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Ben-David U, Amon A. Context is everything: aneuploidy in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 2019; 21:44-62. [DOI: 10.1038/s41576-019-0171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Meng B, Li H, Sun X, Qu W, Yang B, Cheng F, Shi L, Yuan H. σ-1 receptor stimulation protects against pressure-induced damage through InsR-MAPK signaling in human trabecular meshwork cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:617-624. [PMID: 28560459 PMCID: PMC5482118 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of the σ-1 receptor (Sig-1R) agonist (+)‑pentazocin (PTZ) on pressure-induced apoptosis and death of human trabecular meshwork cells (hTMCs). The expression levels of Sig‑1R and insulin receptor (InsR) were examined in hTMCs. Cells were cultured under a pressure of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mmHg for 48 h, and under 80 mmHg for 44 h, after which the cells were treated with (+)‑PTZ (20 µM), N-(2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)-N‑methyl-2‑(dimethylamino) ethylamine (BD‑1063; 20 µM) administered 30 min prior to (+)‑PTZ, or BD‑1063 (20 µM) and then exposed to 80 mmHg again until the 48 h time‑point. The changes of the cells were observed by optical and electron microscopy, the apoptosis and death of hTMCs were detected by ethidium bromide/acridine orange dual staining assay and the expression of Sig‑1R and InsR by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK), an important downstream protein of the InsR‑mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway, was also detected by western blot analysis when (+)‑PTZ and BD‑1063 were added to the 80 mmHg‑treated cells. Sig‑1Rs and InsRs were expressed in hTMCs. The apoptosis and death of hTMCs increased from 40 mmHg with 50% cell death when the pressure was at 80 mmHg and the structure of the cells noticeably changed. The expression of Sig‑1R and InsR increased along with the elevation of pressure. (+)‑PTZ decreased the apoptosis and death of hTMCs and increased the expression of Sig‑1R and InsR, and the phosphorylation of ERK. Such effects were blocked by BD‑1063. The present study suggested that Sig‑1R agonist (+)‑PTZ can protect hTMCs from pressure‑induced apoptosis and death by activating InsR and the MAPK signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P.R. China
| | - Xian Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Fang Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Liping Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is gaining increasing interest as a central process in cancer. CIN, either past or present, is indicated whenever tumour cells harbour an abnormal quantity of DNA, termed 'aneuploidy'. At present, the most widely used approach to detecting aneuploidy is DNA cytometry - a well-known research assay that involves staining of DNA in the nuclei of cells from a tissue sample, followed by analysis using quantitative flow cytometry or microscopic imaging. Aneuploidy in cancer tissue has been implicated as a predictor of a poor prognosis. In this Review, we have explored this hypothesis by surveying the current landscape of peer-reviewed research in which DNA cytometry has been applied in studies with disease-appropriate clinical follow up. This area of research is broad, however, and we restricted our survey to results published since 2000 relating to seven common epithelial cancers (those of the breast; endometrium, ovary, and uterine cervix; oesophagus; colon and rectum; lung; prostate; and bladder). We placed particular emphasis on results from multivariate analyses to pinpoint situations in which the prognostic value of aneuploidy as a biomarker is strong compared with that of existing indicators, such as clinical stage, histological grade, and specific molecular markers. We summarize the implications of our findings for the prognostic use of ploidy analysis in the clinic and for the theoretical understanding of the role of CIN in carcinogenesis.
