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Kate A, Vyas S, Bafna RK, Sharma N, Basu S. Tenons Patch Graft: A Review of Indications, Surgical Technique, Outcomes and Complications. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 37:462-470. [PMID: 34932431 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.2017470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal perforations are common corneal emergencies faced by ophthalmologists across the globe. There are multiple modalities of management, most of which require an eye bank support or availability of tissue adhesives. Tenons patch graft (TPG) is a technique that does not depend on these factors as the graft is harvested from the same eye of the patient. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the indications, technique, normal postoperative course, and management of complications. METHODS After carrying out a literature search on "tenons capsule", "corneal patch graft", "tenons patch graft", "multilayered amniotic membrane" and "corneal perforations", 28 articles were included for this review. RESULTS TPG graft can be performed in cases of small to moderate perforations without active suppuration. The procedure can also be combined with amniotic membrane grafting or tissue adhesives to provide additional tectonic support. Postoperatively, the epithelium heals over a course 2-3 weeks and restoration of a stable ocular surface with a corneal scar is completed by the third postoperative month. Complications following the surgical procedure are rare but can include graft displacement, melt and pseudoectasia. Subsequent visual rehabilitation with contact lenses or keratoplasties can be planned in these eyes that yields good visual outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Tenons patch graft is a simple yet viable option in management of small to moderate corneal perforations. The procedure does not necessitate the prior availability of specialized products and can be performed with routine equipment of an ophthalmic theatre, making it an attractive option in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Kate
- The Cornea Institute, KVC Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Vijayawada, India
| | - Sonal Vyas
- The Cornea Institute, KAR Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Bafna
- Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sayan Basu
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre (BHERC), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Fathy W, Taha A, Ibrahim S. Effect of Peribulbar Anesthesia with and Without Adrenaline on Retinal Thickness in Patients Undergoing Elective Cataract Surgery. Anesth Pain Med 2020; 10:e100138. [PMID: 32754432 PMCID: PMC7352650 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The toxic effect of local anesthesia on the retina has been previously investigated in animal studies but not in humans. Objectives The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of local anesthesia with lidocaine versus local anesthesia with lidocaine with extra administration of adrenaline on the retinal layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients indicated for elective cataract surgery. Methods This is a randomized controlled trial conducted on 60 patients indicated for elective cataract surgery under local anesthesia with lidocaine. Thirty participants received local anesthesia with lidocaine 2% with extra administration of adrenaline (adrenaline group), and 30 participants received local anesthesia with lidocaine 2% only (control group). The retinal thickness was measured for all participants preoperatively and one week postoperatively using OCT. Results The OCT findings showed statistically significant decreases postoperatively in superior (P value = 0.028), inferior (P value = 0.017), and average (P value = 0.021) retinal thickness in the adrenaline group. Moreover, there were statistically significant decreases postoperatively in superior (P value = 0.032), inferior (P value = 0.046), and average (P value = 0.028) retinal thickness in the control group. Comparing the adrenaline and control groups for the OCT findings, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the decreases in superior (P value = 0.325), inferior (P value = 0.642), and average (P value = 0.291) retinal thickness. Conclusions Local anesthesia with lidocaine significantly decreased the retinal thickness. The extra administration of adrenaline to lidocaine did not affect the post-anesthetic changes in the retinal thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Fathy
- Department of Anaesthesia, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Corresponding Author: Department of Anaesthesia, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt. Tel: +20-1006527133,
| | - Ahmed Taha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sahar Ibrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Shoukry A, Abd el Kawy AS. Efficacy and Safety of Magnesium versus Dexmedetomidine as Additives to Local Anesthetic Mixture Using Single Injection Percutaneous Peribulbar Anesthesia in Vitreoretinal Surgeries. THE OPEN ANESTHESIA JOURNAL 2018; 12:94-100. [DOI: 10.2174/2589645801812010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Peribulbar block for vitreoretinal surgery is rather associated with delayed onset of globe anesthesia, akinesia and short duration of analgesia.
Objective:
To compare the effect of addition of Magnesium sulphate vs dexmedetomidine to standard local anesthetics mixtures on the time of onset of Globe Anesthesia, Akinesia & analgesia duration.
Patients and Methods:
Ninety patients of both sexes, aged 25- 75 years, ASA I-III scheduled for vitreoretinal surgery. They were randomly allocated into 3 equal groups each received peribulbar block a mixture of Levo- bupivacaine 0.5% (3 ml) + lidocaine 2% (3 ml) +120 IU hyaluronidase + Control group (C): 0.5 ml of Normal saline. Group (M): 50 mg of Magnesium sulphate in 0.5 ml normal saline. Group (D): 50 μic of dexmedetomidine in 0.5 ml normal saline. The duration of sensory, motor block, Sedation level, Intra-ocular Pressure (IOP) and surgeon satisfaction were assessed.
Results:
The onset of globe anesthesia and akinesia was significantly shorter in M group in comparison with D and C Groups, with a significant increase in the duration of globe analgesia and akinesia in the D Group when compared to both M & C groups. Groups D and M showed a statistically significant decrease in the IOP at 5 min and 10 min when compared to the baseline measurement of the same groups & to C Group, no complications or adverse effects related to the drug or technique were recorded.
