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Tong L, Li Y, Lou X, Wang B, Jin C, Fang W. Powerful cell wall biomass degradation enzymatic system from saprotrophic Aspergillus fumigatus. Cell Surf 2024; 11:100126. [PMID: 38827922 PMCID: PMC11143905 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2024.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell wall biomass, Earth's most abundant natural resource, holds significant potential for sustainable biofuel production. Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and other polymers, the plant cell wall provides essential structural support to diverse organisms in nature. In contrast, non-plant species like insects, crustaceans, and fungi rely on chitin as their primary structural polysaccharide. The saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been widely recognized for its adaptability to various environmental conditions. It achieves this by secreting different cell wall biomass degradation enzymes to obtain essential nutrients. This review compiles a comprehensive collection of cell wall degradation enzymes derived from A. fumigatus, including cellulases, hemicellulases, various chitin degradation enzymes, and other polymer degradation enzymes. Notably, these enzymes exhibit biochemical characteristics such as temperature tolerance or acid adaptability, indicating their potential applications across a spectrum of industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lige Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yunaying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xinke Lou
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Seki K, Nishiyama Y, Mitsutomi M. Characterization of a novel exo-chitosanase, an exo-chitobiohydrolase, from Gongronella butleri. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:425-429. [PMID: 30316700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An exo-chitosanase was purified from the culture filtrate of Gongronella butleri NBRC105989 to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by column chromatography using CM-Sephadex C-50 and Sephadex G-100. The enzyme comprised a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of approximately 47,000 according to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at pH 4.0, and was stable between pH 5.0 and 11.0. It was most active at 45°C, but was stable at temperatures below 30°C. The enzyme hydrolyzed soluble chitosan and glucosamine (GlcN) oligomers larger than tetramers, but did not hydrolyze N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers. To clarify the mode of action of the enzyme, we used thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to investigate the products resulting from the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of chitosan and N1-acetylchitohexaose [(GlcN)5-GlcNAc] with a GlcNAc residue at the reducing end. The results indicated that the enzyme is a novel exo-type chitosanase, exo-chitobiohydrolase, that releases (GlcN)2 from the non-reducing ends of chitosan molecules. Analyses of the hydrolysis products of partially N-acetylated chitooligosaccharides revealed that the enzyme cleaves both GlcN-GlcNAc and GlcNAc-GlcN bonds in addition to GlcN-GlcN bonds in the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Seki
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Yasue Nishiyama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Mitsutomi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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Enhancement of chitosanase secretion by Bacillus subtilis for production of chitosan oligosaccharides. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Beck J, Broniszewska M, Schwienbacher M, Ebel F. Characterization of the Aspergillus fumigatus chitosanase CsnB and evaluation of its potential use in serological diagnostics. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:696-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Characterization of a Chitosanase fromAspergillus fumigatusATCC13073. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:1523-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sun Y, Zhang J, Wu S, Shujun Wang. Preparation of d-glucosamine by hydrolysis of chitosan with chitosanase and β-d-glucosaminidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 61:160-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Provost NB, Shi C, She YM, Cyr TD, Miller JD. Characterization of an antigenic chitosanase from the cellulolytic fungusChaetomium globosum. Med Mycol 2013; 51:290-9. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.715246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Classification of chitosanases by hydrolytic specificity toward N¹,N⁴-diacetylchitohexaose. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1932-7. [PMID: 23047111 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolytic specificities of chitosanases were determined using N¹,N⁴-diacetylchitohexaose [(GlcN)₂-GlcNAc-(GlcN)₂-GlcNAc]. The results for the hydrolytic specificities of chitosanases belonging to subclasses I, II, and III toward chitohexaose and N¹,N⁴-diacetylchitohexaose agreed with previous results obtained by analysis of the hydrolysis products of partially N-acetylated chitosan. N¹,N⁴-Diacetylchitohexaose is a useful substrate to determine the hydrolytic specificity of chitosanase. On the other hand, chitosanases from Amycolatopsis sp. CsO-2 and Pseudomonas sp. A-01 showed broad cleavage specificity. They cleaved both the GlcNAc-GlcN and the GlcN-GlcNAc bonds in addition to the GlcN-GlcN bond in the substrate. Thus, both enzymes were new chitosanases. The chitosanases were divided into four subclasses according to their specificity for hydrolysis of the β-glycosidic linkages in partially N-acetylated chitosan.
