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Cacciottolo M, Nice JB, Li Y, LeClaire MJ, Twaddle R, Mora CL, Adachi SY, Chin ER, Young M, Angeles J, Elliott K, Sun M. Exosome-Based Multivalent Vaccine: Achieving Potent Immunization, Broadened Reactivity, and Strong T-Cell Responses with Nanograms of Proteins. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0050323. [PMID: 37093009 PMCID: PMC10269692 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00503-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently approved vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have focused solely on the spike protein to provide immunity. The first vaccines were developed rapidly using spike mRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles but required ultralow-temperature storage and have had limited immunity against variations in spike. Subsequently, protein-based vaccines were developed, which offer broader immunity but require significant time for development and the use of an adjuvant to boost the immune response. Here, exosomes were used to deliver a bivalent protein-based vaccine in which two independent viral proteins were used. Exosomes were engineered to express either SARS-CoV-2 delta spike (Stealth X-Spike [STX-S]) or the more conserved nucleocapsid (Stealth X-Nucleocapsid [STX-N]) protein on the surface. When administered as a single product (STX-S or STX-N) or in combination (STX-S+N), both STX-S and STX-N induced strong immunization with the production of potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Interestingly, these results were obtained with the administration of only nanograms of protein and without an adjuvant. In two independent animal models (mouse and rabbit), the administration of nanograms of the STX-S+N vaccine resulted in increased antibody production, potent neutralizing antibodies with cross-reactivity to other variants of spike, and strong T-cell responses. Importantly, no competition of immune responses was observed, allowing the delivery of nucleocapsid with spike to offer improved SARS-CoV-2 immunity. These data show that the StealthX exosome platform has the enormous potential to revolutionize vaccinology by combining the advantages of mRNA and recombinant protein vaccines into a superior, rapidly generated, low-dose vaccine resulting in potent, broader immunity. IMPORTANCE The pandemic emergency has brought to light the need for a new generation of rapidly developed vaccines that induce longer-lasting, potent, and broader immune responses. While the mRNA vaccines played a critical role during the emergency in reducing SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization rates and deaths, more efficient approaches are needed. A multivalent, protein-based vaccine delivered by exosomes could meet this urgent need due to the high speed of development, manufacturability, and the ability to produce a strong antibody response, with neutralizing antibodies and a strong T-cell response able to broadly combat viral infection with a minimum number of injections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin B Nice
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yujia Li
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Ryan Twaddle
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ciana L. Mora
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jenna Angeles
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Minghao Sun
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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Hu H, Roth JP, Yu Q. Generation of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing two foreign genes for use as a multivalent vaccine and gene therapy vector. Vaccine 2018; 36:4846-4850. [PMID: 30037477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been used as a vector in the development of vaccines and gene therapy. A majority of these NDV vectors express only a single foreign gene through either an independent transcription unit (ITU) or an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). In the present study, we combined the ITU and IRES methods to generate a novel NDV LaSota strain-based recombinant virus vectoring the red fluorescence protein (RFP) and the green fluorescence protein (GFP) genes. Biological assessments of the recombinant virus, rLS/IRES-RFP/GFP, showed that it was slightly attenuated in vivo, yet maintained similar growth dynamics and viral yields in vitro when compared to the parental LaSota virus. Expression of both the RFP and GFP was detected from the rLS/IRES-RFP/GFP virus-infected DF-1 cells by fluorescence microscopy. These data suggest that the rLS/IRES-RFP/GFP virus may be used as a multivalent vector for the development of vaccines and gene therapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Jason P Roth
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Qingzhong Yu
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Chuan YP, Wibowo N, Connors NK, Wu Y, Hughes FK, Batzloff MR, Lua LH, Middelberg AP. Microbially synthesized modular virus-like particles and capsomeres displaying group A streptococcus hypervariable antigenic determinants. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:1062-70. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yap P. Chuan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; Centre for Biomolecular Engineering; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nani Wibowo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; Centre for Biomolecular Engineering; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Natalie K. Connors
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; Centre for Biomolecular Engineering; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Yang Wu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; Centre for Biomolecular Engineering; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Fiona K. Hughes
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; Centre for Biomolecular Engineering; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Michael R. Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University; Gold Coast QLD Australia
| | - Linda H.L. Lua
- Protein Expression Facility; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD Australia
| | - Anton P.J. Middelberg
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; Centre for Biomolecular Engineering; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
