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Janavičienė S, Mankevičienė A, Kochiieru Y, Venslovas E. T-2 and HT-2 toxins in harvested oat grains and their prevalence in whole grain flour during storage. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1284-1295. [PMID: 35435794 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2063392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food is a constant global concern. There has been a scientific debate in Europe on the validation of accredited detection methods for type A trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 and the restriction on dangerous concentrations. The issue is of great importance as this type of mycotoxin is frequently found in spring cereals grown in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to optimise and validate a method for the determination of T-2/HT-2 toxin concentrations in oats harvested in 2015-2018 and to observe the changes in the concentrations of both toxins in oat flour during 3- and 6-week storage at different temperatures and increased relative air humidity. All of the oat grain samples (100%) collected in 2015-2018 tested positive for contamination with type A trichothecenes. The highest mean co-contamination by T-2 + HT-2 (260.4 ± 140.9 µg/kg) and the highest concentration (594.6 µg/kg) were determined in 2018 when warm and wet weather conditions prevailed during oat flowering. The effect of long-term storage (6 weeks) on T-2 and HT-2 toxin production manifested itself only when the samples had been stored under cooler conditions (8 °C). The most important factors which impacted the variation of the concentrations of type A trichothecenes in flour were ambient temperature and storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Janavičienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kėdainiai, Lithuania
| | | | - Yuliia Kochiieru
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kėdainiai, Lithuania
| | - Eimantas Venslovas
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kėdainiai, Lithuania
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ELISA and UPLC/FLD as Screening and Confirmatory Techniques for T-2/HT-2 Mycotoxin Determination in Cereals. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T-2 and HT-2 toxins are secondary metabolites of various species of Fusarium. These molecules can have high potential toxic effects for human and animal health. In this work, ELISA and ultra performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (UPLC/FLD) were implemented and validated as screening and confirmatory tests for the detection of these two toxins in cereal samples. The developed methods were tested by analyzing 100 samples of cereals by ELISA screening for reducing costs and analysis time and then using UPLC/FLD for confirmation purposes. Both methods met the performance criteria for sensitivity, linearity, selectivity, precision, and ruggedness, as reported in the European Decision No. 2002/657/EC and in Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006. The correlation between ELISA and UPLC/FLD approaches showed good results (r = 0.9056), confirming that these two techniques should be considered to be complementary in the official control activities of cereal and derived products.
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Luo C, Huang C, Zhu L, Kong L, Yuan Z, Wen L, Li R, Wu J, Yi J. Betulinic Acid Ameliorates the T-2 Toxin-Triggered Intestinal Impairment in Mice by Inhibiting Inflammation and Mucosal Barrier Dysfunction through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120794. [PMID: 33322178 PMCID: PMC7763746 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium, is widely distributed in crops and animal feed and frequently induces intestinal damage. Betulinic acid (BA), a plant-derived pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene, possesses potential immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological properties. The current study aimed to explore the protective effect and molecular mechanisms of BA on intestinal mucosal impairment provoked by acute exposure to T-2 toxin. Mice were intragastrically administered BA (0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg) daily for 2 weeks and then injected intraperitoneally with T-2 toxin (4 mg/kg) once to induce an intestinal impairment. BA pretreatment inhibited the loss of antioxidant capacity in the intestine of T-2 toxin-treated mice by elevating the levels of CAT, GSH-PX and GSH and reducing the accumulation of MDA. In addition, BA pretreatment alleviated the T-2 toxin-triggered intestinal immune barrier dysregulation by increasing the SIgA level in the intestine at dosages of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, increasing IgG and IgM levels in serum at dosages of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg and restoring the intestinal C3 and C4 levels at a dosage of 1 mg/kg. BA administration at a dosage of 1 mg/kg also improved the intestinal chemical barrier by decreasing the serum level of DAO. Moreover, BA pretreatment improved the intestinal physical barrier via boosting the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin mRNAs and restoring the morphology of intestinal villi that was altered by T-2 toxin. Furthermore, treatment with 1 mg/kg BA downregulated the expression of p-NF-κB and p-IκB-α proteins in the intestine, while all doses of BA suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokines expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNAs and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine expression of IL-10 mRNA in the intestine of T-2 toxin-exposed mice. BA was proposed to exert a protective effect on intestinal mucosal disruption in T-2 toxin-stimulated mice by enhancing the intestinal antioxidant capacity, inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and repairing intestinal mucosal barrier functions, which may be associated with BA-mediated inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Luo
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (L.Z.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Chenglong Huang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (L.Z.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (L.Z.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Li Kong
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (L.Z.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Zhihang Yuan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (L.Z.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Lixin Wen
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (L.Z.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.W.); (R.L.)
