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Gwon Y, So KK, Chun J, Kim DH. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the biosynthesis of a fungal pigment from the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium phlei. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:33. [PMID: 38741106 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cladosporium phlei is a phytopathogenic fungus that produces a pigment called phleichrome. This fungal perylenequinone plays an important role in the production of a photosensitizer that is a necessary component of photodynamic therapy. We applied synthetic biology to produce phleichrome using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RESULTS The gene Cppks1, which encodes a non-reducing polyketide synthase (NR-PKS) responsible for the biosynthesis of phleichrome in C. phlei, was cloned into a yeast episomal vector and used to transform S. cerevisiae. In addition, a gene encoding a phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) of Aspergillus nidulans was cloned into a yeast integrative vector and also introduced into S. cerevisiae for the enzymatic activation of the protein product of Cppks1. Co-transformed yeasts were screened on a leucine/uracil-deficient selective medium and the presence of both integrative as well as episomal recombinant plasmids in the yeast were confirmed by colony PCR. The episomal vector for Cppks1 expression was so dramatically unstable during cultivation that most cells lost their episomal vector rapidly in nonselective media. This loss was also observed to a less degree in selective media. This data strongly suggests that the presence of the Cppks1 gene exerts a significant detrimental effect on the growth of transformed yeast cells and that selection pressure is required to maintain the Cppks1-expressing vector. The co-transformants on the selective medium showed the distinctive changes in pigmentation after a period of prolonged cultivation at 20 °C and 25 °C, but not at 30 °C. Furthermore, thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed the presence of a spot corresponding with the purified phleichrome in the extract from the cells of the co-transformants. Liquid chromatography (LC/MS/MS) verified that the newly expressed pigment was indeed phleichrome. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that metabolic engineering by multiple gene expression is possible and capable of producing fungal pigment phleichrome in S. cerevisiae. This result adds to our understanding of the characteristics of fungal PKS genes, which exhibit complex structures and diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Gwon
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kum-Kang So
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesun Chun
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Tong Z, Mao L, Liang H, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yan R, Zhu D. Simultaneous determination of six perylenequinones in Shiraia sp. Slf14 by HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1331172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Tong
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingwen Mao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hailin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Riming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Du Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
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So KK, Chung YJ, Kim JM, Kim BT, Park SM, Kim DH. Identification of a Polyketide Synthase Gene in the Synthesis of Phleichrome of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Cladosporium phlei. Mol Cells 2015; 38:1105-10. [PMID: 26612679 PMCID: PMC4697002 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phleichrome, a pigment produced by the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium phlei, is a fungal perylenequinone whose photodynamic activity has been studied intensively. To determine the biological function of phleichrome and to engineer a strain with enhanced production of phleichrome, we identified the gene responsible for the synthesis of phleichrome. Structural comparison of phleichrome with other fungal perylenequinones suggested that phleichrome is synthesized via polyketide pathway. We recently identified four different polyketide synthase (PKS) genes encompassing three major clades of fungal PKSs that differ with respect to reducing conditions for the polyketide product. Based on in silico analysis of cloned genes, we hypothesized that the non-reducing PKS gene, Cppks1, is involved in phleichrome biosynthesis. Increased accumulation of Cppks1 transcript was observed in response to supplementation with the application of synthetic inducer cyclo-(l-Pro-l-Phe). In addition, heterologous expression of the Cppks1 gene in Cryphonectria parasitica resulted in the production of phleichrome. These results provide convincing evidence that the Cppks1 gene is responsible for the biosynthesis of phleichrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum-Kang So
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Yun-Jo Chung
- Physical Lab., Center for University-wide Research Facilities, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
| | - Beom-Tae Kim
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Seung-Moon Park
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kim
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
