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Önder BŞ, Aksoy CF. Seasonal variation in wing size and shape of Drosophila melanogaster reveals rapid adaptation to environmental changes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14622. [PMID: 36028640 PMCID: PMC9418266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations in seasonal fluctuating environments receive multiple environmental cues and must deal with this heterogenic environment to survive and reproduce. An enlarged literature shows that this situation can be resolved through rapid adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster populations. Long-term monitoring of a population in its natural habitat and quantitative measurement of its responses to seasonal environmental changes are important for understanding the adaptive response of D. melanogaster to temporal variable selection. Here, we use inbred lines of a D. melanogaster population collected at monthly intervals between May to October over a temporal scale spanning three consecutive years to understand the variation in wing size and wing shape over these timepoints. The wing size and shape of this population changed significantly between months and a seasonal cycle of this traits is repeated for three years. Our results suggest that the effects of environmental variables that generated variation in body size between populations such as latitudinal clines, are a selective pressure in a different manner in terms of seasonal variation. Temperature related variable have a significant nonlinear relation to this fluctuating pattern in size and shape, whereas precipitation and humidity have a sex-specific effect which is more significant in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Şebnem Önder
- Genetic Variation and Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Cansu Fidan Aksoy
- Genetic Variation and Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Houle D, Jones LT, Fortune R, Sztepanacz JL. Why does allometry evolve so slowly? Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:1429-1440. [PMID: 31198948 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological allometry is striking due to its evolutionary conservatism, making it an example of a certain sort of evolutionary stasis. Organisms that vary in size, whether for developmental, environmental, or evolutionary reasons, adopt shapes that are predictable from that size alone. There are two major hypotheses to explain this. It may be that natural selection strongly favors each allometric pattern, or that organisms lack the development and genetic capacity to produce variant shapes for selection to act on. Using a high-throughput system for measuring the size and shape of Drosophila wings, we documented an allometric pattern that has been virtually unchanged for 40 million years. We performed an artificial selection experiment on the static allometric slope within one species. In just 26 generations, we were able to increase the slope from 1.1 to 1.4, and decrease it to 0.8. Once artificial selection was suspended, the slope rapidly evolved back to a value near the initial static slope. This result decisively rules out the hypothesis that allometry is preserved due to a lack of genetic variation, and provides evidence that natural selection acts to maintain allometric relationships. On the other hand, it seems implausible that selection on allometry in the wing alone could be sufficiently strong to maintain static allometries over millions of years. This suggests that a potential explanation for stasis is selection on a potentially large number of pleiotropic effects. This seems likely in the case of allometry, as the sizes of all parts of the body may be altered when the allometric slope of one body part is changed. Unfortunately, hypotheses about pleiotropy have been very difficult to test. We lay out an approach to begin the systematic study of pleiotropic effects using genetic manipulations and high-throughput phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Houle
- Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Luke T Jones
- Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ryan Fortune
- Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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3
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Schottenstein NH, Hubbe M, Hunter J. Modules and Mosaics in the Evolution of the Tetonius – Pseudotetonius Dentition. J MAMM EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-019-09488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Evaluating the genetic architecture of quantitative traits via selection followed by inbreeding. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:407-418. [PMID: 30967644 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The deleterious mutation model proposes that quantitative trait variation should be dominated by rare, partially recessive, deleterious mutations. Following artificial selection on a focal trait, the ratio of the difference in inbreeding effects between control and selected populations (ΔB), to the difference in trait means caused by directional selection (ΔM), can inform the extent to which deleterious mutations cause quantitative trait variation. Here, we apply the ΔB/ΔM ratio test to two quantitative traits (male mating success and body size) in Drosophila melanogaster. For both traits, ΔB/ΔM ratios suggested that intermediate-frequency alleles, rather than rare, partially recessive alleles (i.e. deleterious mutations), caused quantitative trait variation. We discuss these results in relation to viability data, exploring how differences between regimens in segregating (measured through inbreeding) and fixed (measured through population crosses) mutational load could affect the ratio test. Finally, we present simulations that test the statistical power of the ratio test, providing guidelines for future research.
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5
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Abstract
Stabilizing selection is important in evolutionary theories of the maintenance of genetic variance and has been invoked as the key process determining macroevolutionary patterns of trait evolution. However, manipulative evidence for the extent of stabilizing selection, particularly on multivariate traits, is lacking. We used artificial disruptive selection in Drosophila serrata as a tool to determine the relative strength of stabilizing selection experienced by multivariate trait combinations with contrasting levels of genetic and mutational variance. Contrary to expectation, when disruptive selection was applied to the major axis of standing genetic variance, gmax, we observed a significant and repeatable decrease in its phenotypic variance. In contrast, the multivariate trait combination predicted to be under strong stabilizing selection showed a significant and repeatable increase in its phenotypic variance. Correlated responses were observed in all selection treatments, and viability selection operating on extreme phenotypes of traits genetically correlated with those directly selected on limited our ability to increase their phenotypic range. Our manipulation revealed that multivariate trait combinations were subject to stabilizing selection; however, we did not observe a direct relationship between the strength of stabilizing selection and the levels of standing genetic variance in multivariate trait combinations. Contrasting patterns of allele frequencies underlying traits with high versus low levels of standing genetic variance may be implicated in determining the response to artificial selection in multivariate trait combinations.
