling and oxidative stress contribute to the local and systemic inflammatory response during acute pancreatitis.
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The antioxidant profiles, lysosomal and membrane enzymes activity in patients with acute pancreatitis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:376518. [PMID: 25298618 PMCID: PMC4178910 DOI: 10.1155/2014/376518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, play an important role in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. The study was aimed to assess the degree of the pro/antioxidative imbalance and estimate which antioxidant plays a role in the maintenance of pro/antioxidative balance during acute pancreatitis. The study was investigated in the blood of 32 patients with acute pancreatitis and 37 healthy subjects. IL-6 concentration as early marker of inflammation was determinated. The intensity of oxidative stress was assessed by TBARS concentration. To investigate antioxidative status, the GPx and Cu/Zn SOD activities and the levels of GSH, MT, SH groups, and TRAP were measured. The concentrations of Cu and Zn as ions participating in the maintenance of antioxidant enzymes stability and playing a role in the course of disease were determinated. The activities of GGT, AAP, NAG, and β-GD as markers of tissue damage were also measured. An increase in IL-6 concentration, which correlated with Ranson criteria, and an increase in GPx activity, levels of MT, TBARS, or GGT, and NAG activities in patients group compared to healthy subjects were demonstrated. A decrease in GSH level in patients group compared to control group was noted. The studies suggest that GPx/GSH and MT play the role of the first line of defence against oxidative stress and pro/antioxidant imbalance in the course of acute pancreatitis.
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Yang LJ, Wan R, Shen JQ, Shen J, Wang XP. Effect of L-cysteine on remote organ injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis induced by bile-pancreatic duct obstruction. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2013; 12:428-35. [PMID: 23924502 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(13)60067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remote organ failure occurs in cases of acute pancreatitis (AP); however, the reports on AP induced by pancreatic duct obstruction are rare. In this study we determined the effect of L-cysteine on pancreaticobiliary inflammation and remote organ damage in rats after pancreaticobiliary duct ligation (PBDL). METHODS AP was induced by PBDL in rats with 5/0 silk. Sixty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Groups A and B were sham-operated groups that received injections of saline or L-cysteine (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (15 rats in each group). Groups C and D were PBDL groups that received injections of saline or L-cysteine (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (15 rats in each group). The tissue samples of the pancreas and remote organs such as the lung, liver, intestine and kidney were subsequently examined for pathological changes under a light microscope. The samples were also stored for the determination of malondialdehyde and glutathione levels. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma amylase, ALT and AST levels were determined spectrophotometrically using an automated analyzer. Also, we evaluated the effect of L-cysteine on remote organ injury in rats with AP induced by retrograde infusion of 3.5% sodium taurocholate (NaTc) into the bile-pancreatic duct. RESULTS Varying degrees of injury in the pancreas, lung, liver, intestine and kidney were observed in the rats 24 hours after PBDL. The severity of injury to the lung, liver and intestine was attenuated, while injury status was not changed significantly in the pancreas and kidney after L-cysteine treatment. Oxidative stress was also affected by L-cysteine in PBDL-treated rats. The concentration of tissue malondialdehyde decreased in the pancreas and remote organs of PBDL and L-cysteine administrated rats, and the concentration of glutathione increased more significantly than that of the model control group. However, L-cysteine administration reduced the severity of injury in remote organs but not in the pancreas in rats with NaTc-induced AP. CONCLUSION L-cysteine treatment attenuated multiple organ damage at an early stage of AP in rats and modulated the oxidant/antioxidant imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
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Montelukast, a selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonist, reduces cerulein-induced pancreatic injury in rats. Pancreas 2010; 39:1041-6. [PMID: 20467345 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181db2dfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast against pancreatic injury during acute pancreatitis. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats by 20-μg/kg (intraperitoneal) cerulein given at 1-hour intervals within 4 hours. Montelukast was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 10 mg/kg 15 minutes before the first cerulein injection. Six hours after the cerulein or saline injections, the animals were killed by decapitation. Blood samples were collected to analyze amylase, lipase, and the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β. Pancreas tissues were taken for the determination of tissue glutathione and malondialdehyde levels and Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase and myeloperoxidase activities. The extent of tissue injury was analyzed microscopically. RESULTS Acute pancreatitis caused significant decreases in tissue glutathione level and Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase activity, which were accompanied with significant increases in the pancreatic malondialdehyde level, myeloperoxidase activity, and plasma cytokine level. On the other hand, montelukast treatment reversed all these biochemical indices and histopathological alterations that were induced by cerulein. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cysteinyl leukotrienes may be involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis and that the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, montelukast, might be of therapeutic value for treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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Batcioglu K, Gul M, Uyumlu AB, Esrefoglu M. Liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 42:776-82. [PMID: 19738983 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009000900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of oxidative damage in pancreatitis-induced hepatic injury. Thirty-five rats were divided into five groups (each of 7 rats): control, cerulein (100 microg/kg body weight), cerulein and pentoxifylline (12 mg/kg body weight), cerulein plus L-NAME (10 mg/kg body weight) and cerulein plus L-arginine (160 mg/kg body weight). The degree of hepatic cell degeneration differed significantly between groups. Mean malondialdehyde levels were 7.00 +/- 2.29, 20.89 +/- 10.13, 11.52 +/- 4.60, 18.69 +/- 8.56, and 8.58 +/- 3.68 nmol/mg protein for the control, cerulein, pentoxifylline, L-NAME, and L-arginine groups, respectively. Mean catalase activity was 3.20 +/- 0.83, 1.09 +/- 0.35, 2.05 +/- 0.91, 1.70 +/- 0.60, and 2.85 +/- 0.47 U/mg protein for the control, cerulein, pentoxifylline, L-NAME, and L-arginine groups, respectively, and mean glutathione peroxidase activity was 0.72 +/- 0.25, 0.33 +/- 0.09, 0.37 +/- 0.04, 0.34 +/- 0.07 and 0.42 +/- 0.1 U/mg protein for the control, cerulein, pentoxifylline, L-NAME, and L-arginine groups, respectively. Cerulein-induced liver damage was accompanied by a significant increase in tissue malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in catalase (P < 0.05) and GPx activities (P < 0.05). L-arginine and pentoxifylline, but not L-NAME, protected against this damage. Oxidative injury plays an important role not only in the pathogenesis of AP but also in pancreatitis-induced hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Batcioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
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Ramudo L, Manso MA. N-acetylcysteine in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2010; 1:21-6. [PMID: 21577291 PMCID: PMC3091141 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v1.i1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature trypsinogen activation and production of oxygen free radicals (OFR) are early pathogenic events which occur within acinar cells and trigger acute pancreatitis (AP). OFR exert their harmful effects on various cell components causing lipid peroxidation, disturbances in calcium homeostasis and DNA damage, which lead to increased cell injury and eventually cell death. This review presents the most recent data concerning the effects of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), in the treatment of AP. NAC is an antioxidant capable of restoring the levels of Glutathione, the most important cellular antioxidant. Studies show the beneficial effects of NAC treatment in preventing OFR production and therefore attenuating oxidative damage. Additionally, NAC treatment has been shown to prevent the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and reduce the accumulation of enzymes in acinar cells during AP. The prevention, by NAC, of these pathological events occurring within acinar would contribute to reducing the severity of AP. NAC is also capable of reducing the activation of transcription factors especially sensitive to the cellular redox state, such as Nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase. This leads to a down-regulation of cytokines, adhesion molecules and chemokine expression in various cell types during AP. These findings point to NAC as a powerful therapeutic treatment, attenuating oxidative-stress-induced cell injury and other pathological events at early stages of AP, and potentially contributing to reducion in the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ramudo
- Laura Ramudo, Manuel A Manso, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
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García M, Barbáchano EH, Lorenzo PH, San Román JI, López MA, Coveñas R, Calvo JJ. Saline infusion through the pancreatic duct leads to changes in calcium homeostasis similar to those observed in acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:300-8. [PMID: 18600455 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on studying the early events associated with pancreatic damage after retrograde infusion through the pancreatic duct in rats. We have analyzed changes in calcium homeostasis and secretory response in pancreatic acini from rats with taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis. Moreover, in order to test whether pancreatic duct manipulation can trigger damage inside pancreatic acinar cells, we have studied both parameters in acini from animals infused with saline. Our study demonstrates that taurocholate causes evident damage to acinar cells, impairing both calcium homeostasis and secretory response to CCK. In saline, a significant decrease in calcium cytosolic response to CCK was observed. Calcium disturbances similar to those observed in acute pancreatitis appear before secretion blockade and inflammation processes in saline treated rats. These results could be interesting since pancreatitis is associated to clinical procedures that require duct manipulation such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica García
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Edificio Departamental, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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Zhang F, Wang X, Wang W, Li N, Li J. Glutamine reduces TNF-alpha by enhancing glutathione synthesis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated alveolar epithelial cells of rats. Inflammation 2008; 31:344-50. [PMID: 18807160 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-008-9084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of glutathione (GSH) synthesis in the regulation on nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release by glutamine (GLN) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar type II (AT-II) epithelial cells of rat lungs. Primary cultured AT-II cells were pre-treated with various doses of GLN for 2, 8, 16, 24 h. At the 8 h time point before LPS stimulation, various doses of L: -buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, were added with 10 mM GLN. Then the cells were stimulated with 1 mug/ml LPS for 24 h. The cells were obtained for GSH measurement. TNF-alpha level in the supernatant was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NF-kappaB activity was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Eight hours before LPS exposure was the best time point for GLN's enhancing GSH synthesis. LPS could significantly decrease the GSH level, increase NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha release in AT-II cells. Supplementation of GLN could increase the GSH level and attenuate the release of TNF-alpha in LPS-stimulated AT-II cells in a dose-dependant manner. And NF-kappaB activation also could be prevented by GLN. BSO could block the effect of GLN. As a precursor of GSH, glutamine could prevent the NF-kappaB activation and attenuate the release of TNF-alpha in LPS-stimulated AT-II cells and the effect may be mediated via GSH synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Baumann B, Wagner M, Aleksic T, von Wichert G, Weber CK, Adler G, Wirth T. Constitutive IKK2 activation in acinar cells is sufficient to induce pancreatitis in vivo. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1502-13. [PMID: 17525799 PMCID: PMC1868787 DOI: 10.1172/jci30876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB (IKK/NF-kappaB) system and expression of proinflammatory mediators are major events in acute pancreatitis. However, the in vivo consequences of IKK activation on the onset and progression of acute pancreatitis remain unclear. Therefore, we modulated IKK activity conditionally in pancreatic acinar cells. Transgenic mice expressing the reverse tetracycline-responsive transactivator (rtTA) gene under the control of the rat elastase promoter were generated to mediate acinar cell-specific expression of IKK2 alleles. Expression of dominant-negative IKK2 ameliorated cerulein-induced pancreatitis but did not affect activation of trypsin, an initial event in experimental pancreatitis. Notably, expression of constitutively active IKK2 was sufficient to induce acute pancreatitis. This acinar cell-specific phenotype included edema, cellular infiltrates, necrosis, and elevation of serum lipase levels as well as pancreatic fibrosis. IKK2 activation caused increased expression of known NF-kappaB target genes, including mediators of the inflammatory response such as TNF-alpha and ICAM-1. Indeed, inhibition of TNF-alpha activity identified this cytokine as an important effector of IKK2-induced pancreatitis. Our data identify the IKK/NF-kappaB pathway in acinar cells as being key to the development of experimental pancreatitis and the major factor in the inflammatory response typical of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Baumann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Aleksic
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Götz von Wichert
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph K. Weber
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Adler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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De La Torre Prados M, García AlcÁntara A, Soler García A, Fernández García I, Luque Fernández M, Merino Vega J. Pancreatitis aguda y base experimental en la respuesta fisiopatológica local y sistémica. Med Intensiva 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5691(03)79875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vaquero E, Gukovsky I, Zaninovic V, Gukovskaya AS, Pandol SJ. Localized pancreatic NF-kappaB activation and inflammatory response in taurocholate-induced pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G1197-208. [PMID: 11352813 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.6.g1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is activated in cerulein pancreatitis and mediates cytokine expression. The role of transcription factor activation in other models of pancreatitis has not been established. Here we report upregulation of NF-kappaB and inflammatory molecules, and their correlation with local pancreatic injury, in a model of severe pancreatitis. Rats received intraductal infusion of taurocholate or saline, and the pancreatic head and tail were analyzed separately. NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation were assessed by gel shift assay, and mRNA expression of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, KC, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase was assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Morphological damage and trypsin activation were much greater in the pancreatic head than tail, in parallel with a stronger activation of NF-kappaB and cytokine mRNA. Saline infusion mildly affected these parameters. AP-1 was strongly activated in both pancreatic segments after either taurocholate or saline infusion. NF-kappaB inhibition with N-acetylcysteine ameliorated the local inflammatory response. Correlation between localized NF-kappaB activation, cytokine upregulation, and tissue damage suggests a key role for NF-kappaB in the development of the inflammatory response of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vaquero
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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Telek G, Scoazec JY, Chariot J, Ducroc R, Feldmann G, Roz C. Cerium-based histochemical demonstration of oxidative stress in taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. A confocal laser scanning microscopic study. J Histochem Cytochem 1999; 47:1201-12. [PMID: 10449541 DOI: 10.1177/002215549904700912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct in vivo histological detection of oxygen-derived free radicals (OFRs) in inflammatory conditions is not fully resolved. We report an application of cerium histochemistry (in which capture of OFRs by Ce atoms results in laser-reflectant cerium-perhydroxide precipitates) combined with reflectance confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to demonstrate the evolution of oxidative stress in taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats. Animals were perfused with CeCl(3) in vivo and cryostat sections of pancreata were studied by CLSM. Vascular endothelium was immunolabeled for PECAM-1. OFR production by isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) incubated in vitro with CeCl(3) was quantified by image analysis. In the pancreas, strong OFR-derived cerium reflectance signals were seen in acinar cells at 1-2 hr, capillaries and small venules were frequently engorged by cerium precipitates, and adherent PMNs presented weak intracellular reflectance signals. At 8-24 hr, acinar cell OFR production decreased, whereas adherent/transmigrated PMNs displayed abundant intra- and pericellular reflectance. PECAM-1 expression was unchanged. PMNs from ascites or blood showed significant (p<0.01) time-dependent OFR production, plateauing from 2 hr. The modified cerium capture/CLSM method allows the co-demonstration of in vivo oxidative stress and cellular structures labeled with fluorescent markers. In vivo oxidative stress was shown histologically for the first time in experimental AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Telek
- INSERM U410, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
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