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Li H, Wei J, Ma F, Shan Q, Gao D, Jin Y, Sun P. Melatonin Modulates Lactation by Regulating Prolactin Secretion Via Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurons in the Hypothalamus- Pituitary System. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:744-750. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200511093733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In-depth studies have identified many hormones important for controlling mammary growth
and maintaining lactation. One of these is melatonin, which is synthesized and secreted by the pineal
gland to regulate circadian rhythms, improve antioxidant capacity, and enhance immunity. Prolactin is
secreted by the pituitary gland and is associated with the growth and development of mammary glands
as well as initiation and maintenance of lactation. The hypothalamus-pituitary system, the most important
endocrine system in the body, regulates prolactin secretion mainly through dopamine released
from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. This review provides a reference for further study and
describes the regulation of lactation and prolactin secretion by melatonin, primarily via the protection
and stimulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingya Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Duo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Peeva E, Grimaldi C, Spatz L, Diamond B. Bromocriptine restores tolerance in estrogen-treated mice. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:1373-9. [PMID: 11104790 PMCID: PMC381463 DOI: 10.1172/jci10420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2000] [Accepted: 10/16/2000] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen can modulate autoimmunity in certain models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, we have shown that it can mediate survival and activation of anti-DNA B cells in a mouse transgenic for the heavy chain of a pathogenic anti-DNA antibody. To identify whether estrogen effects reflect increased prolactin secretion, we characterized B-cell autoreactivity in transgenic mice given both bromocriptine (an inhibitor of prolactin secretion) and estradiol. Treatment of mice with estradiol plus bromocriptine led to reduced titers of anti-DNA antibodies and diminished IgG deposition in kidneys compared with treatment with estradiol alone. However, mice treated with estradiol plus bromocriptine showed an expansion of transgene-expressing B cells and enhanced Bcl-2 expression, similar to those of estradiol-treated mice. We identified anergic high-affinity anti-DNA B cells in mice treated with estradiol plus bromocriptine, and we showed by molecular analysis of anti-DNA hybridomas that their B cells derive from a naive repertoire. Thus, the estradiol-induced breakdown in B-cell tolerance can be abrogated by bromocriptine, which induces anergy in the high-affinity DNA-reactive B cells. These studies demonstrate that some of the effects of estrogen on naive autoreactive B cells require the presence of prolactin and, thus, suggest potential therapeutic interventions in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peeva
- Department of Medicine, and. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Skowron-Cendrzak A, Rudek Z, Sajak A, Kubera M, Basta-Kaim A, Shani J. Effect of multiparity on T-cell proliferation response to mitogen stimulation in elderly women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 21:177-83. [PMID: 10348367 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(98)00078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether multiparity in women prevents some age-related changes in their cell function, as is known for age and sex. 49 women from the same village, free of acute inflammation or neoplastic diseases, were selected and divided into the following three groups: nulliparous 1935 years old, nulliparous 65 92 years old and multiparous (3-9 pregnancies) 65-88 years old. The response of their blood-lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin-P was estimated by thymidine uptake, number of mitoses and number of sister-chromatid exchanges. The stimulation index, mitotic index and proliferative rate in the aging nulliparous women were significantly lower than in the younger nulliparous women, but the latter group (young nulliparous) did not differ in their lymphocyte parameters assayed, from the values in the aging multiparous women breast-feeding their newborn. It is concluded that when the proliferative capacity to mitogen in elderly multiparous women (after 3-9 pregnancies) is related to breast feeding, it is similar to the proliferative capacity in young women. We suggest therefore, that breast feeding is beneficial not only to the newborns, but also to their mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Skowron-Cendrzak
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow
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Walker SE, Miller D, Hill DL, Komatireddy GR. Prolactin, a pituitary hormone that modifies immune responses. Proceedings of the Mini-symposium on Prolactin and SLE, held at the 5th International Conference on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Cancun, Mexico. Lupus 1998; 7:371-5. [PMID: 9736318 DOI: 10.1191/096120398678920370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Vidal S, Lombardero M, Moya L. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies of prolactin-secreting cells in adenohypophysis of the mink (Mustela vison). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1997; 107:311-21. [PMID: 9268612 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1997.6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to identify, by the double immunogold procedure, the ultrastructural characteristics of prolactin (PRL) cells in the mink. Such cells showed a marked pleomorphism and had a close topographic relationship with growth hormone cells. A common morphological characteristic of PRL cells in all stages of mink development was the presence of round secretory granules, in contrast to changes in the ultrastructural characteristics of PRL cells with physiological state and photoperiod. Thus PRL cells in prepubertal, pubertal, and sexually inactive adult mink, killed under a short-day photoperiod, showed little development of the organelles but a significantly increased cytoplasmic electron density. In sexually active mink and in lactating females under long-day conditions, PRL cells had a highly developed cytoplasmic organelle structure consisting mainly of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The morphometric study demonstrated that the mean diameter of the secretory granules similarly varied in both sexes. Pubertal mink had PRL cells with smaller secretory granules (female 74.1 +/- 0.6 nm, male 80.4 +/- 1.7 nm), whereas adult mink killed under a long-day photoperiod presented PRL cells with larger secretory granules (female 194.5 +/- 2.2 nm, male 203.3 +/- 1.7 nm). The changes in the ultrastructural characteristics of PRL cells during the annual cycle suggest a photoperiodic influence upon these cells. In addition the heterogeneity in ultrastructural characteristics and storage characteristics of PRL in some adult mink may suggest a varying metabolic role for PRL under certain, as yet not fully characterized, conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vidal
- Department of Anatomy, University of Santiago, Lugo, 27002, Spain
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Dupond JL, de Wazières B, Gil H, Desmurs H, Jaeger F, Berthier S, Duchêne F. [Autoimmunity: a concept to be revisited?]. Rev Med Interne 1997; 18:72-6. [PMID: 9092021 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(97)84397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is thought to be a defect in immunologic tolerance, resulting in the activation and expansion of self antigen-specific T and B lymphocyte clones and the production of circulating antibodies, and a myriad of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. This hypothesis, which speculates on an aberrant response of the immune system to normal self antigens has exerced a powerful influence on clinical investigations and therapeutic researches. Although much information has accumulated, the mechanism of autoimmune disease remains poorly understood and little attention has been paid to the hypothesis that autoimmune diseases might be caused by a conventional immunological response against self antigens for which tolerance has never been established. Clinical practice would undoubtedly get a lot out of it, as well as new therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Dupond
- Service de médecine interne et immunologie clinique CHU Jean-Minjoz, Besançon, France
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Hawkins TA, Gala RR, Dunbar JC. The lymphocyte and macrophage profile in the pancreas and spleen of NOD mice: percentage of interleukin-2 and prolactin receptors on immunocompetent cell subsets. J Reprod Immunol 1996; 32:55-71. [PMID: 8953520 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(96)00986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The NOD mouse is a model for autoimmune diabetes that develops symptoms similar to Type I diabetes. The incidence of diabetes is greater in females but the degree of insulitis is comparable in both sexes. The purpose of this study was to assess the populations of lymphocytes and macrophages in the pancreas and spleen of NOD mice. Comparisons were made between male and female; young (32-40 days old) and old (197-297 days old); diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Using analytical fluorescent cell cytometry we quantitated the percentages of CD4, and CD8 T-cells, B-cells and macrophages and the percentages of these subsets expressing interleukin-2 (IL-2R), prolactin (PRLR) and Hi-intensity PRL (Hi-PRLR) receptors. Evaluation of T-splenocytes indicated a 2:1 ratio of CD4 to CD8 T-lymphocytes in the spleen. The pancreas had higher percentages of all of the subsets in the old male and female groups compared to their young counterparts. Pancreatic immunocompetent cell subsets expressed lower percentages of IL-2R, PRLR and Hi-PRLR compared to splenocytes. The results did not demonstrate any dramatic differences in the immunocompetent cell populations of the spleen or pancreas between male and female animals, however we were able to establish the percentage of immunocompetent cells with IL-2R, PRLR and Hi-PRLR as a reference for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Hawkins
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Hawkins TA, Gala RR, Dunbar JC. Prolactin modulates the incidence of diabetes in male and female NOD mice. Autoimmunity 1994; 18:155-62. [PMID: 7858100 DOI: 10.3109/08916939409007991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse develops diabetes spontaneously due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic islets with a higher incidence in the female than the male. Prolactin (PRL), a hormone whose role has been previously focused on reproduction and lactation has been demonstrated to influence immune responses. In this study, we investigated the effect of hypoprolactinemia and hyperprolactinemia on the incidence of diabetes in male and female NOD mice. Our hypoprolactinemia model was induced from the time of weaning (21 days of age) to 112 days of age by daily injections of 200 micrograms of bromocriptine (CB-154). A hyperprolactinemic model was induced by a syngeneic anterior pituitary transplant (APT) to the kidney capsule at 35 days of age and maintained until 112 days of age. Additional experimental groups were also investigated. A group of males received pituitary transplants combined with daily subcutaneous injections of CB-154. A group of females treated with CB-154 was also given daily subcutaneous injections of 30 micrograms of oPRL. An ovariectomized (OVX-Control) group of females was also established to serve as a second control for the OVX-APT group. Bromocriptine administration did not significantly decrease plasma PRL levels compared to controls (CTRL) while APT animals had plasma PRL levels that were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than those of CTRL and CB-154 animals. These differences were observed in animals of both sexes. Bromocriptine treatment of APT groups significantly lowered plasma PRL levels from their respective controls. Plasma PRL from the OVX-Control group was markedly lower than the intact female control. The incidence of diabetes was significantly lower in female mice receiving CB-154 injections compared to the intact female CTRL group at 84, 98 and 112 days of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Hawkins
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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