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Kawsar SMA, Munia NS, Saha S, Ozeki Y. In Silico Pharmacokinetics, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of Nucleoside Analogs for Drug Discovery- A Mini Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1070-1088. [PMID: 37957918 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575258033231024073521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs have been widely used as antiviral, antitumor, and antiparasitic agents due to their ability to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis. Adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, thymidine and uridine analogs such as didanosine, vidarabine, remdesivir, gemcitabine, lamivudine, acyclovir, abacavir, zidovusine, stavudine, and idoxuridine showed remarkable anticancer and antiviral activities. In our previously published articles, our main intention was to develop newer generation nucleoside analogs with acylation-induced modification of the hydroxyl group and showcase their biological potencies. In the process of developing nucleoside analogs, in silico studies play an important role and provide a scientific background for biological data. Molecular interactions between drugs and receptors followed by assessment of their stability in physiological environments, help to optimize the drug development process and minimize the burden of unwanted synthesis. Computational approaches, such as DFT, FMO, MEP, ADMET prediction, PASS prediction, POM analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation, are the most popular tools to culminate all preclinical study data and deliver a molecule with maximum bioactivity and minimum toxicity. Although clinical drug trials are crucial for providing dosage recommendations, they can only indirectly provide mechanistic information through researchers for pathological, physiological, and pharmacological determinants. As a result, in silico approaches are increasingly used in drug discovery and development to provide mechanistic information of clinical value. This article portrays the current status of these methods and highlights some remarkable contributions to the development of nucleoside analogs with optimized bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkar M A Kawsar
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Nasrin S Munia
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Supriyo Saha
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Premnagar, 248007, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- School of Sciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2, Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan
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M. A. Kawsar S, Hosen MA, Ahmad S, El Bakri Y, Laaroussi H, Ben Hadda T, Almalki FA, Ozeki Y, Goumri-Said S. Potential SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors of cytidine derivatives: Molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulations, ADMET, and POM analyses for the identification of pharmacophore sites. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273256. [PMID: 36441684 PMCID: PMC9704642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the optimum targets for antiviral drug design and development. The hydroxyl groups of cytidine structures were modified with different aliphatic and aromatic groups to obtain 5´-O-acyl and 2´,3´-di-O-acyl derivatives, and then, these derivatives were employed in molecular modeling, antiviral prediction, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, pharmacological and POM studies. Density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G++ level analyzed biochemical behavior and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) of the modified cytidine derivatives. The antiviral parameters of the mutated derivatives revealed promising drug properties compared with those of standard antiviral drugs. Molecular docking has determined binding affinities and interactions between the cytidine derivatives and SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. The modified derivatives strongly interacted with prime Pro620 and Lys621 residues. The binding conformation and interactions stability were investigated by 200 ns of molecular dynamics simulations and predicted the compounds to firmly dock inside the RdRp binding pocket. Interestingly, the binding residues of the derivatives were revealed in high equilibrium showing an enhanced binding affinity for the molecules. Intermolecular interactions are dominated by both Van der Waals and electrostatic energies. Finally, the pharmacokinetic characterization of the optimized inhibitors confirmed the safety of derivatives due to their improved kinetic properties. The selected cytidine derivatives can be suggested as potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. The POM Theory supports the hypothesis above by confirming the existence of an antiviral (Oδ--O'δ-) pharmacophore site of Hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkar M. A. Kawsar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: (SMAK); (YEB); (SGS)
| | - Mohammed A. Hosen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Youness El Bakri
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
- * E-mail: (SMAK); (YEB); (SGS)
| | - Hamid Laaroussi
- Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Taibi Ben Hadda
- Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Umm AlQura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A. Almalki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Umm AlQura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- School of Sciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Souraya Goumri-Said
- Physics Department, College of Science, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (SMAK); (YEB); (SGS)
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Rana KM, Maowa J, Alam A, Dey S, Hosen A, Hasan I, Fujii Y, Ozeki Y, Kawsar SMA. In silico DFT study, molecular docking, and ADMET predictions of cytidine analogs with antimicrobial and anticancer properties. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:42. [PMID: 34295612 PMCID: PMC8260667 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs contribute in pharmaceutical and clinical fields as medicinal agents and approved drugs. This work focused to investigate the antimicrobial, anticancer activities, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of cytidine and its analogs with computational studies. Microdilution was used to determine the antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the modified analogs against human and phytopathogenic strains. Compounds (7), (10), and (14) were the most potent against Escherichia coli and Salmonella abony strains with MIC and MBC values from 0.316 ± 0.02 to 2.50 ± 0.03 and 0.625 ± 0.04 to 5.01 ± 0.06 mg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibitory activity was observed against gram-positive bacteria. Numerous analogs (10), (13), (14), and (15) exhibited good activity against the tested fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Anticancer activity of the cytidine analogs was examined through MTT colorimetric assay against Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor cells whereas compound 6 showed the maximum antiproliferative activity with an IC50 value of 1168.97 µg/ml. To rationalize this observation, their quantum mechanical and molecular docking studies have been performed against urate oxidase of A. flavus 1R51 to investigate the binding mode, binding affinity, and non-bonding interactions. It was observed that most of the analogs exhibited better binding properties than the parent drug. In silico ADMET prediction was attained to evaluate the drug-likeness properties that revealed the improved pharmacokinetic profile with lower acute oral toxicity of cytidine analogs. Based on the in vitro and in silico analysis, this exploration can be useful to develop promising cytidine-based antimicrobial drug(s). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00102-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi M. Rana