Conclusion:
Magnesium sulphate as a local anesthetic adjuvant in peribulbar block is safe and comparable to dexmedetomidine regarding the sensory and motor block duration with better cost-effectiveness and availability.
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Rüschen H, Aravinth K, Bunce C, Bokre D. Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks to reduce intraoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 3:CD010368. [PMID: 29498413 PMCID: PMC6494176 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010368.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronidase has been used over many decades as an adjunct to local anaesthetic solution to improve the speed of onset of eye blocks and to provide better akinesia and analgesia. With the evolution of modern eye surgery techniques, fast onset and akinesia are not essential requirements anymore. The assumption that the addition of hyaluronidase to local anaesthetic injections confers better analgesia for the patient needs to be examined. There has been no recent systematic review to provide evidence that hyaluronidase actually improves analgesia. OBJECTIVES To ascertain if adding hyaluronidase to local anaesthetic solutions for use in ophthalmic anaesthesia in adults results in a reduction of perceived pain during the operation and to assess harms, participant and surgical satisfaction, and economic impact. SEARCH METHODS We carried out systematic searches in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and four other databases in June 2017. We searched the trial registers at www.ISRCTN.com, ClinicalTrials.gov and www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu for relevant trials. We imposed no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of hyaluronidase on pain experienced by adults during intraocular surgery using a rating scale. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors (HR and KA) independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality using standard procedures as expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS We included seven trials involving 500 participants that studied the effect of hyaluronidase on intraoperative pain. Four of the seven trials with 289 participants reported the primary outcome in a dichotomous manner, and we proceeded to meta-analyse the findings which showed a moderate heterogeneity that could not be explained (I2 = 41% ). The pooled risk ratio (RR) for these four trials was 0.83 with the 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.48 to 1.42. The reduction in intraoperative pain scores in the hyaluronidase group were not statistically significant. Among the three trials that reported the primary outcome in a continuous manner, the presence of missing data made it difficult to conduct a meta-analysis. To further explore the data, we imputed standard deviations for the other studies from another included RCT (Sedghipour 2012). However, this resulted in substantial heterogeneity between study estimates (I² = 76% ). The lack of reported relevant data in two of the three remaining trials made it difficult to assess the direction of effect in a clinical setting.Overall, there was no statistical difference regarding the intraoperative reduction of pain scores between the hyaluronidase and control group. All seven included trials had a low risk of bias.According to GRADE, we found the quality of evidence was low and downgraded the trials for serious risk of inconsistency and imprecision. Therefore, the results should be analysed with caution.Participant satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the hyaluronidase group in two high quality trials with 122 participants. Surgical satisfaction was also superior in two of three high quality trials involving 141 participants. According to GRADE, the quality of evidence was moderate for participant and surgical satisfaction as the trials were downgraded for imprecision due to the small sample sizes. The risk of bias in these trials was low.There was no reported harm due to the addition of hyaluronidase in any of the studies. No study reported on the cost of hyaluronidase in the context of eye surgery. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The effects of adding hyaluronidase to local anaesthetic fluid on pain outcomes in people undergoing eye surgery are uncertain due to the low quality of evidence available. A well designed RCT is required to address inconsistency and imprecision among the studies and to determine the benefit of hyaluronidase to improve analgesia during eye surgery. Participant and surgical satisfaction is higher with hyaluronidase compared to the control groups, as demonstrated in moderate quality studies. There was no harm attributed to the use of hyaluronidase in any of the studies. Considering that harm was only rarely defined as an outcome measure, and the overall small number of participants, conclusions cannot be drawn about the incidence of harmful effects of hyaluronidase. None of the studies undertook cost calculations with regards to use of hyaluronidase in local anaesthetic eye blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Rüschen
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation TrustDepartment of Anaesthesia162 City RoadLondonUKEC1V 2PD
| | - Kavitha Aravinth
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation TrustDepartment of Anaesthesia162 City RoadLondonUKEC1V 2PD
| | - Catey Bunce
- King's College LondonDepartment of Primary Care & Public Health Sciences4th Floor, Addison HouseGuy's CampusLondonUKSE1 1UL
| | - Desta Bokre
- Moorfields Eye Hospital & UCL Institute of OphthalmologyThe Joint Library of Ophthalmology11‐43 Bath StreetLondonUKEC1V 9EL
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Patil V, Farooqy A, Chaluvadi BT, Rajashekhar V, Malshetty A. Effect of the addition of rocuronium to 2% lignocaine in peribulbar block for cataract surgery. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2018; 33:520-523. [PMID: 29416247 PMCID: PMC5791268 DOI: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_383_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Peribulbar anesthesia is associated with delayed orbital akinesia compared with retrobulbar anesthesia. To test the hypothesis that rocuronium added to a mixture of local anesthetics (LAs) could improve speed of onset of akinesia in peribulbar block (PB), we designed this study. This study examined the effects of adding rocuronium 5 mg to 2% lignocaine with adrenaline to note orbital and eyelid akinesia in patients undergoing cataract surgery. Material and Methods: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, 100 patients were equally randomized to receive a mixture of 0.5 ml normal saline, 6 ml lidocaine 2% with adrenaline and hyaluronidase 50 IU/ml (Group I), a mixture of rocuronium 0.5 ml (5 mg), 6 ml lidocaine 2% with adrenaline and hyaluronidase 50 IU/ml (Group II). Orbital akinesia was assessed on a 0–8 score (0 = no movement, 8 = normal) at 2 min intervals for 10 min. Time to adequate anesthesia was also recorded. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Results: Rocuronium group demonstrated significantly better akinesia scores than control group at 2 min intervals post-PB (significant P value obtained). No significant complications were recorded. Rocuronium added to a mixture of LA improved the quality of akinesia in PB and reduced the need for supplementary injections. Conclusion: The addition of rocuronium 5 mg to a mixture of lidocaine 2% with adrenaline and hyaluronidase 50 IU/ml shortened the onset time of peribulbar anesthesia in patients undergoing cataract surgery without causing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishalakshi Patil
