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Para-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol Delays the Progression of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Models of Caenorhabditis elegans through Activating Multiple Cellular Protective Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8986287. [PMID: 35401930 PMCID: PMC8989581 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8986287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine Gastrodia elata (commonly called “Tianma” in Chinese) has been widely used in the treatment of rheumatism, epilepsy, paralysis, headache, and dizziness. Phenolic compounds, such as gastrodin, para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and vanillin are the main bioactive components isolated from Gastrodia elata. These compounds not only are structurally related but also share similar pharmacological activities, such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, and effects on the treatment of aging-related diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) on neurodegenerative diseases and aging in models of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our results showed that HBA effectively delayed the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease in models of C. elegans. In addition, HBA could increase the average lifespan of N2 worms by more than 25% and significantly improve the age-related physiological functions of worms. Moreover, HBA improved the survival rate of worms under stresses of oxidation, heat, and pathogenic bacteria. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that HBA could activate FOXO/DAF-16 and SKN-1 to regulate antioxidative and xenobiotic metabolism pathway. HBA could also activate HSF-1 to regulate proteostasis maintenance pathway, mitochondrial unfolded stress response, endoplasmic stress response and autophagy pathways. The above results suggest that HBA activated multiple cellular protective pathways to increase stress resistance and protect against aging and aging-related diseases. Overall, our study indicates that HBA is a potential candidate for future development of antiaging pharmaceutical application.
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Zhou X, Xu C, Zhu C, Yuan Y, Chen N, Yang Y, Guo Q, Shi J. Insight into Medicinal Chemistry Behind Traditional Chinese Medicines: p-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol-Derived Dimers and Trimers from Gastrodia elata. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:31-50. [PMID: 32761444 PMCID: PMC7933327 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
From an aqueous extract of "tian ma" (the steamed and dried rhizomes of Gastrodia elata), ten new compounds gastrodibenzins A-D (1-4) and gastrotribenzins A-F (5-10), along with known analogues (11-20), having structure features coupling between two and three p-hydroxybenzyl-derived units via carbon- and/or ether-bonds, were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic data analysis. Meanwhile, the new compounds 5a, 6a, 8a, 22, and 23, as well as the known derivatives 13a, 14a, 15, 17-21, 24, 25, and p-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde were isolated and identified from a refluxed aqueous solution of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Methylation of 5a and 6a in methanol and ethylation of 6a, 8a, 13a, and 14a in ethanol produced 5 and 6 and 7, 8, 13, and 14, respectively. using ultra-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRESIMS) analysis of the refluxed solutions of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and the refluxed extracts of the fresh G. elata rhizome and "tian ma" extracts indicated consistent production and variation of the dimeric and trimeric derivatives of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol upon extracting solvents and refluxing time. In various assays, the dimeric and trimeric derivatives showed more potent activities than p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol itself and gastrodin, which are the main known active constituents of "tian ma". These results revealed for the first time that the more effective dimers and trimers can be produced through condensation of the co-occurring p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol during processing and decocting of the G. elata rhizomes, demonstrating insights into medicinal chemistry behind application protocols of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Chengbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Chenggen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Yuhe Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Naihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Yongchun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Qinglan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jiangong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
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Kim HM, Kwon J, Lee K, Lee JW, Jang DS, Kwon HC. Constituents of Gastrodia elata and Their Neuroprotective Effects in HT22 Hippocampal Neuronal, R28 Retinal Cells, and BV2 Microglial Cells. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9081051. [PMID: 32824809 PMCID: PMC7465223 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata is widely used in traditional medicine and contains various types of metabolites with pharmacological activity. In the course of searching for neuroprotective molecules associated with the potential of G. elata in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, two new phenolic compounds (1 and 2) and a new tripeptide (3), together with 16 known compounds (4–19), were isolated from the rhizomes of G. elata. The structures of the compounds were determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic data, including nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data. All obtained compounds were assessed for their ability to protect neuronal cells against neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Of these, 4 and 5 were found to possess moderate activities in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells, whereas 2, 6, and 7 showed weak activities in R28 retinal cells. Additionally, compound 9 showed moderate inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in BV2 microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Jaeyoung Kwon
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (J.K.); (K.L.); (J.W.L.)
| | - Kyerim Lee
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (J.K.); (K.L.); (J.W.L.)
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (J.K.); (K.L.); (J.W.L.)
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (J.K.); (K.L.); (J.W.L.)
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (H.C.K.)