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331 Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Maowa
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331 Bangladesh
| | - Asraful Alam
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331 Bangladesh
| | - Sujan Dey
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331 Bangladesh
| | - Anowar Hosen
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Imtiaj Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki, 859-3298 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- Laboratory of Glycobiology and Marine Biochemistry, Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Graduate School of NanoBiosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan
| | - Sarkar M. A. Kawsar
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331 Bangladesh
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Bauer K, Hutzschenreuter F, Monsef I, Skoetz N, Kreuzer KA, Engert A. Hypomethylating agents for adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009469.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bauer
- Spitzenverband Bund der Krankenkassen; Reinhardtstraße 30 Berlin Germany 10117
| | - Franz Hutzschenreuter
- University Hospital of Cologne; Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group, Department I of Internal Medicine; Cologne Germany
| | - Ina Monsef
- University Hospital of Cologne; Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group, Department I of Internal Medicine; Cologne Germany
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- University Hospital of Cologne; Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group, Department I of Internal Medicine; Cologne Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Kreuzer
- University Hospital of Cologne; Department I of Internal Medicine; Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Engert
- University Hospital of Cologne; Department I of Internal Medicine; Cologne Germany
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Bauer K, Hutzschenreuter F, Skoetz N, Kreuzer KA, Monsef I, Engert A. Hypomethylating agents for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009340.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bauer
- Spitzenverband Bund der Krankenkassen; Reinhardtstraße 30 Berlin Germany 10117
| | - Franz Hutzschenreuter
- University Hospital of Cologne; Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group, Department I of Internal Medicine; Cologne Germany
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- University Hospital of Cologne; Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group, Department I of Internal Medicine; Cologne Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Kreuzer
- University Hospital of Cologne; Department I of Internal Medicine; Cologne Germany
| | - Ina Monsef
- University Hospital of Cologne; Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group, Department I of Internal Medicine; Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Engert
- University Hospital of Cologne; Department I of Internal Medicine; Cologne Germany
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Miasaki FY, Vivaldi A, Ciampi R, Agate L, Collecchi P, Capodanno A, Pinchera A, Elisei R. Retinoic acid receptor beta2 re-expression and growth inhibition in thyroid carcinoma cell lines after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:724-30. [PMID: 18852534 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of both undifferentiated and de-differentiated thyroid tumors, which are unresponsive to radioiodine, represents one of the biggest challenges for thyroidologists. The aim of the present study was to investigate in vitro the methylation status of retinoic acid receptors (RAR)beta2 promoter and the effect of the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) on 5 human thyroid cancer cell lines. The methylation status of RARbeta2 promoter was analyzed by methylation-specific PCR. The effect of 5-Aza-CdR on cell growth and apoptosis was evaluated by cell counting, enzymelinked immunosorbent assay tests and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, while the effect on the expression of RAR and thyroid-specific genes was measured by qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR. Methylation of RARbeta2 promoter was present only in ARO cells. 5-Aza-CdR determined growth inhibition in all cell lines, probably due to apoptosis in WRO, NPA, and ARO cells, and to inhibition of DNA synthesis in TT cells. Treatment with 5-Aza-CdR induced the expression of RARbeta mRNA in ARO and FRO cells, a slight increase of the expression of Tg, TPO and thyroid trancription factor 1 (TTF-1) mRNA and the new expression of low levels of NIS in TT cells. A significant increase of TTF-1 mRNA in FRO cells was also observed. In this study we demonstrated that RARbeta2 promoter was methylated in ARO cell line. However, the 5-Aza-CdR treatment induced RARbetamRNA expression not only in ARO but also in FRO and TT cell lines, whose RARbeta2 promoter was unmethylated. A significant reduction of cell growth, but not cell re-differentiation, was also observed after 5-Aza-CdR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Miasaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Lagodny J, Jüttner E, Kayser G, Niemeyer CM, Rössler J. Lymphangiogenesis and its regulation in human neuroblastoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 352:571-7. [PMID: 17140547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, we could detect lymph vessels in neuroblastoma (NB) by immunohistochemistry with the antibody D2_40. Furthermore, we demonstrate expression of the lymphangiogenic factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D and their receptors VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in NB in vitro and in vivo by RT-PCR. However, addition of recombinant human VEGF-C or -D results in the absence of autocrine growth stimulus in NB cells. Treatment of NB cells with retinoic acid did not lead to a change in VEGF-C or VEGF-D mRNA expression. Incubation of the NB cells Lan-5 with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine led to the up-regulation of VEGF-C mRNA expression, suggesting that the promotor of VEGF-C is methylated. Finally, VEGF-C mRNA expression could be effectively down-regulated by transfection with a specific siRNA in the NB cells Kelly. We conclude that lymphangiogenesis is involved in NB biology and that siRNA directed against VEGF-C may have a future role in anti-lymphangiogenic strategies in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Lagodny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mathilsdenstr. 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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