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Parihar AS, Pant N, Subramaniam RM. Quarter-Century PET/CT Transformation of Oncology: Lymphoma. PET Clin 2024; 19:281-290. [PMID: 38403384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The clinical landscape of lymphomas has changed dramatically over the last 2 decades, including significant progress made in the understanding and utilization of imaging modalities and the available treatment options for both indolent and aggressive lymphomas. Since the introduction of hybrid PET/CT scanners in 2001, the indications of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT in the management of lymphomas have grown rapidly. In today's clinical practice, FDG PET/CT is used in successful management of the vast majority patients with lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Singh Parihar
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Rathan M Subramaniam
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Midwifery & Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Lee E, Lee D, Fan W, Lytle A, Fu Y, Scott DW, Steidl C, Aparicio S, Roth A. ESQmodel: biologically informed evaluation of 2-D cell segmentation quality in multiplexed tissue images. Bioinformatics 2024; 40:btad783. [PMID: 38152895 PMCID: PMC10783950 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Single cell segmentation is critical in the processing of spatial omics data to accurately perform cell type identification and analyze spatial expression patterns. Segmentation methods often rely on semi-supervised annotation or labeled training data which are highly dependent on user expertise. To ensure the quality of segmentation, current evaluation strategies quantify accuracy by assessing cellular masks or through iterative inspection by pathologists. While these strategies each address either the statistical or biological aspects of segmentation, there lacks a unified approach to evaluating segmentation accuracy. RESULTS In this article, we present ESQmodel, a Bayesian probabilistic method to evaluate single cell segmentation using expression data. By using the extracted cellular data from segmentation and a prior belief of cellular composition as input, ESQmodel computes per cell entropy to assess segmentation quality by how consistent cellular expression profiles match with cell type expectations. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Source code is available on Github at: https://github.com/Roth-Lab/ESQmodel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lee
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
- Graduate Bioinformatics Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5T4S6, Canada
| | - Dongkyu Lee
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Wayne Fan
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z4H4, Canada
| | - Andrew Lytle
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Yuxiang Fu
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - IMAXT Consortium
- CRUK IMAXT Grand Challenge Consortium, Cambridge CB20RE, United Kingdom
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z7, Canada
| | - Andrew Roth
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z7, Canada
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3
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Méhes G, Matolay O, Beke L, Czenke M, Jóna Á, Miltényi Z, Illés Á, Bedekovics J. Hypoxia-related carbonic anhydrase IX expression is associated with unfavourable response to first-line therapy in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Histopathology 2019; 74:699-708. [PMID: 30636023 DOI: 10.1111/his.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study evaluates the impact of hypoxia-related carbonic anhydrase IX and XII isoenzyme expression as a basic adaptive mechanism to neutralise intracellular acidosis in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL). METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty-one primary biopsies and 15 relapsed tissue samples diagnosed with cHL were analysed for necrosis, CAIX and CAXII expression and cell proliferation to compare hypoxia-related histological and functional data with survival characteristics. Variable, but highly selective cell membrane CAIX expression could be demonstrated in Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in 39 of 81 samples (48.1%), while virtually no staining presented in their microenvironment. In contrast, CAXII expression in HRS cells could be demonstrated in only 18 of 77 samples (23.4%), with significant stromal positivity (50 of 77, 64.9%). The CAIX+ positive phenotype was strongly associated with lymphocyte depletion (four of four, 100%) and nodular sclerosis (29 of 51, 56.9%) subtypes. CAIX/Ki-67 dual immunohistochemistry demonstrated suppressed cell proliferation in CAIX+ positive compared to CAIX- negative HRS cells (P < 0.001). Seventy-two months' progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly lower for the CAIX positive group (0.192) compared with the CAIX negative group (0.771) (P < 0.001), while the overall survival (OS) did not differ (P = 0.097). CONCLUSION Hypoxic stress-related adaptation - highlighted by CAIX expression - results in cellular quiescence in HRS cells, potentially contributing to the short-term failure of the standard chemotherapy in cHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Matolay
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Livia Beke
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marianna Czenke
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Jóna
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Miltényi
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Árpád Illés
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Bedekovics
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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4
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Mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and Hodgkin lymphoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13005-13016. [PMID: 27465553 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A solid body of knowledge indicates that overweight and obese subjects are prone to develop cancer, aggressive disease, and death more than their lean counterparts. While obesity has been causally associated with various cancers, only a limited number of studies beheld the link with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Contemporary meta-analysis and prospective studies confirmed the association of body mass index with HL. Besides epidemiological evidence, excess adiposity is known to influence tumor behavior through adipokines, adipose-derived stem cell migration, and metabolism regulation, and by modulating immunoinflammatory response. Nevertheless, the obesity paradox has been described in few cancers. Considering that adipose tissue is an immunomodulatory organ, and that inflammation is the cornerstone of HL pathophysiology, the rationale for being causally related due to endocrine/paracrine interactions cannot be negligible. In this hypothesis-generating review, we explore the biologically plausible links between excess adiposity and HL in light of recent basic and clinical data, in order to create a basis for understanding the underlying mechanisms and foster applied research. The establishment of an association of excess adiposity with HL will determine public health preventive measures to fight obesity and eventually novel therapeutic approaches in HL patients.