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Huang NK, Lin CC, Lin YL, Huang CL, Chiou CT, Lee YC, Lee SY, Huang HT, Yang YC. Morphological control of mitochondria as the novel mechanism of Gastrodia elata in attenuating mutant huntingtin-induced protein aggregations. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 59:152756. [PMID: 31004885 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to Compendium of Materia Medica, Gastrodia elata (GE) Blume as a top grade and frequently prescribed herbal medicine has been used in treating dizziness, headaches, and epilepsy, indicating a neuroprotective effect. Because GE is capable of suppressing a hyperactive liver and thus calming endogenous wind, and because Huntington's disease (HD) can be classified as a phenomenon of disturbed liver wind, it is suggested that GE might be beneficial in treating HD. However, although current studies support GE for the prevention of diverse neurodegenerations such as HD, its detailed mechanisms remain elusive. PURPOSE To investigate the molecular mechanism of GE in preventing HD by focusing on mitochondrial morphology, which is highly associated with HD etiology and thus proposed as a therapeutic target of neurodegenerations. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS The overexpression of the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) gene in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells was used as an in vitro cell model of HD. A filter retardation assay was applied to measure protein aggregations during HTT expression. Cotransfection with mitochondrial fusion and fission genes was used to test their relationships with HTT aggregates by monitoring with a confocal laser scanning microscope and filter retardation assay. Western blot analysis was used to estimate protein expression under different drug treatments or cotransfections with other related genes. RESULTS The overexpression of mutant but not normal HTT genes significantly resulted in protein aggregations in PC12 cells. GE dose-dependently attenuated mHTT-induced protein aggregations and free radical formations. GE significantly reversed mHTT-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and dysregulation of mitochondrial fusion and fission molecules. The overexpression of mitochondrial fusion genes attenuated mHTT-induced protein aggregations. Further, Mdivi-1, a DRP1 fission molecule inhibitor, significantly reversed mHTT-induced protein aggregations and mitochondrial fragmentation. CONCLUSION GE attenuated mHTT aggregations through the control of mitochondrial fusion and the fission pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kuei Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Chih Lin
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Biophotonics Interdisciplinary Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuen-Lin Huang
- Medical Research Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Hsintien, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Physiology & Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Tang Chiou
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chao Lee
- Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yi Lee
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Tse Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Chen Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan, ROC.
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Choi YJ, Kim MH, Park IS, Kwon B, Choo YM, Jeong SI, Yu KY, Kim J. Gastrodia elata Blume-Derived Vanillyl Alcohol Suppresses Amyloid β-Peptide-Induced Caspase Activation in SH-SY5Y Cells. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712419010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Qi YH, Zhu R, Wang Q, Li Q, Liu YD, Qian ZY, Yang ZH, Mu ZH, Liu XJ, Zhang MY, Wang X, Liao XY, Wan Q, Lu D, Zou YY. Early intervention with gastrodin reduces striatal neurotoxicity in adult rats with experimentally‑induced diabetes mellitus. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3114-3122. [PMID: 30816461 PMCID: PMC6423552 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in the striatum has an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. It has been reported that diabetes mellitus (DM) induces excitotoxicity in striatal neurons, although the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of gastrodin on DM-induced excitotoxicity in the striatal neurons of diabetic rats. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, diabetic, and gastrodin intervention groups. Diabetes in the rats was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). In the gastrodin groups, the rats were gavaged with 60 or 120 mg/kg/day gastrodin for 6 weeks, 3 weeks following the induction of diabetes. Pathological alterations in the striatum were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The protein expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1/2, tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrKB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the striatal neurons were evaluated by western blotting and double immunofluorescence. Additionally, the extracellular levels of glutamate were measured by microanalysis followed by high-pressure-liquid-chromatography. In diabetic rats, striatal neuronal degeneration was evident following H&E staining, which revealed the common occurrence of pyknotic nuclei. This was coupled with an increase in glutamate levels in the striatal tissues. The protein expression levels of p-ERK1/2, p-MEK1/2, TrKB and BDNF in the striatal tissues were significantly increased in the diabetic rats compared with those in the normal rats. In the gastrodin groups, degeneration of the striatal neurons was ameliorated. Furthermore, the expression levels of glutamate, p-ERK1/2, p-MEK1/2, TrKB and BDNF in the striatal neurons were decreased. From these findings, it was concluded that reduced neurotoxicity in striatal neurons following treatment with gastrodin may be attributed to its suppressive effects on the expression of p-ERK1/2, p-MEK1/2, BDNF and TrKB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Qi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Dan Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Kunming Pharmaceutical Corporation, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yi Qian
- Department of Morphological Laboratory, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hao Mu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Jie Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xie Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Liao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurosurgery of The Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Di Lu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Zou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Lee JC, Kim IH, Cho JH, Lee TK, Park JH, Ahn JH, Shin BN, Yan BC, Kim JD, Jeon YH, Lee YJ, Won MH, Kang IJ. Vanillin improves scopolamine‑induced memory impairment through restoration of ID1 expression in the mouse hippocampus. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4399-4405. [PMID: 29328430 PMCID: PMC5802214 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin), contained in a number of species of plant, has been reported to display beneficial effects against brain injuries. In the present study, the impact of vanillin on scopolamine‑induced alterations in cognition and the expression of DNA binding protein inhibitor ID‑1 (ID1), one of the inhibitors of DNA binding/differentiation proteins that regulate gene transcription, in the mouse hippocampus. Mice were treated with 1 mg/kg scopolamine with or without 40 mg/kg vanillin once daily for 4 weeks. Scopolamine‑induced cognitive impairment was observed from 1 week and was deemed to be severe 4 weeks following the administration of scopolamine. However, treatment with vanillin in scopolamine‑treated mice markedly attenuated cognitive impairment 4 weeks following treatment with scopolamine. ID1‑immunoreactive cells were revealed in the hippocampus of vehicle‑treated mice, and were hardly detected 4 weeks following treatment with scopolamine. However, treatment with vanillin in scopolamine‑treated mice markedly restored ID1‑immunoreactive cells and expression 4 weeks subsequent to treatment. The results of the present study suggested that vanillin may be beneficial for cognitive impairment, by preventing the reduction of ID1 expression which may be associated with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Bich Na Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Institute of Integrative Traditional and Western Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Jong-Dai Kim
- Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Jeon
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul Hospital, College of Medicine, Sooncheonhyang University, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Kim YH, Park JH. Vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol attenuate cognitive impairment and the reduction of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus in a mouse model of scopolamine-induced amnesia. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:143-151. [PMID: 28713618 PMCID: PMC5509898 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin) and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA) are natural phenolic compounds, which present in many plants and have diverse biological properties. In this study, we examined effects of vanillin and 4-HBA on learning and memory function, cell proliferation, and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in a mouse model of scopolamine-induced amnesia. Scopolamine (SCO; 1 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally), vanillin, and 4-HBA (40 mg/kg/day, orally) were administered for 28 days. Treatment with scopolamine alone impaired learning and memory function in the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests, in addition, the treatment significantly reduced cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus, which were examined by immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 (a classic marker for cell proliferation) and doublecortin (a marker for neuroblasts). However, treatment with vanillin or 4-HBA significantly attenuated SCO-induced learning and memory impairment as well as the reduction of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus. These results indicate that vanillin and 4-HBA may be helpful in improving cognitive function and in increasing endogenous neuronal proliferation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Matias M, Silvestre S, Falcão A, Alves G. Gastrodia elata and epilepsy: Rationale and therapeutic potential. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1511-1526. [PMID: 27765372 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is a traditional Chinese herb used for centuries in folk medicine. Due to the claimed anticonvulsant properties of G. elata, it is expected that this herb continues to be a target of research, aiming to deepen the available knowledge on its biological activity and safety. PURPOSE The current review aims to discuss the most recent advances on the elucidation of the phytochemical composition and anticonvulsant potential of G. elata. METHODS Available literature was reviewed from PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Science Direct, using combinations of the following keywords: Gastrodia elata, tianma, epilepsy, anticonvulsant and pharmacokinetics. Abstracts and full texts were evaluated for their clarity and scientific merit. RESULTS G. elata rhizome, as well as specific phenolic compounds isolated from this herb, have demonstrated anticonvulsant potential in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models. The pharmacological mechanisms potentially involved in the anticonvulsant activity have been extensively studied, being similar to the known mechanisms claimed for the available antiepileptic drugs. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of the main bioactive component of G. elata (gastrodin) has also been studied. CONCLUSION Due to its recognised therapeutic properties, G. elata has gained an increasing interest within the scientific community and, therefore, new medicinal preparations containing G. elata rhizome itself or its bioactive components are expected to be developed in the coming years. Moreover, specific phytochemical constituents isolated from G. elata may also be considered to integrate programs of discovery and development of new anticonvulsant drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Matias
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Samuel Silvestre
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Ng CF, Ko CH, Koon CM, Chin WC, Kwong HCST, Lo AWI, Wong HL, Fung KP, Lau CBS, Lam PK, Poon WS, Leung PC. The aqueous extract of rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume attenuates locomotor defect and inflammation after traumatic brain injury in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 185:87-95. [PMID: 26979339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has an incident rate of 200-300 people per 100,000 annually in the developed countries. TBI has relatively high incidence at an early age and may cause long-term physical disability. Patients suffered from severe TBI would have motor and neuropsychological malfunctions, affecting their daily activities. Traditionally, Gastrodia elata Blume is a Chinese Medicines which was used for the head diseases, while their efficiency on reducing brain damage was still largely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effect of water extract of G. elata Blume (GE) against TBI and elucidate its underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with GE for 7 days, immediately after controlled cortical impact-induced TBI. Impaired neurobehavioral functioning was measured on day 3 and 6 after TBI. Histology of TBI was examined to assess the extent of inflammation, and the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines were examined by immunofluorescence study on day 7. RESULTS GE treatment significantly improved the impaired locomotor functions induced by TBI. GE treatment reduced inflammation and gliosis in the penumbral area. The increase in brain levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha observed in non-GE treated TBI rats were also reversed. CONCLUSIONS GE treatment attenuated the locomotor deficit caused by TBI. The anti-inflammatory activity might be mediated by inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines responses in the TBI-brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fai Ng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Chun-Hay Ko
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Chi-Man Koon
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Wai-Ching Chin
