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Schaefer S, Corrigan N, Brunke S, Lenardon MD, Boyer C. Combatting Fungal Infections: Advances in Antifungal Polymeric Nanomaterials. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:5670-5701. [PMID: 39177507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens cause over 6.5 million life-threatening systemic infections annually, with mortality rates ranging from 20 to 95%, even with medical intervention. The World Health Organization has recently emphasized the urgent need for new antifungal drugs. However, the range of effective antifungal agents remains limited and resistance is increasing. This Review explores the current landscape of fungal infections and antifungal drugs, focusing on synthetic polymeric nanomaterials like nanoparticles that enhance the physicochemical properties of existing drugs. Additionally, we examine intrinsically antifungal polymers that mimic naturally occurring peptides. Advances in polymer characterization and synthesis now allow precise design and screening for antifungal activity, biocompatibility, and drug interactions. These antifungal polymers represent a promising new class of drugs for combating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schaefer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Megan D Lenardon
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Rodriguez YJ, Quejada LF, Villamil JC, Baena Y, Parra-Giraldo CM, Perez LD. Development of Amphotericin B Micellar Formulations Based on Copolymers of Poly(ethylene glycol) and Poly(ε-caprolactone) Conjugated with Retinol. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E196. [PMID: 32106492 PMCID: PMC7150995 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a broad spectrum of antifungal drug used to treat antifungal diseases. However, due to the high toxicity of AmB, treated patients may suffer the risk of side effects, such as renal failure. Nanoencapsulation strategies have been reported to elicit low toxicity, albeit most of them possess low encapsulation efficiency. The aim of this research is to develop micellar delivery systems for AmB with reduced toxicity while maintaining its affectivity by employing retinol (RET)-conjugated amphiphilic block copolymers (ABCs) as precursors. Copolymers composed of poly(ε-caprolactone) (A) and polyethylenglycol (B) of types AB and ABA were synthesized by ring opening polymerization and subsequently conjugated with RET by Steglich esterification. 1H-NMR spectroscopy was used to corroborate the structure of copolymers and their conjugates and determine their molecular weights. Analysis by gel permeation chromatography also found that the materials have narrow distributions. The resulting copolymers were used as precursors for delivery systems of AmB, thus reducing its aggregation and consequently causing a low haemolytic effect. Upon conjugation with RET, the encapsulation capacity was enhanced from approximately 2 wt % for AB and ABA copolymers to 10 wt %. AmB encapsulated in polymer micelles presented improved antifungal efficiency against Candida albicans and Candida auris strains compared with Fungizone®, as deduced from the low minimum inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeimy J. Rodriguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Macromoléculas, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Edificio 451 of. 449, Bogotá D.C. 11001, Colombia;
| | - Luis F. Quejada
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 43-82, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia; (L.F.Q.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Jean C. Villamil
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 43-82, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia; (L.F.Q.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Yolima Baena
- Grupo de Investigación SILICOMOBA, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Edificio 451 of. 449, Bogotá D.C. 11001, Colombia
| | - Claudia M. Parra-Giraldo
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 43-82, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia; (L.F.Q.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Leon D. Perez
- Grupo de Investigación en Macromoléculas, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Edificio 451 of. 449, Bogotá D.C. 11001, Colombia;
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Aggregation behaviour of tetracaine hydrochloride with Gemini surfactants and the formation of silver nanoparticles using drug-Gemini surfactants mixture. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Interaction and binding efficiency of cationic drug chlorpheniramine maleate – anionic amino acid gemini surfactants mixture as media for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Souza ACO, Amaral AC. Antifungal Therapy for Systemic Mycosis and the Nanobiotechnology Era: Improving Efficacy, Biodistribution and Toxicity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:336. [PMID: 28326065 PMCID: PMC5340099 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases have been emerging as an important public health problem worldwide with the increase in host predisposition factors due to immunological dysregulations, immunosuppressive and/or anticancer therapy. Antifungal therapy for systemic mycosis is limited, most of times expensive and causes important toxic effects. Nanotechnology has become an interesting strategy to improve efficacy of traditional antifungal drugs, which allows lower toxicity, better biodistribution, and drug targeting, with promising results in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we provide a discussion about conventional antifungal and nanoantifungal therapies for systemic mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. O. Souza
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre C. Amaral
- Laboratory of Nano and Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