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5
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Jian W, Zhong L, Wen J, Tang Y, Qiu B, Wu Z, Yan J, Zhou X, Zhao T. SEPTIN2 and STATHMIN Regulate CD99-Mediated Cellular Differentiation in Hodgkin's Lymphoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127568. [PMID: 26000982 PMCID: PMC4441373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) is a lymphoid neoplasm characterized by Hodgkin’s and Reed-Sternberg (H/RS) cells, which is regulated by CD99. We previously reported that CD99 downregulation led to the transformation of murine B lymphoma cells (A20) into cells with an H/RS phenotype, while CD99 upregulation induced differentiation of classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL) cells (L428) into terminal B-cells. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, using fluorescence two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), we have analyzed the alteration of protein expression following CD99 upregulation in L428 cells as well as downregulation of mouse CD99 antigen-like 2 (mCD99L2) in A20 cells. Bioinformatics analysis showed that SEPTIN2 and STATHMIN, which are cytoskeleton proteins, were significantly differentially expressed, and chosen for further validation and functional analysis. Differential expression of SEPTIN2 was found in both models and was inversely correlated with CD99 expression. STATHMIN was identified in the A20 cell line model and its expression was positively correlated with that of CD99. Importantly, silencing of SEPTIN2 with siRNA substantially altered the cellular cytoskeleton in L428 cells. The downregulation of STATHMIN by siRNA promoted the differentiation of H/RS cells toward terminal B-cells. These results suggest that SEPTIN2-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement and STATHMIN-mediated differentiation may contribute to changes in cell morphology and differentiation of H/RS cells with CD99 upregulation in HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Jian
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Tang
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Wu
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhai Yan
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (TZ); (XHZ)
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (TZ); (XHZ)
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6
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Liu F, Zhang G, Liu F, Zhou X, Chen X, Han X, Wu Z, Zhao T. Effect of shRNA targeting mouse CD99L2 gene in a murine B cell lymphoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1405-14. [PMID: 23338758 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse CD99 antigen-like 2 (mCD99L2) has previously been confirmed to be expressed in murine B lymphoma (A20) cells by our group. The present study aimed to establish a mCD99L2‑downregulated A20 cell line and to investigate the effect of shRNA targeting mCD99L2 in A20 cells in vitro and in vivo. Four pLenti6/mCD99L2 expression vectors containing the mCD99L2 shRNA-expressing cassette were constructed, transfected into A20 cells and stable mCD99L2-downregulated A20 subclones, termed A20-mCD99L2- cells, were established and identified by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Light and transmission electron microscopy, MTT assay, flow cytometry and immunofluorenscence labeling were used to observe the morphological, biological and phenotypic characteristics in vitro. Some of the A20-mCD99L2- cells exhibited H/RS‑cell like morphology, a decreased proliferative ability, a prolonged G2 phase and increased CD30 and CD15 expression. Upon injecting cells into nude or immunocompetent BALB/c mice, tumorigenesis, tumor growth, morphology and phenotypes in vivo were observed. A20-mCD99L2- cells induced tumors in nude and BALB/c mice, but with less potency in the latter compared with the controls. Similar morphological, biological and phenotypic characteristics were observed in the A20-mCD99L2- cell-induced tumors as those in vitro. Several cytokines including CD30T, IL-12p40/p70, IL-3, IFN-γ, CXCL16, MIP-1α and CD40 were upregulated following mCD99L2 downregulation when detected using antibody arrays. The results from western blot analysis indicated that the regulation of mCD99L2 expression may involve the activated nuclear factor-κB pathway in the murine B lymphoma cells. The present study provides data for further investigation into the mCD99L2 gene in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
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7