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; Chow Tai Fook-Cheng Yu Tung Surgical Stem Cell Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Hiu Ching Sonya Themis Kwong
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; Chow Tai Fook-Cheng Yu Tung Surgical Stem Cell Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Anthony Wing-Ip Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Hing-Lok Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Kwok-Pui Fung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Clara Bik-San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Ping-Kuen Lam
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; Chow Tai Fook-Cheng Yu Tung Surgical Stem Cell Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Ping-Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Xian JW, Choi AYT, Lau CBS, Leung WN, Ng CF, Chan CW. Gastrodia and Uncaria (tianma gouteng) water extract exerts antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects against cerebral ischemia in vitro and in vivo. Chin Med 2016; 11:27. [PMID: 27252774 PMCID: PMC4888490 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrodia and Uncaria decoction (tianma gouteng yin) is commonly used in Chinese medicine to treat cerebral ischemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of a water extract (GUW) of Gastrodia elata (tianma; GE) and Uncaria rhynchophylla (gouteng; UR) against ischemic insult using oxygen-glucose-deprived neuronal differentiated PC12 cells and rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS GUW was prepared by boiling raw GE and UR in water, followed by the lyophilization of the resulting extract. Neuronal differentiated PC12 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation with or without GUW. The neuroprotective effects of GUW were compared with those of the corresponding GE and UR extracts to tease apart the effects of the different herbs. The synergistic effect of GE and UR in GUW was measured using a modified version of Burgi's formulae. The neuroprotective mechanisms via Nrf2 and anti-apoptotic pathways were investigated using real time PCR and enzyme activity assays. The neuroprotective effects of GUW were studied in vivo using a rat MCAO model. Neurofunctional outcome and brain infarct volume we assessed. H&E staining, cresyl violet staining and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess the histological outcome. RESULTS The results of lactate dehydrogenase assay showed that GUW protected cells in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.001). Moreover, the neuroprotective effects of GUW were greater than those of GE + UR (P = 0.018). Burgi's formula showed that the herbs in GUW acted synergistically to protect cells from ischemic injury. GUW significantly upregulated Bcl-2 expression (P = 0.0130) and reduced caspase-3 activity by 60 % (P < 0.001). GUW upregulated Nrf-2 expression (P = 0.0066) and the antioxidant response element pathway genes. The infarct volume was reduced by 55 % at day 7 of reperfusion (P < 0.001), and significant improvements were observed in the neurological deficit score and beam-walking test at 7 days (P < 0.001). H&E and cresyl violet staining revealed higher tissue integrity in the GUW treatment group compared with MCAO rats. CONCLUSION GUW modulated the antioxidant system and antiapoptotic genes in oxygen-glucose deprived neuronal differentiated PC12 cells and MCAO sprague-dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wen Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Angus Yiu-Ting Choi
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Clara Bik-San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China ; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wing Nang Leung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Fai Ng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Wai Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Cho JH, Park JH, Ahn JH, Lee JC, Hwang IK, Park SM, Ahn JY, Kim DW, Cho JH, Kim JD, Kim YM, Won MH, Kang IJ. Vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol promotes cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus of mice via the increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin-related kinase B. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2949-56. [PMID: 26935641 PMCID: PMC4805080 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin) and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA) are well-known phenolic compounds, which possess various therapeutic properties and are widely found in a variety of plants. In the present study, the effects of vanillin and 4-HBA were first investigated on cell proliferation, as well as neuronal differentiation and integration of granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of adolescent mice using Ki-67, doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry and 5-bromo-2′-de-oxyuridine (BrdU)/feminizing Locus on X 3 (NeuN) double immunofluorescence. In both the vanillin and 4-HBA groups, the number of Ki-67+ cells, DCX+ neuroblasts and BrdU+/NeuN+ neurons were significantly increased in the subgranular zone of the DG, as compared with the vehicle group. In addition, the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), a BDNF receptor, were significantly increased in the DG in the vanillin and 4-HBA groups compared with the vehicle group. These results indicated that vanillin and 4-HBA enhanced cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation and integration of granule cells in the DG of adolescent mice. These neurogenic effects of vanillin and 4-HBA may be closely associated with increases in BDNF and TrkB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151‑742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Dai Kim
- Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑702, Republic of Korea
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Neurosupportive Role of Vanillin, a Natural Phenolic Compound, on Rotenone Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:626028. [PMID: 26664453 PMCID: PMC4664805 DOI: 10.1155/2015/626028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin, a phenolic compound, has been reported to offer neuroprotection against experimental Huntington's disease and global ischemia by virtue of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. The present study aims to elucidate the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of vanillin in rotenone induced neurotoxicity. Cell viability was assessed by exposing SH-SY5Y cells to various concentrations of rotenone (5–200 nM) for 24 h. The therapeutic effectiveness of vanillin against rotenone was measured by pretreatment of vanillin at various concentrations (5–200 nM) and then incubation with rotenone (100 nM). Using effective dose of vanillin (100 nM), mitochondrial membrane potential, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expression patterns of apoptotic markers were assessed. Toxicity of rotenone was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS generation, release of cyt-c, and enhanced expressions of proapoptotic and downregulation of antiapoptotic indices via the upregulation of p38 and JNK-MAPK pathway proteins. Our results indicated that the pretreatment of vanillin attenuated rotenone induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Thus, vanillin may serve as a potent therapeutic agent in the future by virtue of its multiple pharmacological properties in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including PD.