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6
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Krebs RA, Feder ME, Lee J. HERITABILITY OF EXPRESSION OF THE 70KD HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THERMOTOLERANCE. Evolution 2017; 52:841-847. [PMID: 28565246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb03708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/1997] [Accepted: 03/06/1998] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The principle inducible heat-shock protein of Drosophila melanogaster, Hsp70, contributes to thermotolerance throughout the entire life cycle of the species but may also reduce fitness in some life stages. In principle, selection might maximize the benefits of Hsp70 expression relative to its costs by adjusting the magnitude of Hsp70 expression for each life-cycle stage independently. Therefore we examined whether the magnitude of Hsp70 expression varied during the life cycle and the relationship of this variation to several life-history traits. For 28 isofemale lines derived from a single natural population, estimates of heritable variation in Hsp70 expression ranged between 0.25 and 0.49, and the association among variation in first- and third-instar larvae and in adults correlated highly. Thus, Hsp70 expression is genetically coupled at these developmental stages. A line engineered with extra copies of the hsp70 gene produced more Hsp70 and survived heat shock much better than did a control strain. Among natural lines, Hsp70 expression was only weakly related to tolerance of heat shock and to larva-to-adult survival and developmental time at permissive temperatures. Additionally, lines with high adult survival developed slowly as larvae, which is a possible trade-off. These and other findings suggest that trade-offs may maintain quantitative variation both in heat-shock protein expression and in life-history traits that associate with thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Krebs
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Martin E Feder
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637.,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Jeehyun Lee
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
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7
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Bryant EH. MORPHOMETRIC ADAPTATION OF THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L., IN THE UNITED STATES. Evolution 2017; 31:580-596. [PMID: 28563484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/1976] [Revised: 11/02/1976] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin H Bryant
- Department of Biology, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004
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8
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Gromko MH, Briot A, Jensen SC, Fukui HH. SELECTION ON COPULATION DURATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: PREDICTABILITY OF DIRECT RESPONSE VERSUS UNPREDICTABILITY OF CORRELATED RESPONSE. Evolution 2017; 45:69-81. [PMID: 28564066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb05267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/1989] [Accepted: 05/30/1990] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations for seven reproductive attributes had previously been obtained from parent-offspring regression (Gromko, 1987, 1989). Copulation duration was shown to have a heritability of 0.23 and to be genetically correlated with courtship vigor (rA = -0.41) and with fertility (rA = 0.27). These observations form the basis for the prediction of direct and correlated responses to selection for increased and decreased copulation duration, which are reported here. The direct response corresponded closely to prediction, but the correlated responses did not provide consistent qualitative fit. A hypothesis is proposed to explain this difference in predictability of direct and correlated response to selection. The major postulate is that the different polygenes involved in the direct response to selection for copulation duration have different pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Gromko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Amy Briot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Susan C Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - H Hank Fukui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
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10
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Arnold SJ. BEHAVIORAL VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS. I. PHENOTYPIC, GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CHEMORECEPTIVE RESPONSES TO PREY IN THE GARTER SNAKE,
THAMNOPHIS ELEGANS. Evolution 2017; 35:489-509. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/1980] [Revised: 06/18/1980] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stevan J. Arnold
- Department of Biology University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637
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11
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Partridge L, Fowler K. RESPONSES AND CORRELATED RESPONSES TO ARTIFICIAL SELECTION ON THORAX LENGTH IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2017; 47:213-226. [PMID: 28568094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/1992] [Accepted: 06/10/1992] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two sets of four replicate lines of Drosophila melanogaster were selected for large and small thorax with controls. F, progeny of crosses between the selected lines within each size category showed (a) a reduction in preadult viability in large lines relative to control and small lines when they were cultured at medium or high density in competition with a standard mutant marked competitor stock, and (b) an increase in larval development time in large lines relative to control and small lines. Natural selection for increased body size in adults may therefore be opposed by adverse effects on larval viability. The results are discussed in terms of the developmental mechanisms probably responsible for the change in body size. The preadult survival of the large and control lines was measured at three different temperatures, and there was no evidence for a significant interaction between size and temperature. The observed evolutionary increase in body size in response to reduced temperature in Drosophila must therefore involve either different genes from those subject to selection for size at a single temperature, or a fitness component other than preadult survival. There was no significant asymmetry in response to selection, and thorax length showed heterosis in crosses between the selected lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Partridge
- Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Zoology Building, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Kevin Fowler
- Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Zoology Building, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
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12
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Roff DA, Fairbairn DJ. THE EVOLUTION OF ALTERNATE MORPHOLOGIES: FITNESS AND WING MORPHOLOGY IN MALE SAND CRICKETS. Evolution 2017; 47:1572-1584. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/1992] [Accepted: 11/30/1992] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Roff
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue Montreal Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
| | - D. J. Fairbairn
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard West Montreal Quebec H3G 1M8 Canada
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13
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Tantawy AO, Mallah GS. STUDIES ON NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA.