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Horton TM, Sheehan AM, López-Terrada D, Hutchison RE, Narendra S, Wu MF, Liu H. Analysis of NF-κB Pathway Proteins in Pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma: Correlations with EBV Status and Clinical Outcome-A Children's Oncology Group Study. LYMPHOMA 2012; 2012:341629. [PMID: 31406604 PMCID: PMC6690044 DOI: 10.1155/2012/341629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Constitutively active nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is integral to the survival of Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells (H/RS) in Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL). To investigate NF-κB pathway proteins in pediatric HL, we utilized a tissue microarray compiled from 102 children enrolled in the Children's Oncology Group intermediate-risk clinical trial AHOD0031 (56 male, 78 Caucasian, median age 15y (range 1-20y), 85 nodular sclerosing subtype, 23 Epstein Barr virus (EBV) positive, 24 refractory/relapsed disease). We examined the intensity, localization, and pathway correlations of NF-κB pathway proteins (Rel-A/p65, Rel-B, c-Rel, NF-κB1, NF-κB2, IκB-α, IKK-α, IKK-β, IKK-γ/NEMO, NIK, A20), as well as their associations with EBV status and clinical outcome. NF-κB pathway proteins were overexpressed in pediatric HL patients compared to controls. Patients with EBV-tumors, or with rapid early therapy response, had tightly coordinated regulation of NF-κB pathway proteins, whereas patients with EBV+ tumors, or slow early therapy response, had little coordinated NF-κB pathway regulation. High NIK expression was associated with a slow response to therapy and decreased EFS. Elevated Rel-B, NIK and the NF-κB inhibitor A20 were associated with decreased EFS in multivariate analysis. These studies suggest a pivotal role for the NF-κB pathway in therapy response and patient survival (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Terzah M. Horton
- Texas Children’s Hospital and Dan L. Duncan Cancer
Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrea M. Sheehan
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital
and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dolores López-Terrada
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital
and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sonia Narendra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Meng-Fen Wu
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Lee IS. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma and Its Therapeutic Strategies. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2011.19.4.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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9
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Mani H, Jaffe ES. Hodgkin lymphoma: an update on its biology with new insights into classification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 9:206-16. [PMID: 19525189 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2009.n.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, there has been a greater understanding of the spectrum and biology of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). In standard texts, HL is classified as 2 distinct entities, namely nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL and classical HL (CHL). However, recent evidence suggests that CHL is not a single disease. Although the mixed cellularity and lymphocyte-depleted subtypes might be part of a biologic continuum, the nodular sclerosis subtype has a distinct epidemiology, clinical presentation, and histology. Nodular sclerosis HL might also be related to primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and mediastinal gray-zone lymphomas. We present an update on the pathobiology of HL and discuss these biologic and clinical differences in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haresh Mani
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Pyatt D, Natelson E, Golden R. Is inhalation exposure to formaldehyde a biologically plausible cause of lymphohematopoietic malignancies? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 51:119-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Wallentine JC, Kim KK, Seiler CE, Vaughn CP, Crockett DK, Tripp SR, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ, Lim MS. Comprehensive identification of proteins in Hodgkin lymphoma-derived Reed-Sternberg cells by LC-MS/MS. J Transl Med 2007; 87:1113-24. [PMID: 17876297 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics in conjunction with liquid chromatography and bioinformatics analysis provides a highly sensitive and high-throughput approach for the identification of proteins. Hodgkin lymphoma is a form of malignant lymphoma characterized by the proliferation of Reed-Sternberg cells and background reactive lymphocytes. Comprehensive analysis of proteins expressed and released by Reed-Sternberg cells would assist in the discovery of potential biomarkers and improve our understanding of its pathogenesis. The subcellular proteome of the three cellular compartments from L428 and KMH2 Hodgkin lymphoma-derived cell lines were fractionated, and analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, proteins released by Hodgkin lymphoma-derived L428 cells were extracted from serum-free culture media and analyzed. Peptide spectra were analyzed using TurboSEQUEST against the UniProt protein database (5.26.05; 188 712 entries). A subset of the identified proteins was validated by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry. A total of 1945 proteins were identified with 785 from the cytosolic fraction, 305 from the membrane fraction, 441 from the nuclear fraction and 414 released proteins using a minimum of two peptide identifications per protein and an error rate of <5.0%. Identification