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Lukáčová A, Beck T, Trnková K, Trniková M, Krajčovič J, Vesteg M. Discrimination of Euglena gracilis strains Z and bacillaris by MALDI-TOF MS. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:930-942. [PMID: 35483969 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Euglena gracilis is used as model organism for various microbiological, molecular biological and biotechnological studies. Its most studied wild type strains are Z and bacillaris, but their discrimination by standard molecular methods is difficult. Therefore, we decided to test the suitability of MALDI-TOF MS (matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization - time of flight mass spectrometry) for identification of E. gracilis and for discrimination of these two strains possessing functional chloroplasts. MALDI-TOF MS profiling was also tested for two white (non-photosynthetic) stable E. gracilis mutant strains Wgm ZOflL and W10 BSmL. METHODS AND RESULTS We have successfully obtained main spectrum profiles (MSPs) of E. gracilis strains Z, SAG 1224-5/25 and bacillaris, SAG 1224-5/15 using protein extraction procedure. Subsequent MALDI-TOF MS profiling of a number of tested samples and the comparison of the obtained protein profiles with our in-house database including MSPs of both strains has revealed that these two strains can be easily distinguished by MALDI-TOF MS based on score values over two in most cases. This method has also confirmed the ancestry of white mutant strains Wgm ZOflL and W10 BSmL, originally derived from strains Z and bacillaris, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MALDI-TOF MS is suitable, accurate and rapid method for discrimination of E. gracilis strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY These results can have broad practical implications for laboratories cultivating various strains of euglenids, and they can be applied for their discrimination by MALDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lukáčová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Terézia Beck
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Trnková
- Department of the Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Miriam Trniková
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Krajčovič
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Vesteg
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
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Hadariová L, Vesteg M, Birčák E, Schwartzbach SD, Krajčovič J. An intact plastid genome is essential for the survival of colorless Euglena longa but not Euglena gracilis. Curr Genet 2016; 63:331-341. [PMID: 27553633 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis growth with antibacterial agents leads to bleaching, permanent plastid gene loss. Colorless Euglena (Astasia) longa resembles a bleached E. gracilis. To evaluate the role of bleaching in E. longa evolution, the effect of streptomycin, a plastid protein synthesis inhibitor, and ofloxacin, a plastid DNA gyrase inhibitor, on E. gracilis and E. longa growth and plastid DNA content were compared. E. gracilis growth was unaffected by streptomycin and ofloxacin. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed a time dependent loss of plastid genes in E. gracilis demonstrating that bleaching agents produce plastid gene deletions without affecting cell growth. Streptomycin and ofloxacin inhibited E. longa growth indicating that it requires plastid genes to survive. This suggests that evolutionary divergence of E. longa from E. gracilis was triggered by the loss of a cytoplasmic metabolic activity also occurring in the plastid. Plastid metabolism has become obligatory for E. longa cell growth. A process termed "intermittent bleaching", short term exposure to subsaturating concentrations of reversible bleaching agents followed by growth in the absence of a bleaching agent, is proposed as the molecular mechanism for E. longa plastid genome reduction. Various non-photosynthetic lineages could have independently arisen from their photosynthetic ancestors via a similar process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Hadariová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina G-1, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Matej Vesteg
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Erik Birčák
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina G-1, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Juraj Krajčovič
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina G-1, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of ss. Cyril and Methodius, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia.
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Characterization of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes inEuglena gracilisand its white mutant strainWgmZOflL. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:687-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Krajčovič J, Schwartzbach SD. Euglenoid flagellates: a multifaceted biotechnology platform. J Biotechnol 2014; 202:135-45. [PMID: 25527385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Euglenoid flagellates are mainly fresh water protists growing in highly diverse environments making them well-suited for a multiplicity of biotechnology applications. Phototrophic euglenids possesses complex chloroplasts of green algal origin bounded by three membranes. Euglena nuclear and plastid genome organization, gene structure and gene expression are distinctly different from other organisms. Our observations on the model organism Euglena gracilis indicate that transcription of both the plastid and nuclear genome is insensitive to environmental changes and that gene expression is regulated mainly at the post-transcriptional level. Euglena plastids have been proposed as a site for the production of proteins and value added metabolites of biotechnological interest. Euglena has been shown to be a suitable protist species to be used for production of several compounds that are used in the production of cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals, such as α-tocopherol, wax esters, polyunsaturated fatty acids, biotin and tyrosine. The storage polysaccharide, paramylon, has immunostimulatory properties and has shown a promise for biomaterials production. Euglena biomass can be used as a nutritional supplement in aquaculture and in animal feed. Diverse applications of Euglena in environmental biotechnology include ecotoxicological risk assessment, heavy metal bioremediation, bioremediation of industrial wastewater and contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Krajčovič
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Steven D Schwartzbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3560, USA
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Mateášiková-Kováčová B, Vesteg M, Drahovská H, Záhonová K, Vacula R, Krajčovič J. Nucleus-encoded mRNAs for Chloroplast Proteins GapA, PetA, and PsbO areTrans-spliced in the FlagellateEuglena gracilisIrrespective of Light and Plastid Function. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2012; 59:651-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hana Drahovská