I. HEAT RESISTANCE AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
AND D. SIMULANS. Evolution 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1961.tb03125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. O. Tantawy
- Faculty of Agriculture; University of Alexandria; Alexandria Egypt, U.A.R
| | - G. S. Mallah
- Faculty of Agriculture; University of Alexandria; Alexandria Egypt, U.A.R
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14
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Teseo S, Veerus L, Mery F. Fighting experience affects fruit fly behavior in a mating context. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Differential Masking of Natural Genetic Variation by miR-9a in Drosophila. Genetics 2015; 202:675-87. [PMID: 26614743 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.183822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation is prevalent among individuals of the same species and yet the potential effects of genetic variation on developmental outcomes are frequently suppressed. Understanding the mechanisms that are responsible for this suppression is an important goal. Previously, we found that the microRNA miR-9a mitigates the impact of natural genetic variants that promote the development of scutellar bristles in adult Drosophila. Here we find that miR-9a does not affect the impact of genetic variants that inhibit the development of scutellar bristles. We show this using both directional and stabilizing selection in the laboratory. This specificity of action suggests that miR-9a does not interact with all functional classes of developmental genetic variants affecting sensory organ development. We also investigate the impact of miR-9a on a fitness trait, which is adult viability. At elevated physiological temperatures, miR-9a contributes to viability through masking genetic variants that hinder adult viability. We conclude that miR-9a activity in different developmental networks contributes to suppression of natural variants from perturbing development.
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Sztepanacz JL, Rundle HD. Reduced genetic variance among high fitness individuals: inferring stabilizing selection on male sexual displays in Drosophila serrata. Evolution 2012; 66:3101-10. [PMID: 23025601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Directional selection is prevalent in nature, yet phenotypes tend to remain relatively constant, suggesting a limit to trait evolution. However, the genetic basis of this limit is unresolved. Given widespread pleiotropy, opposing selection on a trait may arise from the effects of the underlying alleles on other traits under selection, generating net stabilizing selection on trait genetic variance. These pleiotropic costs of trait exaggeration may arise through any number of other traits, making them hard to detect in phenotypic analyses. Stabilizing selection can be inferred, however, if genetic variance is greater among low- compared to high-fitness individuals. We extend a recently suggested approach to provide a direct test of a difference in genetic variance for a suite of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in Drosophila serrata. Despite strong directional sexual selection on these traits, genetic variance differed between high- and low-fitness individuals and was greater among the low-fitness males for seven of eight CHCs, significantly more than expected by chance. Univariate tests of a difference in genetic variance were nonsignificant but likely have low power. Our results suggest that further CHC exaggeration in D. serrata in response to sexual selection is limited by pleiotropic costs mediated through other traits.
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TROTTA VINCENZO, CAVICCHI SANDRO, GUERRA DANIELA, ANDERSEN DITTEH, BABBITT GREGORYA, KRISTENSEN TORSTENN, PEDERSEN KAMILLAS, LOESCHCKE VOLKER, PERTOLDI CINO. Allometric and non-allometric consequences of inbreeding on Drosophila melanogaster wings. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Fewson D. Untersuchungen über die Effektivität verschiedener Selektionsmaßnahmen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der züchterischen Verbesserung der Milchmenge und des Fettgehaltes beim Rind1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1963.tb00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Phang VPE, Rae AL. Effects of different base populations on selection response inDrosophila. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1974.9517840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violet P. E. Phang
- a Sheep Husbandry Department , Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
- b Zoology Department , University of Singapore , Singapore 10
| | - A. L. Rae
- a Sheep Husbandry Department , Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
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20
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Abstract
1. Published data suggest that mean left-right asymmetry in number of sternopleural bristles ofD. melanogasterdeclines when inbred lines are crossed, while the corresponding variance for sternite bristles remains unchanged. Some genetic tests were undertaken to analyse this difference in behaviour of the two characters.2. A progeny test on a wild stock showed that a small amount of genetic variance in sternopleural asymmetry was present, equivalent to about 2% of the total phenotypic variance.3. It was possible to increase and decrease the level of sternopleural asymmetry in two wild stocks by selection. These experiments gave an estimated heritability of some 2–3%, in close agreement with the progeny test. Change in asymmetry did not necessarily lead to a change in mean count.4. Homozygous lines, consisting of individual third chromosomes from the Renfrew wild stock made homozygous in an inbred line genetic background, were intercrossed, and the average indices for a number of characters of eight inter crosses involving eight lines were compared with their mid-parent averages. Thorax length was 2% greater and its variance 32% less in the crosses; total sternopleural count and its variance did not change significantly, but the asymmetry variance declined by 18%. In contrast, the corresponding asymmetry or independent variance for numbers of sternite bristles was 6% higher in the crosses, although the total sternite count and its variance did not change. These results fit in with previous work.5. Tests on a similar set of homozygous lines in which the third chromosomes came from the SP wild stock, and on some long inbred lines from the Pacific wild stock, gave discordant results. Of eight SP lines examined, four were homozygous for a genepolychaetoid, and four were homozygous for a genetic effect causing sockets without bristles to occur among the sternopleurals. Both types had much greater sternopleural variance and asymmetry than the Renfrew lines, and both indices declined sharply in intercrosses leaving these genetic effects heterozygous, but neither declined if they were left homozygous in the crosses. Similarly high sternopleural variances were found in the Pacific lines, but only the total variance declined in males and only the asymmetry variance declined in