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Dutta J, Tripathi S, Dutta P. Progress in antimicrobial activities of chitin, chitosan and its oligosaccharides: a systematic study needs for food applications. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2011; 18:3-34. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013211399195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, active biomolecules such as chitosan and its derivatives are undergoing a significant and very fast development in food application area. Due to recent outbreaks of contaminations associated with food products, there have been growing concerns regarding the negative environmental impact of packaging materials of antimicrobial biofilms, which have been studied. Chitosan has a great potential for a wide range of applications due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, nontoxicity and versatile chemical and physical properties. It can be formed into fibers, films, gels, sponges, beads or nanoparticles. Chitosan films have been used as a packaging material for the quality preservation of a variety of foods. Chitosan has high antimicrobial activities against a wide variety of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, including fungi, and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A tremendous effort has been made over the past decade to develop and test films with antimicrobial properties to improve food safety and shelf-life. This review highlights the preparation, mechanism, antimicrobial activity, optimization of biocide properties of chitosan films and applications including biocatalysts for the improvement of quality and shelf-life of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Disha Institute of Management and Technology, Raipur 400701, India
| | - S. Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad 211004, India
| | - P.K. Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad 211004, India
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Gupta V, Prasanna R, Srivastava AK, Sharma J. Purification and characterization of a novel antifungal endo-type chitosanase from Anabaena fertilissima. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Statistical optimization of chitosanase production by Aspergillus sp. QD-2 in submerged fermentation. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Modification of an expression vector for efficient recombinant production and purification of mitogillin of Aspergillus fumigatus expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 76:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu B, Li Z, Hong Y, Ni J, Sheng D, Shen Y. Cloning, expression and characterization of a thermostable exo-beta-D-glucosaminidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1655-60. [PMID: 16912928 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An exo-beta-D-glucosaminidase gene (PH0511) was cloned from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus horikoshii, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified protein showed a strong exo-beta-D: -glucosaminidase activity by TLC analysis. DTT (50 mM) had little effect on its homodimeric structure during SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was optimally active at 90 degrees C (over 20 min) and pH 6. It had a half-life of 9 h at 90 degrees C and is the most thermostable glucosaminidase described up to now. The activity was not inhibited by ethanol, 2-propanol, DMSO, PEG-400, denaturing agents SDS (5%, w/v), urea, guanidine hydrochloride (5 M) and Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Ni(2+) (at up to 10 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, University of Shandong, 250100, Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
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Yun C, Amakata D, Matsuo Y, Matsuda H, Kawamukai M. New chitosan-degrading strains that produce chitosanases similar to ChoA of Mitsuaria chitosanitabida. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5138-44. [PMID: 16151097 PMCID: PMC1214613 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.9.5138-5144.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The betaproteobacterium Mitsuaria chitosanitabida (formerly Matsuebacter chitosanotabidus) 3001 produces a chitosanase (ChoA) that is classified in glycosyl hydrolase family 80. While many chitosanase genes have been isolated from various bacteria to date, they show limited homology to the M. chitosanitabida 3001 chitosanase gene (choA). To investigate the phylogenetic distribution of chitosanases analogous to ChoA in nature, we identified 67 chitosan-degrading strains by screening and investigated their physiological and biological characteristics. We then searched for similarities to ChoA by Western blotting and Southern hybridization and selected 11 strains whose chitosanases showed the most similarity to ChoA. PCR amplification and sequencing of the chitosanase genes from these strains revealed high deduced amino acid sequence similarities to ChoA ranging from 77% to 99%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the 11 selected strains indicated that they are widely distributed in the beta and gamma subclasses of Proteobacteria and the Flavobacterium group. These observations suggest that the ChoA-like chitosanases that belong to family 80 occur widely in a broad variety of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChoongSoo Yun
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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Schwienbacher M, Weig M, Thies S, Regula JT, Heesemann J, Ebel F. Analysis of the major proteins secreted by the human opportunistic pathogenAspergillus fumigatusunderin vitroconditions. Med Mycol 2005; 43:623-30. [PMID: 16396247 DOI: 10.1080/13693780500089216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although secreted proteins of pathogenic microorganisms often represent potential virulence factors, so far only limited information has been available on the proteins secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus. We therefore analysed supernatant proteins after growth in different media. In serum-free cell culture medium A. fumigatus growth was limited and no protein secretion was detectable, whereas distinct protein patterns were detectable after growth in either aspergillus minimal medium (AMM) or the more complex yeast glucose medium (YG). The three major proteins secreted under these conditions were identified as the ribotoxin mitogillin, a chitosanase and the aspergillopepsin i. Mitogillin and chitosanase were secreted in AMM, whereas aspergillopepsin i was especially prominent after growth in YG. When the AMM cultures reached stationary phase, seven additional major proteins were detectable. Two of them were identified as the chitinase chiB1 and a beta(1-3) endoglucanase. Conditioned medium containing mitogillin and chitosanase did not have a detectable cytotoxic effect on A549 and Vero cells. Using recombinant mitogillin and chitosanase we detected anti-chitosanase and antimitogillin antibodies in sera of patients suffering from invasive aspergillosis or aspergilloma, but not in control sera of healthy individuals. This suggests that chitosanase, like mitogillin, is expressed during infection and might therefore be of diagnostic relevance.
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