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Navodaya Medical College Research Centre, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Allauddin Farooqy
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Navodaya Medical College Research Centre, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Vinayak Rajashekhar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Navodaya Medical College Research Centre, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwini Malshetty
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Navodaya Medical College Research Centre, Raichur, Karnataka, India
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Abu Elyazed MM, Abdelghafar MS, Mogahed MM, Nassif MA. The effect of adding cisatracurium versus hyaluronidase to levobupivacaine and lidocaine mixture in single injection peribulbar block for cataract surgery. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egja.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Abu Elyazed
- Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | | | - Mona Mohamed Mogahed
- Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
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Sinha R, Sharma A, Ray BR, Chandiran R, Chandralekha C, Sinha R. Effect of addition of magnesium to local anesthetics for peribulbar block: A prospective randomized double-blind study. Saudi J Anaesth 2016; 10:64-7. [PMID: 26955313 PMCID: PMC4760046 DOI: 10.4103/1658-354x.169478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Magnesium sulphate has been used along with local anesthetics in different regional blocks and found to be effective in decreasing the time of onset of the block and increasing the duration of the block. Objective: To evaluate the effect of addition of magnesium sulfate to standard local anesthetics mixture on the time for onset of the globe and lid akinesia for peribulbar block in ophthalmic surgeries. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists status I to III undergoing ophthalmic surgery under peribulbar block were included in this study. Patients were randomized into two groups. Both the groups received 4.5 ml of 2% lidocaine, 4.5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with150 IU hyaluronidase. Group NS received normal saline 1 ml in the peribulbar block and Group MS, magnesium sulfate 50 mg in 1 ml normal saline. The onset of akinesia, satisfactory block and complications were observed by an independent observer. Results: Demographic data was statistically similar. In the Group NS at 3, 5, 10 and 15 min after the block, complete akinesia was seen in 0, 2, 11 and 28 patients respectively. In the Group MS, at 3, 5, 10 and 15 min after the block, complete akinesia was seen in 13, 23, 27 and 28 patients respectively. Patients received magnesium sulfate showed the statistically significant rapid onset of lid and globe akinesia than the control group till 10 min (P < 0.000). None of the patients needed a supplementary block and had complications during the surgery. Conclusion: Addition of 50 mg of magnesium sulfate to the lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture for peribulbar block decreases the onset of akinesia without any obvious side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sinha
- Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - B R Ray
- Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - R Chandiran
- Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - C Chandralekha
- Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - R Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Cepeda MS, Tzortzopoulou A, Thackrey M, Hudcova J, Arora Gandhi P, Schumann R. WITHDRAWN: Adjusting the pH of lidocaine for reducing pain on injection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD006581. [PMID: 25993661 PMCID: PMC10641661 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006581.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
May 2015 This review was originally published in 2010 and at that time complied with Cochrane’s Commercial Sponsorship Policy. The Commercial Sponsorship policy was updated in 2014 (http://community.cochrane.org/organisational‐policy‐manual/appendix‐5‐commercial‐sponsorship‐policy ). This review is no longer compliant with that policy. The non conflicted members of the original team of authors have decided not to update the review. We have therefore decided to withdraw the review and seek new authors to update it The editorial group responsible for this previously published document have withdrawn it from publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledad Cepeda
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentPharmacoepidemiologyPO BOX 200, M/S K304TitussvilleNJUSA08560
| | - Aikaterini Tzortzopoulou
- Tufts Medical CenterDepartment of Anesthesiology800 Washington streetBostonMassachusettsUSA02111
| | - Michael Thackrey
- University of California, San FranciscoFamily and Community MedicineFamily Health Center995 Potrero Avenue, Ward 83San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA94110
| | - Jana Hudcova
- Lahey ClinicDepartment of Surgical Critical Care41 Mall RoadBurlingtonMassachusettsUSA01805
| | - Preeti Arora Gandhi
- Tufts Medical CenterDepartment of Anesthesiology800 Washington streetBostonMassachusettsUSA02111
| | - Roman Schumann
- Tufts Medical CenterDepartment of Anesthesiology800 Washington streetBostonMassachusettsUSA02111
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Johnson MZ, O'Connor TC. Excellent postoperative analgesia with the addition of hyaluronidase to lignocaine for subcostal TAP block used in conjunction with systemic analgesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2013-202911. [PMID: 24510699 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-202911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcostal transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks provide good postoperative analgesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomies. We hypothesised that adding hyaluronidase may improve the efficacy of this technique by increasing spread of the local anaesthetic (LA). In this case, we performed a bilateral ultrasound-guided subcostal TAP block using lignocaine (40 mL 1%) with hyaluronidase (75 IU/mL) for postoperative analgesia following elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It was used in combination with intraoperative morphine, diclofenac and paracetamol. Regular paracetamol was administered postoperatively. We monitored serial serum lignocaine levels and recorded the patient's visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores postoperatively. We found that the patient experienced excellent analgesia throughout the postoperative period and that the serum lignocaine levels did not exceed the therapeutic range.
