The effect ofN-alkyloxycarbonyl group on the anticonvulsant activities ofN-alkyloxycarbonyl-α-amino-N-methylsuccinimides

Nephrotoxicity induced by C- and N-arylsuccinimides

The succinimide ring is incorporated into hundreds of compounds that are widely used as agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical agents. Some succinimide derivatives that contain an aryl group on the ethylene bridge of the succinimide ring (C-arylsuccinimides) or on the nitrogen atom (N-arylsuccinimides) induce nephrotoxicity in humans and/or laboratory animals. Acute toxicity induced by this general class of compounds is typically characterized as polyuric renal failure, while chronic nephrotoxicity is seen as chronic interstitial nephritis. In this review, the structure-nephrotoxicity relationships, biotransformation, and mechanisms of nephrotoxicity for the C- and N-arylsuccinimides are examined.

Design, synthesis and anticonvulsive activity of analogs of γ-vinyl GABA

For the development of new anticonvulsive agents, analogs of gamma-vinyl GABA (vigabatrin) containing GABA, gamma-vinyl GABA, valproic acid, nipecotic acid or isonipecotic acid moieties were prepared and evaluated for their anticonvulsive activities. Most of the prepared compounds showed moderate anticonvulsive activities. Among them compounds 10 and 16 displayed the most potent anticonvulsive activity and a broader spectrum compared to vigabatrin.

Synthesis and anticonvulsant evaluation ofN-Cbz-α-amino-N-alkoxysuccinimides

In previous studies for the development of new anticonvulsants, we found that N-Cbz-alpha-amino-N-alkylsuccinimides exhibited significant anticonvulsant activities in the Maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole induced seizure (PTZ) tests, and also their anticonvulsant activities were dependent on the N-alkyl substituents existent in their structures. Based on these estimations, N-Cbz-alpha-amino-N-hydroxysuccinimide and various N-Cbz-alpha-amino-N-alkoxysuccinimides were prepared in order to develop more active anticonvulsants and to examine the effects of N-hydoxy or N-alkoxy groups on their anticonvulsant activities. The (R)- or (S)-N-Cbz-alpha-amino-N-hydroxysuccinimide and N-Cbz-alpha-amino-N-alkoxysuccinimides were prepared from the corresponding (R)- or (S)-N-Cbz-aspartic acid through the known synthetic procedures. Their anticonvulsant activities in the MES and PTZ test were evaluated. All of these compounds except 3a showed significant anticonvulsant activities against the PTZ test, but these compounds were not active in the MES test. The most active compound in the PTZ test was (R)-N-Cbz-alpha-amino-N-benzyloxysuccinimide (ED50=62.5 mg/kg). In addition, the anticonvulsant activities of these compounds were dependent on their N-substited groups. The order of anticonvulsant activity against the PTZ test, as judged from the ED50 values for (R) series was N-benzyloxy > N-hydroxy > N-isopropoxy > N-methoxy > N-ethoxy; for the (S) series N-ethoxy > N-benzyloxy > N-methoxy > N-isopropoxy.

Design, synthesis and anticonvulsive activities of potential prodrugs linked by two-carbon chain

For the development of new anticonvulsive agents, GABAmimetics such as nipecotic acid, isonipecotic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), gamma-vinyl GABA (vigabatrin) and valproic acid were covalently coupled through an ester bond by a two-carbon linker chain as potential pro-drugs and evaluated for their anticonvulsive activities.

Design and synthesis of anticonvulsive agents as gamma-vinyl GABA-based potential dual acting prodrugs and their biological activities

For the development of new anticonvulsive agents, gamma-vinyl GABA (vigabatrin) and GABA mimetics derivatives were covalently coupled as potential dual acting prodrugs and evaluated for their anticonvulsive activities. Among the prepared compounds, 11 showed the most potent anticonvulsive activity, a shorter onset time and a broader spectrum compared to vigabatrin.