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Li S, Wang SU, Guo ZG, Huang N, Zhao FR, Zhu ML, Ma LJ, Liang JY, Zhang YL, Huang ZL, Wan GR. Protective effect of Xingnaojia formulation on rats with brain and liver damage caused by chronic alcoholism. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1643-1652. [PMID: 26640531 PMCID: PMC4665616 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to observe the effect of a formulation of traditional Chinese medicine extracts known as Xingnaojia (XNJ) on the liver function, learning ability and memory of rats with chronic alcoholism and to verify the mechanism by which it protects the brain and liver. A rat model of chronic alcoholism was used in the study. The spatial learning ability and memory of the rats were tested. The rats were then sacrificed and their brains and hepatic tissues were isolated. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and levels of glutamate (Glu), N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NR2B), cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the hippocampus were analyzed. The ultrastructure of the hepatic tissue was observed by electron microscopy. In addition, the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in serum were tested and the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TCHOL) were analyzed. XNJ enhanced the learning and memory of rats with chronic alcoholism. Treatment with XNJ increased the activity of SOD, and decreased the expression levels of NR2B mRNA and NR2B, CB1 and CDK5 proteins in the brain tissues compared with those in the model rats. It also increased the activity of ALDH in the serum and liver, decreased the serum levels of LDL, TG and TCHOL and increased the serum level of HDL. These results indicate that XNJ exhibited a protective effect against brain and liver damage in rats with chronic alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - S U Wang
- College of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Ning Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Rong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Mo-Li Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ying Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Lin Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Rui Wan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
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Chen PJ, Sheen LY. Gastrodiae Rhizoma (tiān má): a review of biological activity and antidepressant mechanisms. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 1:31-40. [PMID: 24716103 PMCID: PMC3942998 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrodiae Rhizoma, also called chì jiàn (赤箭), guǐ dū yóu (鬼督郵), or tiān má (天麻) in Chinese, is considered a top grade (上品 shàng pǐn) medicine described to enter liver channel (肝經 gān jīng) in classic literatures of traditional Chinese medicine and has been used for centuries. Many studies investigating its various bioactivities and active compounds have been conducted worldwide. This article reviews these biological activities and details the antidepressant pharmacology of Gastrodiae Rhizoma. Gastrodiae Rhizoma treatment exerts an effective inhibition of diverse diseases and disorders, including convulsion, oxidative stress, mental disorders, amnesia, cardio-cerebral-vascular diseases, and inflammation, among others. The antidepressant effect of Gastrodiae Rhizoma was evaluated in animal models and several mechanisms of activity were found, including the modulation and regulation of monoamine oxidase activity, monoamine concentration and turnover, antioxidatant activity, GABAergic system induction, BDNF induction, neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Doo AR, Kim SN, Hahm DH, Yoo HH, Park JY, Lee H, Jeon S, Kim J, Park SU, Park HJ. Gastrodia elata Blume alleviates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia by normalizing FosB and ERK activation in a 6-OHDA-lesioned Parkinson's disease mouse model. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:107. [PMID: 24650244 PMCID: PMC3994477 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB), commonly used medicinal herb, has been reported as a promising candidate for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. The dopamine precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), is the gold-standard drug for Parkinson’s disease, but long-term treatment results in the L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). This study was undertaken to examine the beneficial effects of GEB on L-DOPA induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced experimental Parkinsonism. Methods We tested the effects of GEB on LID in 6-hydroxydopamine hydrochloride-hemiparkinsonian mice. To analyze the dyskinetic anomalies, we measured abnormal involuntary movement (AIM). Immunohistological analyses of pERK and FosB expressions in the striatum are performed to explore the mechanism of GEB on LID. Results The finding of this study demonstrated that GEB (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) alleviated L-dopa induced AIMs in a dose-dependent manner. In each integrative AIM subtype analysis, we also found that the GEB (400 and 800 mg/kg) treatment decreased L-DOPA-induced axial, limb, orolingual, and locomotive AIMs compared to the LID group. In addition, GEB normalized the abnormal LID-induced increase of pERK1/2 and FosB, the immediate early genes of LID in the striatum. Conclusions In conclusion, our results provide a novel insight into the pharmacological actions of GEB that could have a benefit for PD patients through the reduction of LID.
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Koppula S, Kumar H, More SV, Lim HW, Hong SM, Choi DK. Recent updates in redox regulation and free radical scavenging effects by herbal products in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Molecules 2012; 17:11391-420. [PMID: 23014498 PMCID: PMC6268813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disease marked by extensive neuropathology in the brain with selective yet prominent and progressive loss of mid-brain dopaminergic neurons. The etiological factors involved in the development of PD are still elusive, but oxidative stress arising when reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceed amounts required for normal redox signaling is considered one of the major factors. ROS cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA and are one of the most prominent factors related to neurodegeneration. Pre-clinical and clinical studies clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, regulation of redox signaling and inhibiting excess ROS would contribute greatly not only to extend longevity but also to ameliorate the progression of dopaminergic cell death seen in patients with PD. Several herbal products are beneficial for maintaining nerve cell function and for treating various neurodegenerative disorders by reducing oxidative stress. Here, we summarize the recent knowledge concerning promising herbs that have shown significant beneficial effects based on regulation of redox status and ROS inhibition in toxin-induced PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Koppula
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (S.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-43-840-3610 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-43-840-3872 (D.-K.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (S.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-43-840-3610 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-43-840-3872 (D.-K.C.)