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Rüschen H, Adams L, Bunce C. Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks. Hippokratia 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Rüschen
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Anaesthesia; 162 City Road London UK EC1V 2PD
| | - Lee Adams
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Anaesthesia; 162 City Road London UK EC1V 2PD
| | - Catey Bunce
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Research and Development Department; City Road London UK EC1V 2PD
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Cepeda MS, Tzortzopoulou A, Thackrey M, Hudcova J, Arora Gandhi P, Schumann R. Adjusting the pH of lidocaine for reducing pain on injection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD006581. [PMID: 21154371 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006581.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lidocaine administration produces pain due to its acidic pH. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to determine if adjusting the pH of lidocaine had any effect on pain resulting from non-intravascular injections in adults and children. We tested the hypothesis that adjusting the pH of lidocaine solution to a level closer to the physiologic pH reduces this pain. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, to June 2010); Ovid MEDLINE (1966 to June 2010); EMBASE (1988 to June 2010); LILACS (1982 to June 2010); CINAHL (1982 to June 2010); ISI Web of Science (1999 to June 2010); and abstracts of the meetings of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). We checked the full articles of selected titles. We did not apply any language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included double-blinded, randomized controlled trials that compared pH-adjusted lidocaine with unadjusted lidocaine. We evaluated pain at the injection site, satisfaction and adverse events. We excluded studies in healthy volunteers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We separately analysed parallel-group and crossover trials; trials that evaluated lidocaine with or without epinephrine; and trials with pH-adjusted lidocaine solutions < 7.35 and ≥ 7.35. To explain heterogeneity, we separately analysed studies with a low and higher risk of bias due to the level of allocation concealment; studies that employed a low and a higher volume of injection; and studies that used lidocaine for different types of procedures. MAIN RESULTS We included 23 studies of which 10 had a parallel design and 13 were crossover studies. Eight of the 23 studies had moderate to high risk of bias due to the level of allocation concealment.Pain associated with the infiltration of buffered lidocaine was less than the pain associated with infiltration of unbuffered lidocaine in both parallel and crossover trials. In the crossover studies, the difference was -1.98 units (95% confidence interval (CI) -2.62 to -1.34) and in the parallel-group studies it was -0.98 units (95% CI -1.49 to -0.47) on a 0 to 10 scale. The magnitude of the pain decrease associated with buffered lidocaine was larger when the solution contained epinephrine. The risk of bias, volume of injection, and type of procedure failed to explain the heterogeneity of the results.Patients preferred buffered lidocaine (odds ratio 3.01, 95% CI 2.19 to 4.15). No adverse events or toxicity were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Increasing the pH of lidocaine decreased pain on injection and augmented patient comfort and satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledad Cepeda
- Pharmacoepidemiology, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, PO BOX 200, M/S K304, Titussville, NJ, USA, 08560
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Jaichandran V, Vijaya L, George RJ, InderMohan B. Peribulbar anesthesia for cataract surgery: effect of lidocaine warming and alkalinization on injection pain, motor and sensory nerve blockade. Indian J Ophthalmol 2010; 58:105-8. [PMID: 20195031 PMCID: PMC2854439 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.60072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare self-reported pain and efficacy of warmed, alkalinized, and warmed alkalinized lidocaine with plain 2% lidocaine at room temperature for peribulbar anesthesia in cataract surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through a prospective, single-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial 200 patients were divided into four groups. They received either lidocaine at operating room temperature 18 degrees C, control group (Group C), lidocaine warmed to 37 degrees C (Group W), lidocaine alkalinized to a pH of 7.09+/-0.10 (Group B) or lidocaine at 37 degrees C alkalinized to a pH of 6.94+/-0.05 (Group WB). All solutions contained Inj. Hyaluronidase 50 IU/ml. Pain was assessed using a 10-cm visual analog score scale. Time of onset of sensory and motor blockade and time to onset of postoperative pain were recorded by a blinded observer. RESULTS Mean pain score was significantly lower in Group B and WB compared with Group C (P<0.001). Onset of analgesia was delayed in Group C compared with Group B (P=0.021) and WB (P<0.001). Mean time taken for the onset of complete akinesia and supplementation required for the block was significantly lower in Group B. Time of onset of pain after operation was significantly earlier in Group W compared with Group C (P=0.036). CONCLUSION Alkalinized lidocaine with or without warming produced less pain than lidocaine injected at room temperature. Alkalinization enhances the effect of warming for sensory nerve blockade, but warming does not enhance alkalinization, in fact it reduces the efficacy of alkalinized solution for blocking the motor nerves in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatakrishnan Jaichandran
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 41/18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai - 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lingam Vijaya
- Department of Glaucoma, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 41/18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai - 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ronnie Jacob George
- Department of Glaucoma, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 41/18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai - 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhanulakshmi InderMohan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 41/18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai - 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