the females, when they were intercrossed. All the four Pacific lines tested appeared to be homozygous for a genetic effect which caused a variable number of dorso-central and scutellar bristles to be replaced by sockets without bristles, and an occasional extra scutellar bristle to appear. This effect was also probably responsible for the high sternopleural variances.6. Males of the Pacific inbred lines and intercrosses were compared when reared on the normal live medium and on a synthetic diet in reduced concentration, which reduced body-size by 23% (thorax area). The inbred lines were reduced more than the F1's in total sternopleural count and its variance, but the F1's were reduced more in sternopleural asymmetry, by the restricted diet.7. The problems of interpreting these experiments, in view of our ignorance of the biological functions and attributes of the sternopleural and sternite bristles, are discussed. It is concluded that we have no basis yet for deciding whether sternopleural bristle number is of adaptive significance, but this is considered improbable.8. The experimental evidence suggests that sternopleural asymmetry cannot be considered a measure of general developmental stability, particularly as the level of asymmetry can be reduced by selection well below that of typical wild stocks.9. The scaling problems arising when the mean asymmetry of lines with different mean counts are to be compared, are examined, and it is suggested that the ratio of asymmetry to total count does not eliminate scale effects.10. Developmental and anatomical differences between the sternopleural and sternite bristles suggest a possible reason why they behave differently when inbred lines are intercrossed.
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Abstract
1. Mass selection for both high- and low-ratio of wing to thorax length has been carried out on a population ofDrosophila melanogaster. The response to selection was immediate and sustained. When the experiment was stopped after ten generations, the wing area in the two selected lines differed by about 30%. The heritability estimate worked out at 0·56 ± 0·08.2. Thorax length remained comparatively unchanged during selection nor was there any change in wing shape. There was some evidence of assymetry of response since there was a relatively greater change in favour of smaller rather than larger size.3. The tibia length of all pairs of legs showed correlated changes so that the lines with larger or smaller wing sizes had also larger and smaller legs.4. The normal allometric relation between wing and thorax length, associated with variation in body-size, apparently also changed, so that for a given change in thorax length there was a greater or smaller proportional change in wing size in the high- or low-ratio lines.5. The changes in relative wing size are due to changes in cell number.6. It is suggested that the genetic changes due to selection act in the early pupal period when the imaginal discs are undergoing differentiation and proliferation to form imaginal hypoderm and appendages.7. Tests of genetic behaviour failed to show any departure from additivity in crosses which involved the unselected population and the high-ratio line. But highly significant departures existed in the cross to the low-ratio line. Relatively smaller wing size behaves as largely recessive. Stability of the normal wing/thorax ratio involves dominance and probably also epistasis. The genetic properties of the relative size of the appendage are apparently similar to those which characterize body-size as a whole.8. It is suggested that selection provides a valuable tool for studying the constancy or lability of the growth patterns which determine morphology.
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22
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Abstract
Five dimensions—wing length and width, thorax length, head width and tibia length—have been measured on samples of twelve populations of Drosophila subobscura taken from different parts of the species range, extending from Scotland to Israel. The populations had been started from thirty or more pairs of flies and maintained in the laboratory for eight to eleven generations. They were reared for measurement under standard conditions, so that any differences between them must be of genetic origin. The localities from which the populations came ranged over 25° of latitude and 15° F. in mean annual temperature.The population means of the five dimensions all showed strong positive correlations with latitude and slightly lower negative correlations with mean annual temperature. There is, in consequence, a very uniform cline in the five dimensions, each increasing as we move northwards. This pattern differs from that found for essentially the same dimensions of D. robusta by Stalker & Carson (1947), where all the correlations with latitude are lower and those for head and thorax size are of opposite sign in the two species.A partial correlation analysis and reference to selection experiments suggests that there are two distinct groups of genes involved in these clines: (1) a group of genes causing increase in relative wing and leg size, and responsible for the positive correlation of these dimensions with latitude in both species, and (2) a group of general size genes causing correlated changes in all dimensions, which have been selected in opposite directions in the two species, with the result that head and thorax size increase in subobscura but decrease in robusta as latitude increases. The ratio of wing length to thorax length has a high positive correlation with latitude in both species.Further analysis of the data available on both species brings out the following points:1. In subobscura there is considerable variation between localities remaining for all dimensions when the correlations with latitude are eliminated. This component of variance is much larger in proportion to the within-locality variance in subobscura than in robusta.2. Comparison of the percentage regression coefficients of dimensions on latitude or temperature shows that individual dimensions change more rapidly in proportion to both geographical indices in subobscura, but the ratio of wing to thorax length ?changes more rapidly in robusta.3. The ‘environmental’ regression of dimension on temperature of rearing in the laboratory, measured only for robusta, is very much higher than the corresponding genetic regression between populations on mean annual temperature for all the robusta dimensions and different in sign for head and thorax size. But this environ mental regression is uniformly only about twice as high as the corresponding genetic regression for each character in subobscura. Unexpectedly, the environmental and genetic regressions on temperature of the wing/thorax length ratio are equal in robusta.4. D. subobscura is about 20% smaller in head and thorax size, and 26% less in wing width, than robusta, when both species are reared at 18° C.5. The basic within-culture variances of the five dimensions are 50–100% greater in subobscura than in robusta for all dimensions. Variability in D. melanogaster is about the same as in D. robusta.Some of the possible implications of these results are discussed.
