1
|
Kim Y, Seo C, Oh S, Kwak J, Jung S, Sin E, Kim H, Ji M, Lee HS, Park HJ, Lee G, Yu J, Kim M, Lee W, Paik MJ. Analysis of loxoprofen in tablets, patches, and equine urine as tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivative by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:459-466. [PMID: 29572683 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Loxoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the 2-arylpropionic acid type, which has used to treat musculoskeletal disorders in the horse racing industry. However, it has also used illicitly to mask clinical signs of inflammation and pain in racehorses. Thus, its accurate analysis has become an important issue in horse doping laboratories. In this study, an analytical method of loxoprofen was developed as tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivative by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Characteristic fragment ions of [M-15], [M-57], and [M-139] permitted the accurate and selective detection of loxoprofen. Under optimal conditions, this method showed good linearity (r ≥ 0.999) in the range of 10-500 ng/mL, repeatability (% relative standard deviation = 5.6-8.5), and accuracy (% relative error = - 0.3-0.9) with a detection limit of 1.0 ng. When applied to the analysis of loxoprofen in tablet and patch products, loxoprofen was positively identified as TBDMS derivative by GC-MS. The present method provided rapid and accurate determination of loxoprofen in patch and tablet products. Levels of loxoprofen were highest in equine urine at 0.5 and 1 h after oral administration with single dose (3 mg/kg) to three horses, and then rapidly reduced to below the lower limit of quantification at 24 h. Therefore, the present method will be useful for the pharmacokinetic study and doping tests for loxoprofen and other similar acidic drugs in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngbae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.,Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Kwak
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Sin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Moongi Ji
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Park
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jundong Yu
- Racing Laboratory, Korea Racing Authority, Gwacheon, 13822, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea.
| | - Man-Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hashim NH, Shafie S, Khan SJ. Enantiomeric fraction as an indicator of pharmaceutical biotransformation during wastewater treatment and in the environment--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:1349-1370. [PMID: 21121459 DOI: 10.1080/09593331003728022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective analysis of some pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment has the potential to reveal significant insights regarding the effectiveness of biotransformation processes. Furthermore, enantioselective analysis of chiral pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment may provide a useful historical record revealing the dominant source of (treated or untreated) wastewater contamination. This review of the recent scientific literature has identified only a handful of studies that have directly investigated these promising applications. However, a range of enantioselective analytical techniques are likely to be adaptable from those which have been developed within the pharmaceutical industry. These include direct enantioseparations of enantiomers on chiral stationary phases as well as indirect separations by achiral stationary phases after chiral derivatization to form pairs of physically distinguishable diastereomers. Further investigations of the patterns of enantiomeric fractionation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and environmental samples will provide an increasingly solid understanding of the relationship between biotransformation processes and the often overlooked parameter of enantiomeric fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Hashim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sathishkumar M, Jayabalan R, Mun SP, Yun SE. Role of bicontinuous microemulsion in the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of (R,S)-ketoprofen ethyl ester in a micro-reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:7834-7840. [PMID: 20627548 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bicontinuous microemulsion was employed as the medium for enzymatic hydrolysis of (R,S)-ketoprofen ethyl ester in the presence of esterase for the first time. In addition, a methodology for the separation of optically pure ketoprofen from the microemulsion system for analysis by gas chromatography was developed. Various factors influencing the enzymatic hydrolysis of (R,S)-ketoprofen ethyl ester such as temperature, enzyme concentration and reaction time were optimized experimentally. The enzymatic hydrolysis in a bicontinuous microemulsion system showed a final conversion of 84.6% after 50 h of reaction, while hydrolysis in Tris-HCl buffer solution resulted in only 26.9% conversion after 150 h without completing the reaction. A comparison of the rate of the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction with rates of reaction in other biphasic media revealed that the bicontinuous microemulsion system was faster and more advantageous. The extremely large interfacial area of the latter fluid likely facilitated the contact between the catalyst and the substrate. Because the enzyme applied was not selective, formation of (R)-ketoprofen was also observed. Therefore, application of an enzyme with higher selectivity would provide better results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sathishkumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Research Institute of Bioindustry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561756, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu J, Lee G, Jeong Y, Ahn YH, Hu MB, Kim SJ, Kim KR, Paik MJ. Enantiomeric Composition Tests of Ketoprofen in Equine Plasma and Urine as Diastereomeric (S)-(-)-1-Phenylethylamides by Achiral GC–MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
8
|
Chao SH, Ho HT, Chen FA, Lin PY, Yu YC, Wu AB. Identification of flurbiprofen and its photoproducts in methanol by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:527-33. [PMID: 17357176 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A sample of 10 mM flurbiprofen in methanol (or ethanol) was photoirradiated with sixteen 8 W low-pressure quartz mercury lamps irradiated at 306 nm in a Panchum PR-2000 photochemical reactor. In total, four major photoproducts derived from each sample were observed from the HPLC chromatogram. The photoproducts were separated and their structures elucidated by various spectroscopic methods. Alternatively, using GC-MS, 11 major photoproducts were observed. A reaction scheme of flurbiprofen in methanol is proposed: the photochemical reaction routes occur mainly via esterification and decarboxylation, followed by oxidation with singlet oxygen to produce a ketone, alcohols and other derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hui Chao
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|