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Huang CL, Yang JM, Wang KC, Lee YC, Lin YL, Yang YC, Huang NK. Gastrodia elata prevents huntingtin aggregations through activation of the adenosine A₂A receptor and ubiquitin proteasome system. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:162-168. [PMID: 21924340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrodia elata Blume (Fam. Orchidaceae) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating headaches, dizziness, tetanus, epilepsy, and numbness of the limbs, which suggests that it has neuroprotective effect. AIM OF THE STUDY To validate the neuroprotection of Gastrodia elata in preventing neurodegenerations, such as Huntington's disease (HD). MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT assay was used to validate the protection of Gastrodia elata. In pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell. Transient transfection of mutant huntingtin (Htt) in PC12 cell was used as an in vitro model of HD. Filter retardation assay was used to measure Htt-induced protein aggregations. Proteasome activity was monitored by transfection of pZsProSensor-1 and imaged by a confocal laser scanning microscope. RESULTS This protection of Gastrodia elata could be blocked by an A(2A)-R antagonist and a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, indicating an A(2A)-R signaling event. Gastrodia elata could reverse mutant Htt-induced protein aggregations and proteasome de-activation through A(2A)-R signaling. In addition, activation of PKA tended to activate proteasome activity and reduce mutant Htt protein aggregations. The proteasome inhibitor, MG 132, blocked Gastrodia elata-mediated suppression of mutant Htt aggregations. CONCLUSION Gastrodia elata prevented mutant Htt aggregations and increased proteasomal activity by targeting the A(2A)-R through PKA-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Lin Huang
- Medical Research Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Hsintien, New Taipei County, Taiwan, ROC
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Tsai CF, Huang CL, Lin YL, Lee YC, Yang YC, Huang NK. The neuroprotective effects of an extract of Gastrodia elata. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:119-25. [PMID: 21925258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrodia elata (GE) Blume (family Orchidaceae) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating headaches, dizziness, tetanus, and epilepsy, indicating neuronal protective functions. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the neuroprotection of GE and its molecular mechanism in preventing serum deprivation-induced PC12 cell apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS An MTT assay and Hoechst staining were used to respectively validate serum deprivation-induced cell death and apoptosis. Cyclic (c)AMP formation and protein kinase (PK)A activity were also measured after GE treatment. Western blotting was used to detect the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein. Transient transfection of a dominant negative CREB was used to validate the importance of CREB. RESULTS GE targeted the adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)-R). GE increased cAMP formation, PKA activity, and phosphorylation of the CREB protein. GE-induced CREB protein phosphorylation and protection was blocked by a PKA inhibitor and overexpression of the dominant negative CREB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results support the neuroprotective effects of GE. The protective mechanism might be mediated through an A(2A)-R/cAMP/PKA/CREB-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Fen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Neuroprotective effects of vanillyl alcohol in Gastrodia elata Blume through suppression of oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic activity in toxin-induced dopaminergic MN9D cells. Molecules 2011; 16:5349-61. [PMID: 21705974 PMCID: PMC6264347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16075349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume (GE) has long been used in oriental countries as a traditional herbal medicine to relieve symptoms associated with neurological ailments such as vertigo, general paralysis and epilepsy. In this study, we have investigated the effects of GE extracts and its major bioactive components on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-treated MN9D dopaminergic cells, a classic in vitro model for Parkinson’s disease (PD). We found that vanillyl alcohol effectively inhibited the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability in MPP+-induced MN9D dopaminergic cells. The underlying mechanisms of vanillyl alcohol action were also studied. Vanillyl alcohol attenuated the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreased in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis. These results indicate that vanillyl alcohol protected dopaminergic MN9D cells against MPP+-induced apoptosis by relieving oxidative stress and modulating the apoptotic process and is therefore a potential candidate for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease.
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Preventive effect of gastrodin on cognitive decline after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a double-blind, randomized controlled study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:120-127. [PMID: 21336736 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-011-0162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive decline is a common complication after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), but as such no pharmacological therapy has been shown to be efficacious in preventing the decline. However, gastrodin has been shown to have multi-pharmacological effects on neurological functions. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that gastrodin would potentially prevent CPB-associated neurocognitive decline. We randomly assigned 200 patients undergoing mitral valve replacement surgery to receive either gastrodin (40 mg/kg) or saline after the induction of anesthesia and subsequently evaluated cognitive function before surgery, at discharge, and at 3rd month after surgery by using a battery of five neurocognitive tests, or adverse effects of gastrodin postoperatively. Neurocognitive decline in postoperative function was defined as a drop of 1 SD or more in the scores on tests of any one of the four domains of cognitive function. Cognitive decline occurred in 9% of the patients in the gastrodin group in contrast to 42% in the control group (P<0.01) at discharge. Cognitive outcome could be determined at 3rd month in 87 patients in the gastrodin group and 89 in the control group. Cognitive decline was detected in 6% in the gastrodin group and 31% in the control group (P<0.01). The incidences of possible adverse effects were similar between two groups. These results indicate that gastrodin is an effective and a safe drug for the prevention of neurocognitive decline in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement surgery with CPB.