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23
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Long-term selection for a quantitative character in large replicate populations ofDrosophila melanogaster: II. Lethals and visible mutants with large effects. Genet Res (Camb) 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300013902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYLethal frequencies on the second and third chromosomes were estimated three times in six replicate lines ofDrosophila melanogasterselected for increased abdominal bristle number, at G 14–16, G 37–44 and G 79. Ten lethals were detected at a frequency of about 5% or higher at G 14–16, of which only one recurred in subsequent tests. Another ten lethals which had not been detected previously were found at G 37–44, and the 5 most frequent ones recurred at G 79. In the last test, 15 presumably new lethals were detected, of which at least 4 appeared well established. In addition, six reversions (fromsctosc+), a new mutant at the scute locus andscawere discovered. The effects on the selected character of some lethals and visible mutants were large and variable, but not always sufficient to explain the observed frequencies. The major lethals detected at G 37–44 and G 79 for the first time were most probably ‘mutations’ (in the broad sense) which occurred during selection. The likely origins of such ‘mutations’ were discussed, with a suggestion that the known mutation rate for recessive lethals would not be incompatible with the observed frequency of occurrence of the ‘mutations’.
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Abstract
The competitive-index method of measurement of over all fitness in Drosophila has been used to measure the effect of inbreeding and of artificial selection for metric characters in a large population of Drosophila melanogaster. The technique itself was examined in detail with particular reference to its repeatability and to the effect on it of the modification of various environmental variables.With continued full-sib mating the decline in the competitive index was very rapid (it was reduced to a half by a single generation of full-sib mating) and there were no indications that interactions between deleterious genes at different loci were important in determining the rate of decline of fitness as inbreeding increased. Other unselected lines with ten pairs of parents in each generation were carried to serve as a control for the lines under artificial selection. At the same theoretical degree of inbreeding the control lines had a much higher average fitness than the lines produced by continued full-sib mating.From the base population lines were selected in both directions for abdominal bristles, sternopleural bristles and for wing length, there being two replicates in all cases. Four control lines were kept with the same number of parents as the selected lines. In all cases the selected lines declined in fitness below the value for the base population. However, in three of the lines the fitness was not significantly below the value for the control lines. The effect of artificial selection on fitness was asymmetrical, the decline being greater with down selection for all characters.The relevance of these results to various theoretical models is discussed. If the variation in these characters is actively maintained in the base population by the selection of heterozygotes then the results are consistent with an average selection disadvantage of homozygotes relative to heterozygotes of about 0·5%.
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Pym RAE, Nicholls PJ. Selection for food conversion in broilers: Direct and correlated responses to selection for body‐weight gain, food consumption and food conversion ratio. Br Poult Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00071667908416551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Yadav JP, Singh BN. Evolutionary genetics of Drosophila ananassae. I. Effect of selection on body size and inversion frequencies. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Telonis-Scott M, McIntyre LM, Wayne ML. Genetic architecture of two fitness-related traits in Drosophila melanogaster: ovariole number and thorax length. Genetica 2006; 125:211-22. [PMID: 16247693 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-005-8549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, ovariole number and thorax length are morphological characters thought to be associated with fitness. Maximum daily egg production in females is positively correlated with ovariole number, while thorax length is correlated with male reproductive success and female fecundity. Though both traits are related to fitness, ovariole number is likely to be under stabilizing selection, while thorax length appears to be under directional selection. Current research has focused on examining the sources of variation for ovariole number in relation to fitness, with a view towards elucidating how segregating variation is maintained in natural populations. Here, we utilize a diallel design to explore the genetic architecture of ovariole number and thorax length in nine isogenic lines derived from a natural population. The full diallel design allows the estimation of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and also describes variation due to reciprocal effects (RGCA and RSCA). Ovariole number and thorax length differed with respect to their genetic architecture, reflective of the independent selective forces acting on the traits. For ovariole number, GCA accounted for the majority (67.3%) of variation segregating between the lines, with no evidence of reciprocal effects or inbreeding depression; SCA accounted for a small percentage (3.9%) of the variance, suggesting dominance variation; no reciprocal effects were observed. In contrast, for thorax length, the majority of the non-error variance was accounted for by SCA (17.9%), with only one third as much variance (6.2%) due to GCA. Interestingly, RSCA (nuclear-extranuclear interactions) accounted for slightly more variation (7.5%) than GCA in these data. Thus, genetic variation for thorax length is largely in accord with predictions for a fitness trait under directional selection: little additive genetic variation and substantial dominance variation (including a suggestion of inbreeding depression); while the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of variation for ovariole number are more complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Telonis-Scott