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Lin CW, Chang CY, Chen WL, Lin SC, Liao CC, Chang JY, Liu CC, Hu AYC, Lu TC, Chou AH, Wu SC, Chong P, Huang MH. Formulation and immunological evaluation of a trivalent vaccine comprising emulsified submicron particles and inactivated virions of H5N1/EV71/JEV. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2378-85. [PMID: 23838466 PMCID: PMC3981847 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination vaccines can reduce the number of injections and simplify the immunization schedule required to prevent different diseases. Here we assessed the immunogenicity in a mouse model of a vaccine composition comprising inactivated influenza viruses (H5N1/H1N1), enterovirus 71 (EV71), and/or Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and investigated whether the vaccine formulations can overcome the immunologic interference between the individual vaccine components. We demonstrated that the antigenic competition happens between H5N1/H1N1 or H5N1/EV71 inactivated virions when the vaccine combinations either formulated with Alum suspensions or without adjuvant. In the presence of PELC emulsified particles, EV71-specific immune responses before and after incorporating H5N1 virus into EV71 vaccine were detected of no significant difference; in addition, H5N1- and EV71-specific immune responses were found at the same level when H5N1/EV71/JEV consolidating into combination vaccine. Emulsified vaccine formulation was represented as a potential tool that is found to reduce the number of injections required to prevent multiple infectious strains causing the same disease (H5N1/H1N1) and/or that protect against different diseases (H5N1/EV71). Combination vaccines can also include a third component to protect against H5N1/EV71/JEV at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lin Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chang Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yuan Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chun Lu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Hsiang Chou
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology; China Medical University; Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
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Dakshinamoorthy G, Samykutty AK, Munirathinam G, Reddy MV, Kalyanasundaram R. Multivalent fusion protein vaccine for lymphatic filariasis. Vaccine 2012; 31:1616-22. [PMID: 23036503 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis affects approximately 3% of the whole world population. Mass drug administration is currently the major control strategy to eradicate this infection from endemic regions by year 2020. Combination drug treatments are highly efficient in controlling the infection. However, there are no effective vaccines available for human or animal lymphatic filariasis despite the identification of several subunit vaccines. Lymphatic filariasis parasites are multicellular organisms and potentially use multiple mechanisms to survive in the host. Therefore, there is a need to combine two or more vaccine candidate antigens to achieve the desired effect. In this study we combined three well characterized vaccine antigens of Brugia malayi, heat shock protein 12.6 (HSP12.6), Abundant Larval transcript-2 (ALT-2) and tetraspanin large extra cellular loop (TSP-LEL) as a multivalent fusion vaccine. Putative immune individuals carry circulating antibodies against all three antigens. Depletion of these antigen specific antibodies from the sera samples removed the ability of the sera to participate in the killing of B. malayi L3 in an antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism. Vaccination trials in mice with a bivalent [HSP12.6+ALT-2 (HA), HSP12.6+TSP-LEL (HT) or TSP-LEL+ALT-2 (TA)] or trivalent [HSP12.6+ALT-2+TSP-LEL (HAT)] vaccines using DNA, protein or heterologous prime boost regimen showed that trivalent HAT vaccine either as protein alone or as heterologous prime boost vaccine could confer significant protection (95%) against B. malayi L3 challenge. Immune correlates of protection suggest a Th1/Th2 bias. These finding suggests that the trivalent HAT fusion protein is a promising prophylactic vaccine against lymphatic filariasis infection in human.
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Desmézières E, Jacob Y, Saron MF, Delpeyroux F, Tordo N, Perrin P. Lyssavirus glycoproteins expressing immunologically potent foreign B cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes as prototypes for multivalent vaccines. J Gen Virol 1999; 80 ( Pt 9):2343-2351. [PMID: 10501486 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-9-2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Truncated and chimeric lyssavirus glycoprotein (G) genes were used to carry and express non-lyssavirus B and T cell epitopes for DNA-based immunization of mice, with the aim of developing a multivalent vaccine prototype. Truncated G (GPVIII) was composed of the C-terminal half (aa 253-503) of the Pasteur rabies virus (PV: genotype 1) G containing antigenic site III and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. The chimeric G (GEBL1-PV) was composed of the N-terminal half (aa 1-250) of the European bat lyssavirus 1 (genotype 5) G containing antigenic site II linked to GPVIII. Antigenic sites II and III are involved in the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies. The B cell epitope was the C3 neutralization epitope of the poliovirus type 1 capsid VP1 protein. The T cell epitope was the H2d MHC I-restricted epitope of the nucleoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) involved in the induction of both cytotoxic T cell (CTL) production and protection against LCMV. Truncated G carrying foreign epitopes induced weak antibody production against rabies and polio viruses and provided weak protection against LCMV. In contrast, the chimeric plasmid containing various combinations of B and CTL epitopes elicited simultaneous immunological responses against both parental lyssaviruses and poliovirus and provided good protection against LCMV. The level of humoral and cellular immune responses depended on the order of the foreign epitopes inserted. Our results demonstrate that chimeric lyssavirus glycoproteins can be used not only to broaden the spectrum of protection against lyssaviruses, but also to express foreign B and CTL epitopes. The potential usefulness of chimeric lyssavirus glycoproteins for the development of multivalent vaccines against animal diseases and zoonoses, including rabies, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Desmézières
- Laboratoire des Lyssavirus1, Laboratoire de Virologie Expérimentale2 and Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Entérovirus3, Institut Pasteur 25, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- Laboratoire des Lyssavirus1, Laboratoire de Virologie Expérimentale2 and Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Entérovirus3, Institut Pasteur 25, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Saron
- Laboratoire des Lyssavirus1, Laboratoire de Virologie Expérimentale2 and Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Entérovirus3, Institut Pasteur 25, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Laboratoire des Lyssavirus1, Laboratoire de Virologie Expérimentale2 and Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Entérovirus3, Institut Pasteur 25, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Noël Tordo
- Laboratoire des Lyssavirus1, Laboratoire de Virologie Expérimentale2 and Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Entérovirus3, Institut Pasteur 25, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pierre Perrin
- Laboratoire des Lyssavirus1, Laboratoire de Virologie Expérimentale2 and Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Entérovirus3, Institut Pasteur 25, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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