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Thomas JR, Yocum RC, Haller MF, Flament J. The INFUSE-Morphine IIB study: use of recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20) to enhance the absorption of subcutaneous morphine in healthy volunteers. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009; 38:673-82. [PMID: 19819667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Morphine is usually given intravenously (IV) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain, but subcutaneous (SC) administration is a viable alternative for parenteral delivery. The pharmacokinetics of SC morphine may be enhanced by coadministration with a hyaluronidase product. In this Phase IV, double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 18 healthy adults received a single dose of 2mg morphine SC with 150U of recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20), SC with 0.9% normal saline, or IV on three consecutive days. The primary endpoint was time to maximum plasma morphine concentration (T(max)) for SC injection with rHuPH20 vs. SC injection without rHuPH20. Safety and tolerability were assessed each study day, the day after the last injection, and 28 days after the last injection. After SC dosing, morphine mean T(max) was significantly shorter with rHuPH20 than without it. Mean maximum plasma morphine concentration (C(max)) after SC dosing was 29% greater with rHuPH20 than without rHuPH20 (P=0.023), although the extent of exposure of morphine was similar. T(max) was shortest and C(max) was highest with IV administration. For the major active metabolite of morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, mean T(max) after SC morphine was significantly shorter with rHuPH20 than without rHuPH20 (a difference of approximately 17.5 minutes; P=0.0169). Coadministration of morphine with rHuPH20 appeared safe and well tolerated. Compared with SC morphine alone, rHuPH20 shortens morphine T(max) and raises C(max) in healthy adults, without changing the extent of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Thomas
- Department of Supportive Care Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010-3000, USA.
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Etesse B, Beaudroit L, Deleuze M, Nouvellon E, Ripart J. [Hyaluronidase: Here we go again]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 28:658-65. [PMID: 19577408 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the benefits and lateral effects of hyaluronidase (H) use in ophthalmologic anaesthesia and to address its unavailability in current practice in France. DATA SOURCES The Medline data bank and the Cochrane database were consulted. The keywords employed separately or in combination were: H, regional anaesthesia, ophthalmologic surgery, local aneasthetics myotoxicity, diplopia. STUDY SELECTION Original articles since 1949 were selected. We also selected isolated clinical cases according to their relevance compared with the existing literature. DATA SYNTHESIS H is a "spreading factor" of animal origin used as an adjuvant in ophthalmic anaesthesia for more than half a century. It allows a moderate better block quality with a slightly quicker onset. It also limits the acute intraocular pressure increase secondary to periocular injection and seems to have a protective effect against local anaesthetics myotoxicity resulting in postoperative strabismus. However, during these last 50 years, numerous studies often ended in divergent results. CONCLUSION H seems to be a useful adjuvant in ophthalmologic anaesthesia in spite of his current unavailability in France. Recombinant H could be the solution in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Etesse
- Pôle Anesthésie-Douleur-urgences-Réanimation, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Carémeau, 30029 Nîmes cedex 09, France
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15
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Schulenburg HE, Sri-Chandana C, Lyons G, Columb MO, McLure HA. Hyaluronidase reduces local anaesthetic volumes for sub-Tenon’s anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99:717-20. [PMID: 17895235 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aem272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volumes of local anaesthetics for sub-Tenon's anaesthesia vary. Lower volumes produce less akinesia, whereas higher volumes increase chemosis and intra-ocular pressures. Hyaluronidase is often added to local anaesthetics to improve akinesia without increasing the volume of the injection, but this is controversial. This randomized, sequential allocation study examines the addition of hyaluronidase on the minimum local anaesthetic volume (MLAV) required for a sub-Tenon's block. METHODS Sixty-two patients having sub-Tenon's blocks for cataract surgery were randomized into two groups. The control group (n=31) received 2% w/v lidocaine and the study group (n=31) received 2% w/v lidocaine with hyaluronidase 15 IU ml(-1). Using parallel up-down sequential allocation from a 4 ml starting volume, the volumes in both groups were changed using a testing interval of 1 ml according to the quality of globe akinesia. The median effective local anaesthetic volume (MLAV) was calculated for both groups using probit regression. RESULTS The groups were similar for age, sex, and ocular axial length. The MLAV in the hyaluronidase group was 2.6 ml [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.1-3.l] and 6.4 ml (95% CI, 5.1-8.1) in the control group (P<0.002). CONCLUSIONS Hyaluronidase permits a significant 2.4-fold (95% CI, 1.8-3.4) reduction in MLAV for sub-Tenon's anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Schulenburg
- Department of Anaesthesia, D Floor, Jubilee Building, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK.
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16
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Abstract
Although retrobulbar and peribulbar regional anaesthetic techniques are used (by both anaesthesiologists and ophthalmologists) in various types of eye surgery, topical anaesthesia of the conjunctiva and cornea, followed--as needed--by sub-Tenon's block, is now common in routine cataract surgery. Intracameral administration of local anaesthetic by the ophthalmologist is also performed. Sedation during ophthalmic surgery is distinctly lighter than for other surgery because it is essential that the patient remains alert and can cooperate with the surgeon. Continuous insufflation of oxygen-enriched air is needed to ascertain that CO2 has been flushed away. With a catheter placed into the nostril, the patient (whose head is draped and 'hidden') can have the end-tidal CO2 monitored. Finger index (FI), a palpation method that assesses the ease of performing retrobulbar block, is introduced. Because of the risk of life-threatening complications in ophthalmic regional anaesthesia, the services of an anaesthesiologist must be available and training of anaesthesia residents in ophthalmic regional anaesthesia is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kallio
- Department of Anaesthesia, Forssa Hospital, PO Box 42, FIN-30101 Forssa, Finland.