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Mezey JG, Houle D. THE DIMENSIONALITY OF GENETIC VARIATION FOR WING SHAPE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/04-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Robertson FW. Studies in quantitative inheritance. XI. Genetic and environmental correlation between body size and egg production in Drosophila melanogaster. 1957. J Genet 2004; 83:17-32. [PMID: 15240905 DOI: 10.1007/bf02715825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Yadav JP, Singh BN. Population genetics of Drosophila ananassae: inversion polymorphism and body size in Indian geographical populations. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2003.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Calboli FCF, Gilchrist GW, Partridge L. Different cell size and cell number contribution in two newly established and one ancient body size cline of Drosophila subobscura. Evolution 2003; 57:566-73. [PMID: 12703946 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Latitudinal genetic clines in body size occur in many ectotherms including Drosophila species. In the wing of D. melanogaster, these clines are generally based on latitudinal variation in cell number. In contrast, differences in wing area that evolve by thermal selection in the laboratory are in general based on cell size. To investigate possible reasons for the different cellular bases of these two types of evolutionary response, we compared the newly established North and South American wing size clines of Drosophila subobscura. The new clines are based on latitudinal variation in cell area in North America and cell number in South America. The ancestral European cline is also based on latitudinal variation in cell number. The difference in the cellular basis of wing size variation in the American clines, which are roughly the same age, together with the similar cellular basis of the new South American cline and the ancient European one, suggest that the antiquity of a cline does not explain its cellular basis. Furthermore, the results indicate that wing size as a whole, rather than its cellular basis, is under selection. The different cellular bases of different size clines are most likely explained either entirely by chance or by different patterns of genetic variance--or its expression--in founding populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico C F Calboli
- Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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33
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Calboli FCF, Gilchrist GW, Partridge L. DIFFERENT CELL SIZE AND CELL NUMBER CONTRIBUTION IN TWO NEWLY ESTABLISHED AND ONE ANCIENT BODY SIZE CLINE OF DROSOPHILA SUBOBSCURA. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0566:dcsacn]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Land JV‘, Putten PV, Zwaan, Kamping, Delden WV. Latitudinal variation in wild populations ofDrosophila melanogaster: heritabilities and reaction norms. J Evol Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Van ‘t Land
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9700 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- University College London, Department of Biology, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
| | - P. Van Putten
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9700 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- University College London, Department of Biology, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
| | - Zwaan
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9700 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- University College London, Department of Biology, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
| | - Kamping
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9700 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- University College London, Department of Biology, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
| | - W. Van Delden
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9700 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- University College London, Department of Biology, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
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35
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Gilchrist AS, Partridge L. The contrasting genetic architecture of wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2001; 86:144-52. [PMID: 11380659 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Surprisingly little is known about the genetic architecture of body size in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Using both generation means and triple-test-cross analyses, we investigated the genetic architecture of wing size (an indicator of body size) and wing shape in a naturally occurring body size cline. For wing size, we found significant epistatic genetic variance and evidence of past directional selection for increased body size. While wing shape also exhibits significant epistatic genetic variance, there was no indication of directional selection, suggesting instead a history of optimizing selection. Our results support the idea that epistatic variance may be more common in natural populations than was once suspected. Also, our results suggest substantial directional selection on wing size but not shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gilchrist
- Department of Biology, Galton Laboratory, University College London, London NW1 2HE, UK.
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36
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Gilchrist AS, Partridge L. A comparison of the genetic basis of wing size divergence in three parallel body size clines of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 1999; 153:1775-87. [PMID: 10581284 PMCID: PMC1460863 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/153.4.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size clines in Drosophila melanogaster have been documented in both Australia and South America, and may exist in Southern Africa. We crossed flies from the northern and southern ends of each of these clines to produce F(1), F(2), and first backcross generations. Our analysis of generation means for wing area and wing length produced estimates of the additive, dominance, epistatic, and maternal effects underlying divergence within each cline. For both females and males of all three clines, the generation means were adequately described by these parameters, indicating that linkage and higher order interactions did not contribute significantly to wing size divergence. Marked differences were apparent between the clines in the occurrence and magnitude of the significant genetic parameters. No cline was adequately described by a simple additive-dominance model, and significant epistatic and maternal effects occurred in most, but not all, of the clines. Generation variances were also analyzed. Only one cline was described sufficiently by a simple additive variance model, indicating significant epistatic, maternal, or linkage effects in the remaining two clines. The diversity in genetic architecture of the clines suggests that natural selection has produced similar phenotypic divergence by different combinations of gene action and interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gilchrist
- Department of Biology, Galton Laboratory, University College London, London NW1 2HE, United Kingdom.