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Jung TY, Suh SI, Lee H, Kim IS, Kim HJ, Yoo HS, Lee SR. Protective effects of several components of Gastrodia elata on lipid peroxidation in gerbil brain homogenates. Phytother Res 2008; 21:960-4. [PMID: 17604371 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata (GE) Blume, a traditional herbal agent, has been used mainly in anticonvulsive treatment in Asia. Recently, extracts of GE were evaluated for their potential as neuroprotectives and antioxidants. This study was designed to examine the antioxidant effect of the ether fraction of the methanol extract (EFME) of GE along with its major constituents vanillin, vanillyl alcohol, hydroxybenzaldehyde and hydroxybenzyl alcohol. In experiment 1, gerbils were treated with EFME of GE at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. Oxidative stress was induced with H(2)O(2) or ferrous ion, and lipid peroxidation was measured. In experiment 2, oxidative stress was induced with various concentrations of H(2)O(2) or ferrous ammonium sulfate, and lipid peroxidation was measured. To compare the antioxidant potency, the inhibitory concentration 50% (IC(50)) was determined. EFME of GE reduced auto-peroxidation and H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation. However, it did not significantly reduce ferrous ammonium sulfate-induced lipid peroxidation. The order of antioxidation potency was as follows: hydroxybenzyl alcohol > vanillyl alcohol > vanillin > hydroxybenzaldehyde. In the case of hydroxybenzaldehyde, its antioxidant effect was more potent than that of melatonin. The excellent antioxidant effects of GE and its main constituents may have potential in the treatment of lipid peroxidation-associated neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Jung
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Taegu, 700-712 South Korea
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23
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Huang ZB, Wu Z, Chen FK, Zou LB. The protective effects of phenolic constituents fromGastrodia elata on the cytotoxicity induced by KCl and glutamate. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 29:963-8. [PMID: 17146964 DOI: 10.1007/bf02969279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven phenolic compounds (1-7) were isolated from the tubers of Gastrodia elata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of MS and NMR spectral data. p-Ethoxymethyl phenyl-O-beta-D-glucoside (1) was proved to be a new compound, with N-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-adenosine (7) isolated from this plant for the first time. In this study, the protective effects of the six constituents (1-6) on PC12 cells against the cytotoxicity induced by KCl and glutamate were also investigated. The viability of the PC12 cells was significantly enhanced by pretreatment with the six phenolic constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Bo Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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24
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Ojemann LM, Nelson WL, Shin DS, Rowe AO, Buchanan RA. Tian ma, an ancient Chinese herb, offers new options for the treatment of epilepsy and other conditions. Epilepsy Behav 2006; 8:376-83. [PMID: 16461011 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our purpose is to bring attention to the antiepileptic properties of the Chinese herb tian ma and its constituents, as well as to suggest the potential for the development of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) related to this herb. All available literature regarding the chemistry, pharmacology, animal data, and clinical use of tian ma and its constituents are reviewed, showing that tian ma, its constituents, and its symbiotic fungus Armillaria mellea have antiepileptic properties in in vitro and in vivo models. One clinical study reportedly demonstrated the AED effects of a component of tian ma, vanillin. Thus, tian ma, its constituent vanillin, and its symbiotic fungus armillaria hold promise as cost-effective and less toxic alternatives to standard AEDs. In addition, similar chemical compounds may be developed as AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Moretti Ojemann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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25
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Yu SJ, Kim JR, Lee CK, Han JE, Lee JH, Kim HS, Hong JH, Kang SG. Gastrodia elata blume and an active component, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol reduce focal ischemic brain injury through antioxidant related gene expressions. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 28:1016-20. [PMID: 15930737 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of death and long-lasting disability. Gastrodia elata blume (GEB) is a Chinese herb that is widely used to treat convulsive disorders, such as epilepsy, and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) is the active ingredient in GEB. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of GEB and HBA on the brain damage and transcriptional levels of Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and 1-Cys peroxiredoxin (1-Cys Prx) genes known to play a role in antioxidant systems after transient focal ischemia in the rat brain. Focal ischemia was induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). All animals underwent ischemia for 1 h, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Coronal brain slices were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride or total RNA was extracted for the analysis of gene expression. Histopathologic analysis revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in infarct size in the ipsilateral brain with GEB extracts or HBA. Moreover, the levels of PDI and 1-Cys Prx transcription were significantly increased in the GEB extract- or HBA-treated group compared with the untreated group (p<0.05). This study therefore indicated that GEB and HBA provide neuroprotection by preventing brain damage through the increased expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins after transient focal cerebral ischemia and may be effective as neuroprotective agents at the cellular and molecular levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jin Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Science, Institute of Basic Science, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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26
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Zhang ZJ. Therapeutic effects of herbal extracts and constituents in animal models of psychiatric disorders. Life Sci 2004; 75:1659-99. [PMID: 15268969 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A search for novel pharmacotherapy from medicinal plants for psychiatric illnesses has progressed significantly in the past decade. This is reflected in the large number of herbal preparations for which psychotherapeutic potential has been evaluated in a variety of animal models. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of herbal extracts and constituents that have significant therapeutic effects in animal models of psychiatric illnesses. Eighty five individual herbs reviewed were classified as anxiolytic, antidepressant, neuroleptic, antidementia, or anti-substance abuse herbs. The full scientific name of each herb, herbal part used, active constituent, extract, dose range and route, animal model, possible mechanisms of action, and pertinent references are presented via synoptic tables. The herbal mixtures were also mentioned. A considerable number of herbal constituents whose behavioral effects and pharmacological actions have been well characterized may be good candidates for further investigations that may ultimately result in clinical use. The investigation of a large portion of the herbal extracts and herbal mixtures is in its infancy. Herbal remedies that have demonstrable psychotherapeutic activities have provided a potential to psychiatric pharmaceuticals and deserve increased attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Jin Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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27
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Huang NK, Lin YL, Cheng JJ, Lai WL. Gastrodia elata prevents rat pheochromocytoma cells from serum-deprived apoptosis: the role of the MAPK family. Life Sci 2004; 75:1649-57. [PMID: 15261768 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata (G. elata) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating headaches, dizziness, tetanus, and epilepsy. In this study, differential methanol (MeOH) extracts of G. elata were found to prevent serum-deprived rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell apoptosis by the MTT assay and Hoechst staining. A serine/threonine kinase inhibitor attenuated this protection. G. elata resulted in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2-p38 MAPKs (members of the serine/threonine kinase family), respectively, as revealed by Western blot analysis. An upstream ERK inhibitor attenuated G. elata-induced ERK phosphorylation but not protective effect. Although JNK and p38 inhibitors attenuated their related enzyme activities during serum deprivation, only JNK inhibitor prevented serum-deprived apoptosis. Thus, G. elata prevents serum-deprived apoptosis through activation of the serine/threonine kinase-dependent pathway and suppression of JNK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kuei Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1, Li-Nung St., Sec. 2, Shipai, Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC.