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Improved production of phleichrome from the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium phlei using synthetic inducers and photodynamic ROS production by phleichrome. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:289-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kim JM, Song HY, Choi HJ, Yun SH, So KK, Ko HK, Kim DH. Changes in the mycovirus (LeV) titer and viral effect on the vegetative growth of the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes. Virus Res 2014; 197:8-12. [PMID: 25445339 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to cure the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes strain FMRI0339 of the L. edodes mycovirus (LeV) in order to obtain an isogenic virus-free fungal strain as well as a virus-infected strain for comparison. Mycelial fragmentation, followed by being spread on a plate with serial dilutions resulted in a virus-free colony. Viral absence was confirmed with gel electrophoresis after dsRNA-specific virus purification, Northern blot analysis, and PCR using reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR). Once cured, all of fungal cultures remained virus-free over the next two years. Interestingly, the viral titer of LeV varied depending on the culture condition. The titer from the plate culture showed at least a 20-fold higher concentration than that grown in the liquid culture. However, the reduced virus titer in the liquid culture was recovered by transferring the mycelia to a plate containing the same medium. In addition, oxygen-depleted culture conditions resulted in a significant decrease of viral concentration, but not to the extent seen in the submerged liquid culture. Although no discernable phenotypic changes in colony morphology were observed, virus-cured strains showed significantly higher growth rates and mycelial mass than virus-infected strains. These results indicate that LeV infection has a deleterious effect on mycelial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea
| | - Ha-Yeon Song
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Choi
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea
| | - Suk-Hyun Yun
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, South Korea
| | - Kum-Kang So
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, South Korea
| | - Han-Kyu Ko
- Forest Mushroom Research Center, Yeoju, Gyeonggi 469-803, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kim
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, South Korea.
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So KK, Kim JM, Nguyen NL, Park JA, Kim BT, Park SM, Hwang KJ, Kim DH. Rapid screening of an ordered fosmid library to clone multiple polyketide synthase genes of the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium phlei. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:412-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hu M, Cai Y, Liao X, Hao Z, Liu J. Development of an HPLC method to analyze and prepare elsinochrome C and hypocrellin A in the submerged fermentation broth of Shiria sp. SUPER-H168. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:737-42. [PMID: 22002198 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive analytical method based on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was first developed to simultaneously determine elsinochrome C (EC) and hypocrellin A (HA) in the submerged fermentation. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water 60:40 (v/v) with a flow-rate of 1 mL/min. The calibration curves were as follows: y = 37,625x + 249,775 for EC, y = 30,813x + 556,409 for HA and linear at the investigated concentration. The correlation coefficients (R(2) ) were 0.9989 and 0.9998 respectively for EC and HA. The limits of detection and quantification were 175 and 585 µg/L for EC and 205 and 610 µg/L for HA. The precisions of concentration and retention times were less than 2.5 and 0.3%. The recovery of the method was greater than 95.0%. The methodology was applied to analyze simultaneously EC and HA concentrations in a submerged fermentation, and was adequate for analysis of biosynthesis of perylenequinones. The method was also amplified to separate and purify EC and HA using a semi-preparative C(18) column. In addition, elsinochrome C was first identified in the submerged fermentation broth of Shiraia sp. SUPER-H168.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Characterization of a mutant strain of a filamentous fungus Cladosporium phlei for the mass production of the secondary metabolite phleichrome. J Microbiol 2011; 49:680-3. [PMID: 21887655 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-1022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
UV-mutagenesis was performed to obtain mutant strains that demonstrate altered production of phleichrome, a secondary metabolite of Cladosporium phlei. Among fifty mutants selected, based on the increased area and intensity of the purple pigment surrounding the colonies, the strain M0035 showed the highest production of phleichrome, more than seven fold over wild type. Plate cultures of the M0035 strain resulted in a total of 592 mg phleichrome consisting of 146 mg and 446 mg from the mycelia and agar media, respectively. The M0035 strain displayed a growth rate and a mycelial mass comparable to the parental strain but had significantly reduced asexual sporulation.
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