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Moharib MM, Mitra S, Rizvi SG. Effect of alkalinization and/or hyaluronidase adjuvancy on a local anesthetic mixture for sub-Tenon's ophthalmic block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:599-602. [PMID: 12027856 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.460519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES pH adjustment and/or addition of hyaluronidase to local anesthetic drugs decrease the time to onset and prolong the duration of regional anesthetic techniques for ocular surgery. The objective of this study was to investigate whether these factors are effective also in sub-Tenon's block. METHODS Sixty patients were randomly assigned to four groups in a double blind, prospective fashion, and received 5.125 ml mixtures as follows: 2.5 ml lignocaine 2%, 2.5 ml bupivacaine 0.5% and 0.125 ml isotonic saline (group LB); 2.5 ml lignocaine 2%, 2.5 ml bupivacaine 0.5%, 15 IU hyaluronidase/ml and 0.125 ml isotonic saline (group LBH); 2.5 ml lignocaine 2%, 2.5 ml bupivacaine 0.5% and 0.125 ml sodium bicarbonate 8.4% (group LBpH); and 2.5 ml lignocaine 2%, 2.5 ml bupivacaine 0.5%, 15 IU hyaluronidase/ml and 0.125 ml sodium bicarbonate 8.4% (group LBHpH). This measurement was based on one quadrant sub-Tenon's block. Akinesia was assessed every 30 s. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the groups regarding mean times to onset and to complete akinesia. Group LBH displayed a significantly lower frequency of patients experiencing pain and a lower need for rescue medication during surgery than the other groups. CONCLUSION pH adjustment and/or addition of hyaluronidase to a mixture of lignocaine and bupivacaine did not shorten the time to onset of akinesia following sub-Tenon's technique. However, the addition of hyaluronidase was associated with a lower fraction of patients experiencing pain during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Moharib
- Department of Anesthesia/ICU, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
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18
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Abstract
Anions are the negative components of most chemical structures and play many important physiological and pharmacological roles that are of interest to the anaesthetist. Their relevance is reviewed with a particular emphasis on the inorganic anions (halides, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulphate) and the significance and limitations of the anion gap. Organic anions (albumin, lactate) are also discussed, albeit briefly. The suitability of anions for their role in neurotransmission and acid-base balance is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Maloney
- Department of Anaesthetics, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK.
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Mantovani C, Bryant AE, Nicholson G. Efficacy of varying concentrations of hyaluronidase in peribulbar anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86:876-8. [PMID: 11573600 DOI: 10.1093/bja/86.6.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have compared the efficacy of adding varying concentrations of hyaluronidase to a standard mixture of 2% lidocaine and 1% ropivacaine to provide peribulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery. We used (i) the time to adequate anaesthesia for surgery and (ii) ocular and eyelid movement scores at 8 min after block as clinical endpoints. Ninety patients were randomly allocated to receive 7-10 ml of equal volumes of 2% lidocaine and 1% ropivacaine without hyaluronidase or with hyaluronidase 15 IU ml(-1) or 150 IU ml(-1). Median time at which the block was adequate for surgery was 6 min in all groups (interquartile range 4-12 min). Median eyelid movement scores were similar in all groups, but the ocular movement scores at 8 min were significantly lower in the group which received hyaluronidase 150 IU ml(-1) than in the group not given hyaluronidase (P<0.03). There were no differences between groups in the incidence of minor complications. A high concentration of hyaluronidase resulted in a statistically significantly lower ocular movement score at 8 min; the clinical relevance of this finding is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mantovani
- Department of Anaesthesia, Bromley Hospital, Kent, UK
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20
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Minasian MC, Ionides AC, Fernando R, Davey CC. Pain perception with pH buffered peribulbar anaesthesia: a pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84:1041-4. [PMID: 10966962 PMCID: PMC1723663 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.84.9.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the relation between pH of anaesthetic solutions and patient perception of pain with peribulbar injection of local anaesthesia. METHODS This prospective randomised controlled double blind pilot study involved 60 consecutive patients who received a peribulbar block with either a standard acidic local anaesthetic of 5 ml 2% lignocaine and 5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine (solution A), or an alkalinised solution composed of the same anaesthetic agents but with a pH of 7.44 (solution B). Before surgery patients were asked to grade the pain of both the preoperative dilating drops and the peribulbar injection using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS The mean pain scores were similar in the two treatment groups-slightly higher (4.97) in group B who received the buffered solution, compared with group A (4.84) who received the plain solution. The small difference (-0.13, 95% confidence limits -1.6 and +1.3) was not significant. There was, however, a highly significant association between pain threshold ("drop pain") and injection pain levels (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION This study showed no difference in the reduction in the pain experienced by patients undergoing peribulbar anaesthesia with pH buffered local anaesthetic. The study suggests the importance of "pain threshold" as a confounder and also showed the considerable pain felt by some patients on instillation of the preoperative dilating drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Minasian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG
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21
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22