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Aktas Z, Karaca EE, Gonul II, Hasanreisoglu M, Onol M. Apoptosis in the iris and trabecular meshwork of medically treated and untreated primary open angle glaucoma patients. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:827-30. [PMID: 24392332 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.06.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the trabecular meshwork (TM) and iris apoptosis of treated and untreated primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. METHODS Eight treatment-naive, newly diagnosed (group 1) and 11 medicaly treated (group 2) patients with POAG were included in the study. Each patient underwent a limbus-based trabeculectomy. The TM and peripheral iris specimens were dissected out and were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until they were assayed. Apoptosis in each group was assesed by TUNEL method. RESULTS The mean patient age was 60.6±5.8 years (53-68 years) vs 58.9±8.9 years (47-70 years) in group 1 and group 2 (P=0.859). The mean treatment time in group 2 was 22.2±7.3 months (12-34 months). Apoptotic indexes in TM and iris were significantly higher in POAG patients using medication (group 2) compared to treatment-naive POAG patients (group 1) (P=0.004, 0.015; respectively). CONCLUSION Long term administration of topical antiglaucoma medications causes additional toxic effects on TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Aktas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Emine Esra Karaca
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Ipek Işik Gonul
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Murat Hasanreisoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Merih Onol
- Department of Ophthalmology, World Eye Hospital, Ankara 06700, Turkey
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Prendes MA, Harris A, Wirostko BM, Gerber AL, Siesky B. The role of transforming growth factor β in glaucoma and the therapeutic implications. Br J Ophthalmol 2013; 97:680-6. [PMID: 23322881 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-301132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy frequently associated with elevated intraocular pressure, ocular vascular changes and extracellular matrix remodelling at the optic nerve head and in the trabecular meshwork. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and complex, but many recent studies have suggested that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a major role in the process. Significantly elevated levels of TGF-β have been identified in the anterior chamber of glaucomatous eyes. TGF-β has also been shown to directly cause increased intraocular pressure. It is believed that this occurs through complex interaction with the trabecular meshwork, leading to decreased aqueous humour outflow. These processes occur through specific interactions with various proteins and signalling molecules also present in ocular tissues. By understanding the role that TGF-β plays in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, alternative therapeutic agents can be developed, which target these pathways and improve and assist in the management of disease. This review will cover previous investigative studies and discuss the current understanding of TGF-β's role in glaucoma and how it may serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Prendes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Meriläinen S, Mäkelä J, Jensen HA, Dahlbacka S, Lehtonen S, Karhu T, Herzig KH, Kröger M, Koivukangas V, Koskenkari J, Ohtonen P, Karttunen T, Lehenkari P, Juvonen T. Portal vein cytokines in the early phase of acute experimental oedematous and necrotizing porcine pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:1375-85. [PMID: 22954013 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.722675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytokines initiate and modify systemic inflammatory response in early acute pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to analyze which cytokines are released from the pancreas to portal venous blood in the early phase of acute experimental necrotizing and oedematous pancreatitis and which of those cytokines are correlated with the more severe form of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifteen pigs were randomized to develop mild oedematous pancreatitis (n = 5, saline infusion to pancreatic duct), severe necrotizing pancreatitis (n = 5, taurocholic acid infusion) along with a control group (n = 5). Arterial and venous blood samples were drawn and cytokine levels were measured from portal vein blood at 0, 120, 240 and 360 min after the induction of pancreatitis. Tissue samples from the pancreas were harvested at 0 and 360 min. RESULTS White blood cell count increased in necrotizing pancreatitis and the control group. The amount of neutrophils increased (p < 0.001) and the lymphocyte and eosinophil counts decreased in all groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). The monocyte count, as well as PDGF and IL-6 concentrations, increased only in necrotizing pancreatitis. IL-8 and eotaxin increased both in oedematous and necrotizing pancreatitis. MCP-1 increased in all groups. IL-9, IL-4, MIP-1α, IFN- γ concentrations did not change. Eotaxin and MCP-1 plasma levels from a previous series between portal venous and pulmonary arterial blood were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS The initial inflammatory process was diverse in oedematous and necrotizing pancreatitis. Increased monocyte count in combination with elevated PDGF and IL-6 are characteristic of necrotizing pancreatitis in our model.