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37
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Imasheva AG, Bubli OA, Lazebny OE. Variation in wing length in Eurasian natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 1994; 72 ( Pt 5):508-14. [PMID: 8014061 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1994.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of 16 natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia has revealed a cline in wing length associated with geographical position of the populations. Wing length was shown to be positively correlated with temperature. The coefficient of variation in wing length was significantly different in town and orchard populations. The existence of a cline in wing length in the northern part of the species range and in the region where migration must be substantial suggests strong selection pressure acting in natural populations of D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Imasheva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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38
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Crabbe JC, Phillips TJ, Kosobud A, Belknap JK. Estimation of genetic correlation: interpretation of experiments using selectively bred and inbred animals. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14:141-51. [PMID: 2190477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1990.tb00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in determining the extent to which multiple characters related to drug sensitivity are influenced by common genes. The principal method for testing for the existence of such genetic correlations has been examination of pairs of mouse or rat lines selectively bred for sensitivity or resistance to a single behavioral effect of a drug. When a pair of selected lines is found to differ significantly on some trait other than the one on which they were selected, it is commonly concluded that significant genetic correlation between the traits exists, implying the action of a common set of genes on the two responses. In addition, results from comparisons of lines of animals selected for trait X and tested for trait Y may be compared with results from lines selected for trait Y and tested for trait X. As the number of correlated responses in selected lines increases, it becomes more important to adhere to sensible, consensual guidelines for interpreting such line differences. The principles underlying phenotypic and genotypic correlational analyses with selected lines are discussed. A scheme is presented to allow standardization across laboratories of inferences about the relative strength of genetic association from experiments with selected lines. Statistical and practical experimental issues are addressed. Estimates of genetic correlations may also be derived from the correlation of mean trait values across a panel of inbred strains. Existing data have sometimes found estimates of genetic correlations made with one approach to be inconsistent with those estimated in other ways. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Finally, the relationship between phenotypic correlations and genetic correlations is discussed. Phenotypic and genetic correlations for a pair of traits may differ widely, and may even be opposite in sign. Both are characteristic of the population from which they are sampled. Phenotypic correlations estimated within selected lines may change over time, as the additive genetic variance in the selected trait is exhausted. A specific example of this phenomenon is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Crabbe
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, OR 97201
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39
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Palmer JO, Dingle H. RESPONSES TO SELECTION ON FLIGHT BEHAVIOR IN A MIGRATORY POPULATION OF MILKWEED BUG (ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS). Evolution 1989; 43:1805-1808. [PMID: 28564345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb02629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/1989] [Accepted: 08/31/1989] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James O Palmer
- Department of Biology, Program in Evolutionary Ecology and Behavior, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Hugh Dingle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
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40
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Domínguez A, Albornoz J, Santiago E. Analysis of lethals in selected lines of Drosophila melanogaster. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1987; 74:409-413. [PMID: 24241681 DOI: 10.1007/bf00274726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/1987] [Accepted: 03/05/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Five lines of Drosophila melanogaster that reached an extreme phenotype after long-term selection for increased dorsocentral bristle number, were analysed for the presence of lethals. Seven chromosome II and three chromosome III lethal types were detected in four of the lines, at frequencies ranging from between 6% and 36%. No lethal had any demonstrable effect over the selected trait. In one line, where almost every chromosome II was a lethal carrier, it was shown that the main lethal (at a frequency of 36%) was associated with the transmission ratio distortion in males. The processes which could lead to the accumulation of this lethal and others linked in disequilibrium to it is discussed. Some results suggest similar mechanisms for the accumulation of lethals in the other lines. These findings show that causes other than the direct effect of artificial selection must be taken into account when trying to explain the accumulation of lethals in selected lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domínguez
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
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41
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Roff DA, Mousseau TA. Quantitative genetics and fitness: lessons from Drosophila. Heredity (Edinb) 1987; 58 ( Pt 1):103-18. [PMID: 3818341 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1987.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper examines patterns of heritability and genetic covariance between traits in the genus Drosophila. Traits are divided into the categories, morphology, behaviour, physiology and life history. Early theoretical analyses suggested that life history traits should have heritabilities that are lower than those in other categories. Variable pleiotrophy, environmental variation, mutation and niche variation may, however, maintain high heritabilities. In Drosophila the heritabilities of life history traits are lower than morphological or physiological traits but may exceed 20 per cent. The pattern of variation in the heritability of behavioural traits is similar to that of life history traits. Genetic covariance between morphological traits and between morphological and life history traits are all positive but those between life history traits have variable sign. Negative covariance between traits supports the variable pleiotropy hypothesis but other factors such as environmental heterogeneity, or mutation cannot be excluded.