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Huha T, Ala-Kokko TI, Salomäki T, Alahuhta S. Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of 1% ropivacaine and 0.75% bupivacaine in peribulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:137-41. [PMID: 10215708 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peribulbar anaesthesia with 1% ropivacaine and 0.75% bupivacaine, both with hyaluronidase, was assessed in a prospective, randomised, double-blind study of 100 patients undergoing cataract surgery. Pharmacokinetic data were obtained from 22 subjects. Akinesia of the globe developed slightly more rapidly in the ropivacaine group, but this difference was only statistically significant at 2 min after injection of the local anaesthetic. Lid akinesia was significantly more complete in the ropivacaine group. There were no differences between the groups with respect to peri-operative analgesia or duration of akinesia. The dose-adjusted maximum concentration of ropivacaine was approximately twice that of bupivacaine with significantly higher values of the area under the concentration-time curves. No drug-related adverse effects were observed. We conclude that there are no clinically significant differences in the quality of the sensory and motor block between 1% ropivacaine and 0.75% bupivacaine when used for peribulbar anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Huha
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie, Oulu, Finland
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23
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Bedi A, Carabine U. Peribulbar anaesthesia: a double-blind comparison of three local anaesthetic solutions. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:67-71. [PMID: 10209373 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A prospective, randomised, double-blinded study comparing three agents for peribulbar anaesthesia is reported. Sixty patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction under local anaesthesia were randomly allocated to receive peribulbar anaesthesia with lignocaine 2% with adrenaline; prilocaine 3% with felypressin 0.03 IU.ml-1 or 2% lignocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine in a ratio of 1:1, using a standardised two-injection technique. The pain of injection, time of onset of the block and the operating conditions at the start and finish of surgery were assessed. Peribulbar anaesthesia using lignocaine 2% was significantly more painful than the other solutions. The onset of anaesthesia adequate for surgery was similar in all three groups. Prilocaine 3% with felypressin was associated with the greatest number of blocks providing total akinesia of the eye. Inadequate duration of anaesthesia was seen in only one case; the solution used for this block was 2% lignocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bedi
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Group of Hospitals Trust, Belfast, UK
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24
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Bowman RJ, Newman DK, Richardson EC, Callear AB, Flanagan DW. Is hyaluronidase helpful for peribulbar anaesthesia? Eye (Lond) 1997; 11 ( Pt 3):385-8. [PMID: 9373482 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1997.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A prospective, randomised controlled study was performed to investigate whether hyaluronidase improved the efficacy of peribulbar anaesthesia. Ninety-two patients undergoing peribulbar anaesthesia for intraocular surgery all received 10 ml of an anaesthetic solution consisting of a 50:50 mixture of 2% lignocaine with 1 in 200,000 adrenaline and 0.5% bupivacaine. Patients were randomised to a hyaluronidase group which received 150 IU/ml hyaluronidase in this anaesthetic solution (a higher concentration than previous studies) or a control group which received no hyaluronidase. There were 44 patients in the hyaluronidase group and 48 patients in the control group. All anaesthetic injections were administered by an experienced ophthalmologist and no supplementary injections were required in any case. The mean time interval between administration of the block and commencement of surgery was 22 minutes. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups for pre-operative akinesia (p = 0.16), intraoperative akinesia (p = 0.25), eyelid paralysis (p = 0.72), objective analgesia (p = 0.23) or subjective analgesia (p = 0.60). The majority of patients in both groups achieved excellent akinesia, eyelid paralysis and analgesia. The reasons for these findings in the light of previously conflicting reports on the value of hyaluronidase in peribulbar anaesthesia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bowman
- Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK
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25
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Prosser DP, Rodney GE, Mian T, Jones HM, Khan MY. Re-evaluation of hyaluronidase in peribulbar anaesthesia. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80:827-30. [PMID: 8942381 PMCID: PMC505621 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.80.9.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/BACKGROUND Hyaluronidase can augment the actions of local anaesthetics in peribulbar anaesthesia. However, evidence suggests satisfactory anaesthesia can be achieved using mixtures without hyaluronidase. A randomised double blind study was conducted on 50 patients, undergoing peribulbar anaesthesia, to validate this observation. METHODS Patients received a standard mixture of local anaesthetic (0.5% bupivacaine and 2% lignocaine in a 1:1 ratio) with or without hyaluronidase (25 IU/ml of mixture), pH values 5.16 and 5.24 respectively. Time taken to establish satisfactory anaesthesia to allow surgery was noted. RESULTS The onset time to globe akinesia in the control group ranged from 2 to 15 minutes (mean 5.64 and median 4 minutes) and in the hyaluronidase group from 2 to 12 minutes (mean 4.64 and median 4 minutes). The volume of local anaesthetic injected to achieve satisfactory anaesthesia ranged from 8 to 16 ml (mean 10.96, SD 1.95) in the control group and 10 to 18 ml (mean 11.64, SD 2.8) in the hyaluronidase group. A Mann-Whitney test to compare onset times to globe akinesia between groups gave a p value = 0.6 and 95% confidence interval (-1 to 2 minutes). CONCLUSION Addition of 25 IU/ml of hyaluronidase to a standard pH unadjusted local anaesthetic mixture does not significantly reduce the time to the onset of satisfactory globe akinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Prosser