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Serafim C, Ferreira I, Rijo P, Pinheiro L, Faustino C, Calado A, Garcia-Rio L. Lipoamino acid-based micelles as promising delivery vehicles for monomeric amphotericin B. Int J Pharm 2016; 497:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mobasheri M, Attar H, Rezayat Sorkhabadi SM, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Solubilization Behavior of Polyene Antibiotics in Nanomicellar System: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Amphotericin B and Nystatin Interactions with Polysorbate 80. Molecules 2015; 21:E6. [PMID: 26712721 PMCID: PMC6273564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) and Nystatin (Nys) are the drugs of choice for treatment of systemic and superficial mycotic infections, respectively, with their full clinical potential unrealized due to the lack of high therapeutic index formulations for their solubilized delivery. In the present study, using a coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach, we investigated the interaction of AmB and Nys with Polysorbate 80 (P80) to gain insight into the behavior of these polyene antibiotics (PAs) in nanomicellar solution and derive potential implications for their formulation development. While the encapsulation process was predominantly governed by hydrophobic forces, the dynamics, hydration, localization, orientation, and solvation of PAs in the micelle were largely controlled by hydrophilic interactions. Simulation results rationalized the experimentally observed capability of P80 in solubilizing PAs by indicating (i) the dominant kinetics of drugs encapsulation over self-association; (ii) significantly lower hydration of the drugs at encapsulated state compared with aggregated state; (iii) monomeric solubilization of the drugs; (iv) contribution of drug-micelle interactions to the solubilization; (v) suppressed diffusivity of the encapsulated drugs; (vi) high loading capacity of the micelle; and (vii) the structural robustness of the micelle against drug loading. Supported from the experimental data, our simulations determined the preferred location of PAs to be the core-shell interface at the relatively shallow depth of 75% of micelle radius. Deeper penetration of PAs was impeded by the synergistic effects of (i) limited diffusion of water; and (ii) perpendicular orientation of these drug molecules with respect to the micelle radius. PAs were solvated almost exclusively in the aqueous poly-oxyethylene (POE) medium due to the distance-related lack of interaction with the core, explaining the documented insensitivity of Nys solubilization to drug-core compatibility in detergent micelles. Based on the obtained results, the dearth of water at interior sites of micelle and the large lateral occupation space of PAs lead to shallow insertion, broad radial distribution, and lack of core interactions of the amphiphilic drugs. Hence, controlled promotion of micelle permeability and optimization of chain crowding in palisade layer may help to achieve more efficient solubilization of the PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Mobasheri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran.
| | - Hossein Attar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran.
- Tofigh Daru Research and Engineering Company (TODACO), Tehran 1397116359, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mehdi Rezayat Sorkhabadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417755469, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 193956466, Iran.
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416613675, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 91775-1365, Mashhad 917751365, Iran.
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Want MY, Islamuddin M, Chouhan G, Dasgupta AK, Chattopadhyay AP, Afrin F. A new approach for the delivery of artemisinin: formulation, characterization, and ex-vivo antileishmanial studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 432:258-69. [PMID: 25086720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Artemisinin, a potential antileishmanial compound with poor bioavailability and stability has limited efficacy in visceral leishmaniasis. Encapsulating artemisinin into poly lactic-co glycolic nanoparticles may improve its effectiveness and reduce toxicity. EXPERIMENTS Artemisinin-loaded nanoparticles were prepared, optimized (using Box-Behnken design) and characterized by dynamic light scattering technique, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform-Infra Red spectroscopy. Release kinetics of artemisinin from optimized nanoformulation was studied by dialysis method at pH 7.4 and 5.5. Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of these nanoparticles was tested on murine macrophages by MTT assay and macrophage-infested Leishmania donovani amastigotes ex vivo, respectively. FINDINGS Artemisinin-loaded nanoparticles were 221±14nm in diameter, with polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug loading and entrapment efficiency of 0.1±0.015, -9.07±0.69mV, 28.03±1.14 and 68.48±1.97, respectively. AFM and TEM studies indicated that the particles were spherical in shape. These colloidal particles showed a sustained release pattern in vitro. Treatment with artemisinin-loaded nanoparticles significantly reduced the number of amastigotes per macrophage and percent infected macrophages ex vivo compared to free artemisinin. These nanoparticles were also non-toxic to macrophages compared to artemisinin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Yaqub Want
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Garima Chouhan
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Anjan Kumar Dasgupta
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Ballygunge Science College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | | | - Farhat Afrin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India.
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Diezi TA, Takemoto JK, Davies NM, Kwon GS. Pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B-incorporated poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(N-hexyl stearate l-aspartamide) micelles. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:2064-70. [PMID: 21491436 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B (AmB), incorporated in poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(N-hexyl stearate l-aspartamide) (PEG-b-PHSA) micelles (AmB/PEG-b-PHSA). After AmB/PEG-b-PHSA or AmB for injection, United States Pharmacopeia (USP), was dosed intravenously in rats (0.8 mg/kg), serum was collected over 72 h, and organs collected at 72 h for AmB analysis. To test for the nephrotoxicity caused by AmB, renal markers of damage were assessed 24 h after a single injection of AmB/PEG-b-PHSA or AmB for injection, USP, focusing on detection of urinary enzymes. PEG-b-PHSA micelles caused a significantly lower area under serum concentration curve and higher clearance relative to AmB for injection, USP. PEG-b-PHSA micelles lowered the distribution of AmB in liver and lung tissues, but did not significantly lower the level of AmB in the kidneys relative to AmB for injection, USP. However, urine levels of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and γ-glutamyltransferase were significantly lower for AmB/PEG-b-PHSA relative to AmB for injection, USP. In summary, PEG-b-PHSA micelles reduced the nephrotoxicity of AmB, the dose-limiting toxicity of this important antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Diezi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
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Ye X, Fei J, Xu K, Bai R. Effect of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) on self-assembly of polystyrene-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in aqueous solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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