- Department of Molecular Biology; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University; Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava; Slovakia
| | | | - Rostislav Vacula
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University; Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava; Slovakia
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On the origin of chloroplasts, import mechanisms of chloroplast-targeted proteins, and loss of photosynthetic ability — review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2009; 54:303-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-009-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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VESTEG MATEJ, VACULA ROSTISLAV, BUREY SUZANNE, LÖFFELHARDT WOLFGANG, DRAHOVSKÁ HANA, MARTIN WILLIAM, KRAJČOVIČ JURAJ. Expression of Nucleus-Encoded Genes for Chloroplast Proteins in the FlagellateEuglena gracilis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56:159-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kovacević G, Kalafatić M, Ljubesić N. Endosymbiotic alga from green hydra under the influence of cinoxacin. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2005; 50:205-8. [PMID: 16295658 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cinoxacin (Cxn) showed a strong effect on the endosymbiotic alga Chlorella; it was significantly damaged. Changes in algal color, position, structure and ultrastructure were found. In some algal cells ultrastructures were completely destroyed. The antichloroplastal and antimitochondrial effect was especially expressed. Damage to the thylakoid system of chloroplasts was more pronounced with increasing Cxn concentration. Some of the mitochondria were swollen and some of them were completely destroyed. From the evolutionary point of view, the correlation between antibacterial, and antichloroplastal and antimitochondrial effect of Cxn points to the evolutionary connection of chloroplasts and mitochondria with eubacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kovacević
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
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Popova AF. Comparative characteristic of mitochondria ultrastructural organization in Chlorella cells under altered gravity conditions. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2003; 31:2253-2259. [PMID: 14686440 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Results from experiments that used cells from the unicellular alga Chlorella vulgaris (strain Larg-1) grown on a clinostat, demonstrated the occurrence of rearrangements in cellular organelles, including changes in the mitochondrial ultrastructure compared to controls. Changes in mitochondrial structure were observed in auto- and heterotrophic regimes of cells grown in altered gravity conditions, especially in long-term experiments. The mitochondrial rearrangements become apparent during cell proliferation, which resulted in an increase in the relative volume of mitochondria per cell: up to 2.7 +/- 0.3% in short-term clino-rotation (2.2 +/- 0.1% in the control) and up to 5.3 +/- 0.4% and 5.1 +/- 0.4% in long-term clinorotation (2.3 +/- 0.2% in the control). The size of the mitochondria and their cristae increased in cells grown under long-time clinorotation. In addition, hypertrophied organelles, not typical for this strain, were observed. These changes in the cells were accompanied by increased electron density of the matrix and a well-ordered topography of the cristae. To examine the separation of oxidative phosphorylation and respiration, an inhibitory agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) was applied to cells which resulted in insignificant volume changes of the mitochondria (2.5 +/- 0.4% versus 2.1 +/- 0.2% in the control). The increase of mitochondrial size with regularly arranged cristae, with more condensed matrix and extension of cristae areas of clino-rotated cells, may demonstrate higher functional activity of the mitochondria under altered gravity conditions. Changes observed early in clinorotated cells, in particular the increased level of respiration, adenylate content (especially ATP) and more intensive electron-cytochemical reactions of Mg2(+)-ATPase and succinate [correction of succinat] dehydrogenase (SDH) in mitochondria (including hypertrophic organelles), also suggest increased activity of mitochondria from cells grown under altered gravity conditions compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Popova
- Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.
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Vacula R, Steiner JM, Krajcovic J, Ebringer L, Löffelhardt W. Plastid state- and light-dependent regulation of the expression of nucleus-encoded genes for chloroplast proteins in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2002; 46:433-41. [PMID: 11899478 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interorganellar regulatory interactions in the flagellate Euglena gracilis were shown to be more complicated than in green algae and higher plants. Euglena plastids have a much more complex influence on nuclear gene expression than was previously thought. The petJ gene for cytochrome c6 represents a group of nucleus-encoded genes for chloroplast proteins, the expression of which is influenced by the state of plastids at the transcriptional level. Moroever, the regulation of these genes might be light-dependent. In contrast, for nucleus-encoded small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, chlorophyll a/b binding protein, and porphobilinogen deaminase transcript levels are unchanged in wild-type cells relative to white mutants. In these cases there is no plastid-derived signal operative during transcription. Porphobilinogen deaminase appeared to be regulated even at the post-translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vacula
- Institute of Cell Biology, Comenius University, 811 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Strigácová J, Hudecová D, Varecka L, Lásiková A, Végh D. Some biological properties of new quinoline-4-carboxylic acid and quinoline-4-carboxamide derivatives. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2000; 45:305-9. [PMID: 11347250 DOI: 10.1007/bf02817551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial and morphogenetic effects of fourteen newly synthesized 2-substituted derivatives of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid and quinoline-4-carboxamide were studied using G+ and G- bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi. The highest antimicrobial effects were found with substituted quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivatives. Quinoline-4-carboxamides only weakly influenced the growth of the tested microorganisms. Some derivatives of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid elicited profound changes in the morphology of hyphal tips of Botrytis cinerea, mainly their branching and the release of the cytoplasmic content. Quinoline derivatives, which elicited morphological changes, increased also the permeability of the plasmalemma of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Strigácová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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