- Hunan Co-innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rongfang Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (L.Z.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.W.); (R.L.)
- Hunan Co-innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (L.Z.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.W.); (R.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jine Yi
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (L.Z.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.W.); (R.L.)
- Hunan Co-innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.Y.)
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Huang Z, Wang Y, Qiu M, Sun L, Deng Y, Wang X, Bi S, Gooneratne R, Zhao J. Effects of T-2 toxin on digestive enzyme activity, intestinal histopathology and growth in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13175. [PMID: 31511616 PMCID: PMC6739391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin (T-2), a naturally occurring mycotoxin that often accumulates in aquatic animals via contaminated feed, is toxic to animals, including humans. In this study, six groups of shrimp (n = 30 shrimps/group) were given T-2 in feed at concentrations of 0–12.2 mg/kg for 20 days. T-2 accumulation, intestinal histopathology, digestive enzyme activities and subsequent effects on shrimp are reported. Compared to the control, T-2 significantly reduced weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival. The histopathology of shrimp intestine showed concentration-dependent degenerative and necrotic changes in response to dietary T-2. Progressive damage to the microstructures of shrimp intestine occurred with increasing dietary T-2 concentrations, with initial inflammation of the mucosal tissue at T-2 concentrations of 0.5 and 1.2 mg/kg, progressing to disappearance of intestinal villi and degeneration and necrosis of the submucosa at 12.2 mg/kg. Intestinal amylase and protease activities increased at low T-2 concentrations but showed significant inhibition at high concentrations; however, the opposite trend occurred for lipase activity. Collectively, these results indicate that digestive enzyme activities and mucosal structures are markedly affected by exposure to T-2, and these may have contributed to the lower survival rate of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanrui Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Mei Qiu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yijia Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Siyuan Bi
- Ski Teaching and Training Base Post-doctoral Research Station of Harbin Sport University, Harbin, 150008, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Jian Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Pleadin J, Vasilj V, Kudumija N, Petrović D, Vilušić M, Škrivanko M. Survey of T-2/HT-2 toxins in unprocessed cereals, food and feed coming from Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. Food Chem 2017; 224:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tang Y, Xue H, Bi Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Shen K. A method of analysis for T-2 toxin and neosolaniol by UPLC-MS/MS in apple fruit inoculated withTrichothecium roseum. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:480-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.968884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Yang L, Zhao Z, Wu A, Deng Y, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Hou J. Determination of trichothecenes A (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and diacetoxyscirpenol) in the tissues of broilers using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 942-943:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pleadin J, Perši N, Mitak M, Zadravec M, Sokolović M, Vulić A, Jaki V, Brstilo M. The natural occurrence of T-2 toxin and fumonisins in maize samples in Croatia. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 88:863-866. [PMID: 22349285 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) considered to be one of the most frequent crops in Croatia, is often contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible contamination of maize with T-2 toxin and fumonisins on 46 samples from different regions of Croatia. The highest concentrations of T-2 toxin and fumonisins were 210 and 25,200 ng/g, with mean values of 110 and 4,509 ng/g, respectively, pointing to maize contamination with these mycotoxins after the period of the year with extremely high rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pleadin
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Kassim N, Kim K, Mtenga A, Song JE, Liu Q, Shim WB, Chung DH. A preliminary study of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereals sold in traditional market in South Korea. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Vulić A, Pleadin J, Perši N. Determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in commodities and feed in Croatia. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 86:294-297. [PMID: 21331535 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Data on the occurrence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in commodities and feed in Croatia and in Europe are very limited. In the present study, 50 feed and commodity samples tested for the presence of these mycotoxins yielded highest concentrations in cattle feed (67.68 ng/g) and oat samples (32.94 ng/g). In the future, screening should include greater numbers of feed and commodity samples to shed more light on the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vulić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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