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28
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Kim HJ, Lee SR, Moon KD. Ether fraction of methanol extracts ofGastrodia elata, medicinal herb protects against neuronal cell damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils. Phytother Res 2003; 17:909-12. [PMID: 13680822 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata (GE), a medicinal herb, has been used traditionally for the treatment of convulsive diseases such as epilepsy in oriental countries including South Korea and still occupies an important place in traditional medicine in Asia. We designed this study to examine whether the ether fraction of methanol extracts (EFME) of GE protects the hippocampal neuronal damage induced by transient global ischemia in a gerbil model. Gerbils were treated with the EFME of GE (200 or 500 mg/kg per day, p.o.) for 14 days before brain ischemia. The lower dose of EFME of GE failed to attenuate the hippocampal neuronal damage in the CA1 region. However, the higher dose of EFME of GE attenuated the hippocampal neuronal damage in the CA1 region. The present results show that the EFME of GE has a protective effect against neuronal damage following global ischemia in gerbils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, South Korea
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29
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Kim HJ, Moon KD, Lee DS, Lee SH. Ethyl ether fraction of Gastrodia elata Blume protects amyloid beta peptide-induced cell death. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 84:95-98. [PMID: 12499082 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Recently, it has been reported that Alzheimer's disease is associated with cell death in neuronal cells including the hippocampus. Amyloid beta-peptide stimulates neuronal cell death, but the underlying signaling pathways are poorly understood. In order to develop anti-dementia agents with potential therapeutic value, we examined the effect of the herbal compound Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) on neuronal cell death induced by amyloid beta-peptide in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells. The fractionation of GEB was carried out in various solvents. The hydroxyl radical scavenging effect of the ethyl ether fraction was more potent than any other fractions. In cells treated with amyloid beta-peptide, the neuroprotective effect of the ethyl ether, chloroform, and butanol fractions was 92, 44, and 39%, respectively, compared with control. Taken together, these results suggest that the ethyl ether fraction of GEB contains one or more compounds that dramatically reduce amyloid beta-peptide induced neuronal cell death in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, South Korea
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30
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Wang SS, Good TA. Effect of culture in a rotating wall bioreactor on the physiology of differentiated neuron-like PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells. J Cell Biochem 2002; 83:574-84. [PMID: 11746501 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A variety of evidence suggests that nervous system function is altered during microgravity, however, assessing changes in neuronal physiology during space flight is a non-trivial task. We have used a rotating wall bioreactor with a high aspect ratio vessel (HARV), which simulates the microgravity environment, to investigate the how the viability, neurite extension, and signaling of differentiated neuron-like cells changes in different culture environments. We show that culture of differentiated PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells in the simulated microgravity HARV bioreactor resulted in high cell viability, moderate neurite extension, and cell aggregation accompanied by NO production. Neurite extension was less than that seen in static cultures, suggesting that less than optimal differentiation occurs in simulated microgravity relative to normal gravity. Cells grown in a mixed vessel under normal gravity (a spinner flask) had low viability, low neurite extension, and high glutamate release. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using a rotating wall bioreactor to explore the effects of simulated microgravity on differentiation and physiology of neuron-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
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31
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Kim HJ, Moon KD, Oh SY, Kim SP, Lee SR. Ether fraction of methanol extracts of Gastrodia elata, a traditional medicinal herb, protects against kainic acid-induced neuronal damage in the mouse hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2001; 314:65-8. [PMID: 11698148 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata (GE) has been used traditionally for the treatment of convulsive diseases such as epilepsy in oriental countries including South Korea and still occupies an important place in traditional medicine in Asia. We studied the anticonvulsive effect and protective effect of the ether fraction of methanol extracts (EFME) of GE against hippocampal neuronal damage after kainic acid administration in mice. Mice were treated with the EFME of GE (200 or 500 mg/kg per day, p.o.) for 14 days before kainic acid injection (45 mg/kg, i.p.). The EFME of GE (at the dose of 500 mg/kg) delayed the onset time of neurobehavioral change (P<0.01) and reduced the severity of convulsions (P<0.05) and hippocampal neuronal damage in the CA1 (P<0.01) and CA3 (P<0.05) regions. Our results show that The EFME of GE has anticonvulsive effect and putative neuroprotective effect against excitotoxicity induced by kainic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, 702-701, South Korea
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