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Ultra-long acting prodrug of dolutegravir and delivery system - Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and formulation characterizations. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120889. [PMID: 34271151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The focus of present work was to characterize ultra-long acting prodrug of dolutegravir (DTG) and develop biodegradable microparticle formulation. Palmitic acid (PA) conjugated prodrug of DTG was prepared by esterification of hydroxyl group of DTG with the carboxyl group of PA. Physicochemical properties of the prodrug was characterize by MS, NMR, FTIR, SEM, DSC, NIR-CI, pH-solubility, and solid and liquid pH-stability. Comparative solid and liquid stability was performed by storing powder DTG and DTG-Palmitate at 40 °C/75% RH for three months and liquid solution pH 2-8 at room temperature for 24 h, respectively. Pharmacokinetic evaluation was performed in white albino New Zealand rabbits by subcutaneous injection (30 mg/Kg). Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticle formulation was prepared by emulsification-evaporation method and characterized for particle size distribution, shape, drug loading and in-vitro release. MS, NMR, FTIR, SEM, DSC, NIR-CI indicated formation of prodrug. Melting point of the prodrug was lower than DTG but higher than PA. Shape of DTG crystals was irregular while DTG-Palmitate crystals was fine-needle. Solid and liquid stability profiles of the prodrug were similar to DTG. Plasma half-life, area under the curve, and mean-residence time of DTG-Palmitate were 8.8, 2.3 and 14.7 folds of DTG. D90 of DTG and DTG-Palmitate microparticles was 107.1 ± 2.7 and 94.3 ± 3.4 µm, respectively. The in-vitro drug release was almost complete in three weeks from DTG microparticles while it was <85% in six months from DTG-Palmitate microparticles. In conclusion, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties and biodegradable microparticles of the prodrug suggested that the prodrug has potential of sustaining DTG release for ultra-long period compared to DTG.
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Zhang F, Sun M, Sun J, Guan L, Wang J, Lu H. The risk factors for suboptimal CD4 recovery in HIV infected population: an observational and retrospective study in Shanghai, China. Biosci Trends 2016; 9:335-41. [PMID: 26559026 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2015.01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has promoted the reconstitution of CD4+ T-cell count in the HIV infected population, not all patients can achieve the normalization of their immunologic functions. We analysed the variables associated with immunologic recovery, which is commonly regarded as the increase of CD4 to 350 cell/μL after a year of ART. We collected data from 3,485 patients attending a university-based HIV clinic from June 2005 to July 2014 in Shanghai, China. Logistic regression test was performed to analyse the risk factors for suboptimal CD4+ recovery following yearlong ART. The CD4+ T-cell of 723 participants (41.5% of the 1744 subjects) showed more than 350 cell/μL after one year of ART. Compared with baseline CD4 > 350 cell/μL, patients with baseline CD4 ≤ 200 cell/μL or 200 < CD4 ≤ 350 cell/μL were 42.6, 4.5 times more likely to be incomplete CD4 recovery, respectively. The risk of suboptimal immunologic recovery among patients with regimen including AZT or d4T were 2.1, 2.4 times higher compared with TDF, respectively. In our study, between optimal CD4 recovery group and suboptimal recovery group, there were no significant differences in age, gender, marital status, transmission routes, WHO stage, and CD4 recovery rates. As for the dynamic CD4 change, we found the CD4 recovery rates were 49.9% and 61.8% in the second and third year of ART, respectively. Patients who had a low level of CD4+ T-cell count (< 200 cell/μL) during the initiation of ART exhibited more difficulties recovering to a normal level. Furthermore, the regimen, including AZT or d4T, was not beneficial to CD4 recovery. So, more efforts should be made to guarantee the early diagnosis and timely treatment for HIV/AIDS patients, and simultaneously optimize antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University
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Zhong YL, Pipik B, Lee J, Kohmura Y, Okada S, Igawa K, Kadowaki C, Takezawa A, Kato S, Conlon DA, Zhou H, King AO, Reamer RA, Gauthier, Jr. DR, Askin D. Practical Synthesis of a HIV Integrase Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op800153y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Zhong
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Brenda Pipik
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Jaemoon Lee
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kohmura
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Shigemitsu Okada
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Igawa
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Chie Kadowaki
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Akihiro Takezawa
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Shinji Kato
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - David A. Conlon
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Anthony O. King
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Robert A. Reamer
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - Donald R. Gauthier, Jr.
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
| | - David Askin
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Department of PreClinical Development, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan
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Piao MG, Yang CW, Li DX, Kim JO, Jang KY, Yoo BK, Kim JA, Woo JS, Lyoo WS, Han SS, Lee YB, Kim DD, Yong CS, Choi HG. Preparation and in Vivo Evaluation of Piroxicam-Loaded Gelatin Microcapsule by Spray Drying Technique. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1284-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University
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