Relation between self-reported weight cycling history, dieting and bio-behavioral health in Japanese adult males

Prevalence of personal weight control attempts in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence of personal weight control attempts (weight loss and/or maintenance) worldwide and to identify correlates, personal strategies used and the underlying motives. We included epidemiological/observational studies of adults (≥18 years) reporting prevalence of weight control attempts in the past-year. Seventy-two studies (n = 1,184,942) met eligibility criteria. Results from high quality studies showed that 42% of adults from general populations and 44% of adults from ethnic-minority populations reported trying to lose weight, and 23% of adults from general populations reported trying to maintain weight annually. In general population studies, higher prevalence of weight loss attempts was observed in the decade of 2000-2009 (48.2%), in Europe/Central Asia (61.3%) and in overweight/obese individuals and in women (p < 0.01). Of the 37 strategies (grouped in 10 domains of the Oxford Food and Activity Behaviours Taxonomy) and 12 motives reported for trying to control weight, exercising and dieting (within the energy compensation and restraint domains, respectively) and wellbeing and long-term health were the most prevalent. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to investigate weight control attempts worldwide. Key strategies and motives were identified which have implications for future public health initiatives on weight control.

Transient remission of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease decreases the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese men

INTRODUCTION

It is unclear how the transient remission of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Here, we sought to determine the effect of the transient remission of NAFLD on incident T2DM in Japanese men.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used a population-based health check-up program. The primary outcome was set as incident T2DM. We divided the participants who showed NAFLD at the time of enrollment into three groups according to their clinical course of NAFLD: the Regression group, in which the participants showed a regression of NAFLD and no relapse during the follow-up period; the Transient Remission group, in which participants achieved a transient remission of NAFLD, but had a relapse of NAFLD; and the Persistent group, in which participants showed NAFLD throughout the follow-up. The Never group of participants who did not show NAFLD throughout the follow-up served as a reference.

RESULTS

The incidence rates of T2DM in the Never group, the Regression group, the Transient Remission group, and the Persistent group were 4.7% (62/1306), 9.2% (14/153), 18.0% (25/139), and 35.1% (120/342), respectively. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis with covariates, the adjusted hazard ratios for incident T2DM compared with the Never group were as follows: Regression group: 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53-2.04, P=0.81], Transient Remission group: 2.12 (95% CI 1.22-3.57, P<0.01), and Persistent group: 3.44 (95% CI 2.29-5.21, P<0.001). The adjusted hazard ratio of the Transient Remission group was significantly lower than that of the Persistent group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Transient remission of NAFLD significantly decreased the risk of developing T2DM.

Atherosclerosis and cardiac function assessment in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice undergoing body weight cycling

Background:

Obesity has become an epidemic in many countries and is supporting a billion dollar industry involved in promoting weight loss through diet, exercise and surgical procedures. Because of difficulties in maintaining body weight reduction, a pattern of weight cycling often occurs (so called ‘yo-yo' dieting) that may result in deleterious outcomes to health. There is controversy about cardiovascular benefits of yo-yo dieting, and an animal model is needed to better understand the contributions of major diet and body weight changes on heart and vascular functions. Our purpose is to determine the effects of weight cycling on cardiac function and atherosclerosis development in a mouse model.

Methods:

We used low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice due to their sensitivity to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases when fed high-fat diets. Alternating ad libitum feeding of high-fat and low-fat (rodent chow) diets was used to instigate weight cycling during a 29-week period. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests were done at 22 and 24 weeks, echocardiograms at 25 weeks and atherosclerosis and plasma lipoproteins assessed at 29 weeks.

Results:

Mice subjected to weight cycling showed improvements in glucose homeostasis during the weight loss cycle. Weight-cycled mice showed a reduction in the severity of atherosclerosis as compared with high-fat diet-fed mice. However, atherosclerosis still persisted in weight-cycled mice as compared with mice fed rodent chow. Cardiac function was impaired in weight-cycled mice and matched with that of mice fed only the high-fat diet.

Conclusion:

This model provides an initial structure in which to begin detailed studies of diet, calorie restriction and surgical modifications on energy balance and metabolic diseases. This model also shows differential effects of yo-yo dieting on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.