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Williams A, Gaoh SD, Savenka A, Paredes A, Alusta P, Ahn Y, Buzatu DA. A flow cytometric assay to detect viability and persistence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes in nuclease-free water at 4 and 25°C. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1342478. [PMID: 38435692 PMCID: PMC10906097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1342478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the most isolated microorganisms reported to be responsible for human foodborne diseases and death. Water constitutes a major reservoir where the Salmonella spp. can persist and go undetected when present in low numbers. In this study, we assessed the viability of 12 serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica for 160 days in nuclease-free water at 4 and 25°C using flow cytometry and Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) plate counts. The results show that all 12 serotypes remain viable after 160 days in distilled water using flow cytometry, whereas traditional plate counts failed to detect ten serotypes incubated at 25°C. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that 4°C constitutes a more favorable environment where Salmonella can remain viable for prolonged periods without nutrients. Under such conditions, however, Salmonella exhibits a higher susceptibility to all tested antibiotics and benzalkonium chloride (BZK). The pre-enrichment with Universal Pre-enrichment Broth (UP) and 1/10 × Tryptic Soy broth (1/10 × TSB) resuscitated all tested serotypes on TSA plates, nevertheless cell size decreased after 160 days. Furthermore, phenotype microarray (PM) analysis of S. Inverness and S. Enteritidis combined with principal component analysis (PCA) revealed an inter-individual variability in serotypes with their phenotype characteristics, and the impact of long-term storage at 4 and 25°C for 160 days in nuclease-free water. This study provides an insight to Salmonella spp. long-term survivability at different temperatures and highlights the need for powerful tools to detect this microorganism to reduce the risk of disease transmission of foodborne pathogens via nuclease-free water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Williams
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Soumana Daddy Gaoh
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Alena Savenka
- Office of Scientific Research, Nanotechnology Branch, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Angel Paredes
- Office of Scientific Research, Nanotechnology Branch, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Pierre Alusta
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Youngbeom Ahn
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Dan A. Buzatu
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
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Bekir K, Barhoumi H, Braiek M, Chrouda A, Zine N, Abid N, Maaref A, Bakhrouf A, Ouada HB, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Mansour HB. Electrochemical impedance immunosensor for rapid detection of stressed pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:15796-15803. [PMID: 26036585 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the adaptation of bacteria to stress conditions that induce instability of their cultural, morphological, and enzymatic characters, on which the identification of pathogenic bacteria is based. These can raise serious issues during the characterization of bacteria. The timely detection of pathogens is also a subject of great importance. For this reason, our objective is oriented towards developing an immunosensing system for rapid detection and quantification of Staphylococcus aureus. Polyclonal anti-S. aureus are immobilized onto modified gold electrode by self-assembled molecular monolayer (SAM) method. The electrochemical performances of the developed immunosensor were evaluated by impedance spectroscopy through the monitoring of the charge transfer resistance at the modified solid/liquid interface using ferri-/ferrocyanide as redox probe. The developed immunosensor was applied to detect stressed and resuscitate bacteria. As a result, a stable and reproducible immunosensor with sensitivity of 15 kΩ/decade and a detection limit of 10 CFU/mL was obtained for the S. aureus concentrations ranging from 10(1) to 10(7) CFU/mL. A low deviation in the immunosensor response (±10 %) was signed when it is exposed to stressed and not stressed bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Bekir
- Laboratoire d'Analyse, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l'Environnement et des Produits, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Houcine Barhoumi
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5180, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, Bâtiment CPE, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Braiek
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5180, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, Bâtiment CPE, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Interfaces, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Tunisie, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amani Chrouda
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5180, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, Bâtiment CPE, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Interfaces, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Tunisie, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Zine
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5180, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, Bâtiment CPE, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Nabil Abid
- Laboratoire d'Analyse, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l'Environnement et des Produits, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdelrazek Maaref
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Interfaces, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Tunisie, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amina Bakhrouf
- Laboratoire d'Analyse, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l'Environnement et des Produits, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Ben Ouada
- Research Unit, Analysis and processes applied to Environment Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5180, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, Bâtiment CPE, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit, Analysis and processes applied to Environment Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Ikeda N, Karlyshev AV. Putative mechanisms and biological role of coccoid form formation in Campylobacter jejuni. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:41-9. [PMID: 24611120 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In certain conditions Campylobacter jejuni cells are capable of changing their cell shape from a typically spiral to a coccoid form (CF). By similarity to other bacteria, the latter was initially considered to be a viable but non-culturable form capable of survival in unfavourable conditions. However, subsequent studies with C. jejuni and closely related bacteria Helicobacter pylori suggested that CF represents a non-viable, degenerative form. Until now, the issue on whether the CF of C. jejuni is viable and infective is highly controversial. Despite some preliminary experiments on characterization of CF cells, neither biochemical mechanisms nor genetic determinants involved in C. jejuni cell shape changes have been characterized. In this review, we highlight known molecular mechanisms and genes involved in CF formation in other bacteria. Since orthologous genes are also present in C. jejuni, we suggest that CF formation in these bacteria is also a regulated and genetically determined process. A possible significance of CF in the lifestyle of this important bacterial pathogen is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ikeda
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon Thames, KT1 2EE UK
| | - A V Karlyshev
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon Thames, KT1 2EE UK
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