- Glan Hafren NHS Trust Hospitals, Newport, Gwent
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Nathan N, Benrhaiem M, Lotfi H, Debord J, Rigaud G, Lachatre G, Adenis JP, Feiss P. The role of hyaluronidase on lidocaine and bupivacaine pharmacokinetics after peribulbar blockade. Anesth Analg 1996; 82:1060-4. [PMID: 8610868 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199605000-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Orbital regional anesthesia is the only circumstance where hyaluronidase is routinely added to local anesthetics to accelerate the onset of the block. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine with or without hyaluronidase for peribulbar blockade. Twenty-one patients scheduled for cataract surgery with lens implantation were included in this prospective randomized study. Peribulbar blocks were achieved with plain bupivacaine 0.5% (5.5 mL), lidocaine 2% (5.5 mL), and hyaluronidase (100 IU = 2 mL) (n = 10) ir sterile water (2 mL) (n = 11). Plasma bupivacaine and lidocaine concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography at regular intervals from the end of the local anesthetic injection until the 360th minute. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach Cmax (Tmax) were obtained for all the patients except one who needed a supplementary injection and was excluded from the study. The time to onset and duration of the analgesia and akinesia were monitored at the times of sampling. Motor blockade was incomplete in two patients in each group without affecting surgery. The Tmax and absorption half-life (t1/2a) of lidocaine and bupivacaine were not different within each group (P > 0.05). The Tmax of lidocaine was shorter in the presence of hyaluronidase (17.1 +/- 2.6 min vs 32.7 +/- 6.0 min) as well as the Tmax of bupivacaine (16.8 +/- 3.0 min vs 26.5 +/- 4.4 min). The Cmax of lidocaine and bupivacaine were not modified by the addition of hyaluronidase. The clearance, terminal half-life, and volume of distribution were not different between groups. The absorption of lidocaine and bupivacaine from the peribulbar space are hastened by the addition of hyaluronidase. The Tmax of lidocaine is not different from that of bupivacaine within each group suggesting that the absorption of local anesthetics is minimally influenced by the liposolubility of the drugs. Moreover, hyaluronidase influences the absorption kinetics of both lidocaine and bupivacaine in the same manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nathan
- Department of Anesthesiology, C.H.R.U. Dupuytren, Limoges, France
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27
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The Role of Hyaluronidase on Lidocaine and Bupivacaine Pharmacokinetics After Peribulbar Blockade. Anesth Analg 1996. [DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199605000-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chassard D, Berrada K, Boulétreau P. [Alkalinization of local anesthetics: theoretically justified but clinically useless]. Can J Anaesth 1996; 43:384-93. [PMID: 8697555 DOI: 10.1007/bf03011719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In vitro studies have demonstrated the potential advantages of alkalinization on anaesthetic activity, by decreasing the ratio of ionized to nonionized molecules, there by permitting more rapid penetration of local anaesthetic through biological membranes, thus decreasing the onset time. The proportion of each form depends on the pKa of the agent and the ultimate pH of the solution. When NaHCO3 is mixed with local anaesthetics, CO2 is produced. Carbon dioxide has been reported to enhance local anaesthetic action by diffusion trapping of the cationic form in pH gradient combined with a direct depressant action of CO2. The purpose of this study was to examine if clinical studies confirmed the in vitro action of alkalinisation. SOURCE The literature pertinent to alkalinization of local anaesthetics published in the major anaesthesia and pharmacology journals of North America and Europe. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS While in vitro studies have demonstrated potential advantages for alkalinization on anaesthetic activity, clinical studies have shown that alkalinization of local anaesthetics produces inconsistent results. For bupivacaine and etidocaine, alkalinization of local anaesthetic solution can produce precipitation, thus limiting the feasibility of increasing the pH. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of this review, routine alkalinization of local anaesthetics is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chassard
- Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de l'Hôtel-Dieu, Lyon, France
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29
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Brydon CW, Basler M, Kerr WJ. An evaluation of two concentrations of hyaluronidase for supplementation of peribulbar anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1995; 50:998-1000. [PMID: 8678264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1995.tb05940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of the addition of hyaluronidase to a mixture of lignocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.75% for peribulbar anaesthesia in 60 patients presenting for elective intra-ocular surgery. Using a randomised, double-blind design, patients were allocated to one of three groups: no hyaluronidase (group A) (n = 20); hyaluronidase 50 iu.ml-1 (group B) (n = 20); hyaluronidase 150 iu.ml-1 (group C) (n = 20). The speed of onset of the block, the presence of akinesia, analgesia and the need for supplementary injections were assessed. The addition of 150 iu.ml-1 of hyaluronidase resulted in a mean (SEM) time to akinesia of 9.2 (0.9) min compared to 10.9 (0.9) min in the control group and 10.7 (1.1) min in those receiving the lower dose. Fewer patients in group C required a further injection (20%) than those in groups A (40%) or B (45%). None of the findings were statistically significant. Hyaluronidase was not associated with any complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Brydon
- Department of Anaesthesia, Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow
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30
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Prosser DP, Jones HM. Peribulbar anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42:838-9. [PMID: 7497572 DOI: 10.1007/bf03011193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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