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Spieler P, Rössle M. Respiratory Tract and Mediastinum. ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY 2012. [PMCID: PMC7122295 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-24719-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Normal cytology, abnormal and atypical cells, non-cellular components, and infectious cell changes are largely described together with benign, malignant, and neuroendocrine lesions regarding exfoliative and aspiration cytology of the lung. A separate section broadly addresses diagnostic findings and differential diagnoses in bronchoalveolar washings. The section ‘Fine needle aspiration biopsy of mediastinal disorders’ covers in particular biopsy techniques, accuracy of liquid-based cytology, and the complex lesions of the thymus gland. Cytodiagnostic algorithms of the major benign and malignant pulmonary and mediastinal lesions and their respective differential diagnoses are additionally presented in synoptic setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spieler
- Institut für Pathologie, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstraße 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rössle
- Institut für Klinische Pathologie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Schmelzbergstraße 12, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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Kernt M, Neubauer AS, Eibl KH, Wolf A, Ulbig MW, Kampik A, Hirneiss C. Minocycline is cytoprotective in human trabecular meshwork cells and optic nerve head astrocytes by increasing expression of XIAP, survivin, and Bcl-2. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4:591-604. [PMID: 20668721 PMCID: PMC2909888 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s11216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is one of the leading causes of blindness. Activation of optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHA) and loss of trabecular meshwork cells (TMC) are pathognomonic for this neurodegenerative disease. Oxidative stress and elevated levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) play an important role in the pathogenesis of POAG. This study investigates the possible antiapoptotic and cytoprotective effects of minocycline on TMC and ONHA under oxidative stress and increased TGFbeta levels. METHODS TMC and ONHA were treated with minocycline 1-150 muM. Possible toxic effects and IC(50) were evaluated after 48 hours. Cell proliferation and viability were examined in order to assess the protective effects of minocycline on TMC and ONHA. Expression of Bcl-2, XIAP, and survivin, as well as their mRNA expression, were assessed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blot analysis 48 hours after treatment with minocycline alone and additional incubation with TGFbeta-2 or oxidative stress. RESULTS Minocycline 1-75 muM showed no toxic effects on TMC and ONHA. Under conditions of oxidative stress, both TMC and ONHA showed an increase in viability and an ability to proliferate when treated with minocycline 20-40 muM. RT-PCR and Western blotting yielded an overexpression of Bcl-2, XIAP, and survivin when TMC or ONHA were treated with minocycline 20-40 muM under conditions of oxidative stress and when additionally incubated with TGFbeta-2. CONCLUSION Minocycline up to 75 muM does not have toxic effects on TMC and ONHA. Treatment with minocycline 20-40 muM led to increased viability and proliferation under oxidative stress and TGFbeta-2, as well as overexpression of Bcl-2, XIAP, and survivin. This protective pathway may help to prevent apoptotic cell death of TMC and ONHA and therefore be a promising approach to avoidance of progression of glaucomatous degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Kernt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Kirsten H Eibl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael W Ulbig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anselm Kampik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristoph Hirneiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Da B, Cao Y, Wei H, Chen Z, Shui Y, Li Z. Antagonistic effects of tranilast on proliferation and collagen synthesis induced by TGF-beta2 in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Curr Med Sci 2004; 24:490-2, 496. [PMID: 15641701 DOI: 10.1007/bf02831117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whether tranilast had antagonistic effect on proliferation inhibition and collagen synthesis promotion induced by TGF-beta2 in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells was investigated. Suspension of 1 x 10(4) cultured human trabecular meshwork cells of 3-5 passage was distributed in each well of a 96-well disk and divided into control group and experimental group. After 24 h, 0 microg/ml (control), 12.5 microg/ml, 25 microg/ml, 50 microg/ml tranilast with 3.2 ng/ml TGF-beta2 were added into the incubation medium. Another 24 h later, proliferation and collagen synthesis in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells were examined respectively by using tetrazolium-based semiautomated colormetric (MTT) assay and 3H-proline incorporation with liquid scintillation technique. The results showed absorbance (A) values of the experimental groups were 0.9036 +/- 0.3017, 1.1361 +/-0.1352, 1.2457 +/- 0.1524 according to the different concentrations of tranilast, and 0.8956 +/-0.1903 of the control group. In comparison with the control group, 25 microg/ml (q'= 3.23, P< 0.05), 50 microg/ml (q'=4.70, P<0.01) tranilast significantly antagonized the decrease of the A values induced by TGF-beta2 in the cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. In comparison with the control group [817.37+/-124.21 cpm/10(4) cells], 12.5 microg/ml (620.33+/-80.46 cpm/10(4) cells, q'= 4.26, P<0.05), 25 microg/ml (594.58+/-88.13 cpm/10(4) cells, q'=4.81, P<0.01), 50 microg/ml (418.64+/-67.90 cpm/10(4) cells, q'=8.62, P<0.01) tranilast significantly inhibited the incorporation of 3H-proline into the cultured human trabecular meshwork cells promoted by TGF-beta2 in a dose-dependent manner. It was concluded that tranilast had the antagonistic effect on the proliferation inhibition and collagen synthesis promotion induced by TGF-alpha2 in the cultured human trabecular meshwork cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banghong Da
- Department of Emergency, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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