of proteins from diverse functional groups reflected the functional complexity of the Reed-Sternberg proteome. Proteins with previously reported oncogenic function in other cancers and from signaling pathways implicated in Hodgkin lymphoma were identified. Selected proteins without previously demonstrated expression in Hodgkin lymphoma were validated by Western blot analysis (B-RAF, Erb-B3), immunofluorescence microscopy (Axin1, Tenascin-X, Mucin-2) and immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (BRAF, PIM1). This study represents the first comprehensive inventory of proteins expressed by Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma and demonstrates the utility of combining cellular subfractionation, protein precipitation, tandem mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis for comprehensive identification of proteins that may represent potential biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Wallentine
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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12
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Abstract
Pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung (PCL) is characterized by a mixture of sarcomatoid and carcinoma components, and a poor prognosis. However, no immunophenotype of tumor markers has been characterized in PCL. To characterize the immunophenotype for CD99 in PCL, we performed an immunohistochemical evaluation of PCLs for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), cytokeratin (CK) 7 and 20, and for CD99. CD99 was found to be expressed in both carcinomatous (47%) and sarcomatous components such as spindle cells (92%) and giant cells (57%). In the case of spindle cells, CK7 was expressed in 6 cases (46%) and TTF-1 in 2 cases (15%), whereas for giant cells CK7 was expressed in 8 cases (57%) and TTF-1 in one case (7%). However, CK20 was not expressed in either the carcinomatous or sarcomatous components in any case. Thus, CD99 was found to be widely expressed in both sarcomatous and carcinoma component in PCL. A clinicopathological analysis showed no direct correlation between the expression of CD99 and the clinical indices (stage, survival rate, invasion) of PCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Yoo
- Department of Pathology and Xenotransplantation Research Center Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungho Han
- Department of Pathology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Pathology and Xenotransplantation Research Center Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Montaner S, Sodhi A, Servitja JM, Ramsdell AK, Barac A, Sawai ET, Gutkind JS. The small GTPase Rac1 links the Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus vGPCR to cytokine secretion and paracrine neoplasia. Blood 2004; 104:2903-11. [PMID: 15231571 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractKaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal angioproliferative neoplasm strictly dependent on angiogenic growth factors and cytokines and invariably associated with infection by the Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8). A G protein–coupled receptor encoded by KSHV (vGPCR) is able to initiate KS-like tumors when targeted to the vascular endothelium of mice. Analogous to human KS, vGPCR sarcomagenesis involves the paracrine secretion of angiogenic growth factors and proinflammatory molecules from vGPCR-expressing cells. Here we demonstrate that vGPCR up-regulates expression and secretion of critical KS cytokines by stimulating key transcription factors, including nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), through the activation of the small G protein Rac1. Inhibition of Rac1 blocked vGPCR-induced transcription and secretion of KS cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and growth-regulated oncogene α (GROα), in vitro and reduced vGPCR tumorigenesis in vivo. Moreover, endothelial-specific infection with the constitutively active Rac1QL induced vascular lesions in mice that were remarkably similar to early vGPCR experimental lesions. These results identify Rac1 as a key mediator of vGPCR paracrine neoplasia, suggesting that this small G protein and its downstream effectors may represent suitable therapeutic targets for the treatment of KS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/chemistry
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation, Missense
- Paracrine Communication
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/physiology
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Montaner
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Dr, Bldg 30, Rm 212, Bethesda, MD 20892-4330, USA
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14
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Tamayose K, Egashira M, Sugimoto K, Ando J, Mori S, Oshimi K. Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Hodgkin's Lymphoma in a Patient with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Int J Hematol 2004; 80:199-200. [PMID: 15481454 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.04076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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