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42
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Terzian C. De l'optimisation du nombre de variables morphologiques dans la discrimination entre populations (le cas de l'aile chez Drosophila melanogaster). Genetica 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00133525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Serra L, Oller JM. Analysis of allozymic and quantitative variation produced by artificial selection in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00137463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Bi�mont C. Homeostasis, enzymatic heterozygosity and inbreeding depression in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00123721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Andjelković M, Marinković D. Selection for copulation ability of Drosophila subobscura in the absence of light. Behav Genet 1983; 13:411-9. [PMID: 6639565 DOI: 10.1007/bf01065778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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46
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Aguadé M, Cuello J, Prevosti A. Correlated responses to selection for wing length in allozyme systems of Drosophila melanogaster. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1981; 60:317-327. [PMID: 24276873 DOI: 10.1007/bf00263726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Significant changes of genotypic structure in 20 lines selected for wing length are detected by analysis of the allelic frequencies of several enzyme loci (XDH, LAP-D, EST-6, 1-APH, ADH, α-GPDH). These changes are not haphazard but a consequence of the effects of selection on the genetic structure of the population, since replicate lines always behave in a parallel way. The changes are larger in the lines selected for short wings, in which the genetic variability decreases considerably. This decrease is the result of selection for homozygosity, detected at the allozyme loci, but most probably reflects homozygosity of more or less extended chromosomal segments. Selection for wing length, especially for short wings, favoured recombinants of the initial founder chromosomes. Only in the 1-APH and the EST-6 loci, separated by 11.7 centimorgans on the genetic map, do the alleles linked in the founder lines change in parallel in the control and long wing lines. The correlated response in the allozyme allele frequencies cannot be accounted for by a direct influence of the allozymes on the variability in wing length. The changes in the EST-6, 1-APH and perhaps in the LAP-D, can be explained by a direct effect of natural selection on the allozyme loci, probably in interaction with the effect of selection for wing length on linked loci. This last effect seems to be the main factor contributing to the change detected in the XDH locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aguadé
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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47
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Ayyagari V, Mohapatra SC, Venkatramaiah A, Thiagasundaram T, Choudhuri D, Johri DC, Renganathan P. Selection for egg production on part records : Part 1: Evaluation of short term response to selection. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1980; 57:277-283. [PMID: 24301149 DOI: 10.1007/bf00264955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/1979] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Responses from four generations of index selection for egg production to 280 days of age in four White Leghorn populations have been presented. A pedigreed randombred population derived from one of the lines was reared with the selected lines to measure the environmental trend. The magnitude of total as well as average response although varying from population to population was positive in all the lines studied. Close correspondence between predicted and realized gains indicated that natural selection, genotype environmental interactions and environmental fluctuations were unimportant during the course of selection. Realized heritabilities agreed fairly well with the estimated heritabilities in at least three out of four populations studied. Probable reasons for variable and insufficient response were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ayyagari
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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48
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Marks HL. Reverse selection in a Japanese quail line previously selected for 4-week body weight. Poult Sci 1980; 59:1149-54. [PMID: 7402982 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0591149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
After 38 generations of individual selection for high 4-week body weight in a Japanese quail line (T) fed a 20% protein diet containing .2% thiouracil, a reverse selected line (TR) was established by selecting quail in the T line with the lowest 4-week body weight. The TR line was thereafter provided with the same nutritional environment as the T line and selected for low 4-week body weight for 5 generations. The mean 4-week body weights of T line quail increased only slightly from generation 38 through 43. The 4-week body weights of the TR line, however, showed a definite downward trend. The difference in 4-week body weight between the T and TR lines in generation 43 was 15.2 g.
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49
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Yoo BH. Long-term selection for a quantitative character in large replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster : Part 3: The nature of residual genetic variability. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1980; 57:25-32. [PMID: 24302362 DOI: 10.1007/bf00276006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/1979] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Six replicate lines of Drosophila melanogaster, which had been selected for increased abdominal bristle number for more than 85 generations, were assayed by hierarchical analysis of variance and offspring on parent regression immediately after selection ceased, and by single-generation realised heritability after more than 25 generations of subsequent relaxed selection.Half-sib estimates of heritability in 5 lines were as high as in the base population and much higher than observed genetic gains would suggest, excluding lack of sufficient additive genetic variance as a cause of ineffective selection in these lines. Also, there was considerable diversity among the six lines in composition of phenotypic variability: in addition to differences in the additive genetic component, one or more of the components due to dominance, epistasis, sex-linkage or genotype-environment interaction appeared to be important in different lines.Even after relaxed selection, single-generation realised heritabilities in four lines were as high as in the base population. As a large proportion of total genetic gain must have been made by fixation of favourable alleles, the compensatory increase of genetic variability has been sought in a genetic model involving genes at low initial frequencies, enhancement of gene effects during selection and/or new mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Yoo
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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50
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Minvielle F, Gall GA. Artificial selection for 18-day pupa weight and opposing simulated naturel selection in Tribolium castaneum. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1980; 56:49-55. [PMID: 24305670 DOI: 10.1007/bf00264425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/1979] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of simulated opposing natural selection on the response to mass selection for 18-day pupa weight of Tribolium castaneum was studied for 10 generations of selection. Natural selection was simulated in replicated treatment lines by imposing a negative relationship between mid-parent genetic value for pupa weight and fertility. Responses to selection and realized heritabilities were smaller (P < 0.05 and P < 0.10, respectively) for the treatment lines than for control lines under selection for pupa weight only. One treatment, line E3G1, reached an intermediate selection plateau by generation 10, and responded linearly to 4 generations of artificial selection after natural selection had been discontinued. Possible explanations for the different behaviors of the replicate lines E3G1 and E3G2 were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Minvielle
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Calif., USA
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