Tracheal granulations secondary to wall compression by endotracheal tubes in infants

Airway compression in children due to congenital heart disease: value of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopic assessment

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the frequency and severity of airway compression due to congenital heart disease in children and validate the use of the fiberoptic bronchoscope to assess them.

DESIGN

A retrospective study.

SETTING

A single-institutional study in a university hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

Seventy-two children with congenital heart disease.

INTERVENTIONS

Airway endoscopy was performed in an awake child in cases of clinical and/or radiologic respiratory signs or in cases of preoperative assessment of a cardiac abnormality that is known to accompany airway compression.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Endoscopy was well tolerated; 71% of the children had endoscopic abnormalities and 50% had airway compression. The locations of these compressions are the same as those described in the literature in the cases of vascular rings and left-to-right shunts. The other endoscopic findings were laryngeal and bronchial abnormalities, tracheobronchial malacia, respiratory signs of gastroesophageal reflux, and positive bacteriologic sputum samples.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopy in an awake patient is the only way to evaluate the functional component of a compression due to malacia; the resulting collapse of the airway can cause trapping of air and secretions. Furthermore, fiberoptic bronchoscopy offers a complete examination of the airways and can help detect airway abnormalities that are potential causes of complications. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is a suitable and well-tolerated examination that is easy to perform at the bedside of the child. This technique optimizes the preoperative assessment of children with congenital heart disease.