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Martins V, Fazal L, Oganesian A, Shah A, Stow J, Walton H, Wilsher N. A commentary on the use of pharmacoenhancers in the pharmaceutical industry and the implication for DMPK drug discovery strategies. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:786-796. [PMID: 36537234 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2130838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Paxlovid, a drug combining nirmatrelvir and ritonavir, was designed for the treatment of COVID-19 and its rapid development has led to emergency use approval by the FDA to reduce the impact of COVID-19 infection on patients.In order to overcome potentially suboptimal therapeutic exposures, nirmatrelvir is dosed in combination with ritonavir to boost the pharmacokinetics of the active product.Here we consider examples of drugs co-administered with pharmacoenhancers.Pharmacoenhancers have been adopted for multiple purposes such as ensuring therapeutic exposure of the active product, reducing formation of toxic metabolites, changing the route of administration, and increasing the cost-effectiveness of a therapy.We weigh the benefits and risks of this approach, examining the impact of technology developments on drug design and how enhanced integration between cross-discipline teams can improve the outcome of drug discovery.
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Padmanabhan S, Kaur H, Rao A, Saxena A, Gupta YK, Mariappan TT, Holenarsipur VK. Effect of pretreatment regimens of 1-aminobenzotriazole on metabolism and gastric emptying of probe compounds in rat. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:646-654. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1489166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Padmanabhan
- Syngene International Ltd, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Harbeer Kaur
- Syngene International Ltd, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhijith Rao
- Syngene International Ltd, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Ajay Saxena
- Syngene International Ltd, Biopharmaceutics, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Gupta
- Syngene International Ltd, Biopharmaceutics, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bangalore, India
| | - T. Thanga Mariappan
- Syngene International Ltd, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Vinay K. Holenarsipur
- Syngene International Ltd, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Bangalore, India
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Stringer R, Cordier V, Afatsawo C, Arabin P, Desrayaud S, Hoffmann L, Lehmann D, Lowe PJ, Risser F, Thiel J, Widmer T, Wipfli P, Bigaud M. Utility of food pellets containing 1-aminobenzotriazole for longer term in vivo inhibition of cytochrome P450 in mice. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:13-21. [PMID: 29299977 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1418542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The utility of 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), incorporated in food, has been investigated as an approach for longer term inhibition of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes in mice. 2. In rats, ABT inhibits gastric emptying, to investigate this potential limitation in mice we examined the effect of ABT administration on the oral absorption of NVS-CRF38. Two hour prior oral treatment with 100 mg/kg ABT inhibited the oral absorption of NVS-CRF38, Tmax was 4 hours for ABT-treated mice compared to 0.5 hours in the control group. 3. A marked inhibition of hepatic P450 activity was observed in mice fed with ABT containing food pellets for 1 month. P450 activity, as measured by the oral clearance of antipyrine, was inhibited on day 3 (88% of control), week 2 (83% of control) and week 4 (80% of control). 4. Tmax values for antipyrine were comparable between ABT-treated mice and the control group, alleviating concerns about impaired gastric function. 5. Inclusion of ABT in food provides a minimally invasive and convenient approach to achieve longer term inhibition of P450 activity in mice. This model has the potential to enable pharmacological proof-of-concept studies for research compounds which are extensively metabolised by P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Stringer
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Valerie Cordier
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | | | - Philip Arabin
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | | | - Laurent Hoffmann
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Lehmann
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Philip John Lowe
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Francis Risser
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Julia Thiel
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Toni Widmer
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Peter Wipfli
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Marc Bigaud
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
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Eng H, Sharma R, Wolford A, Di L, Ruggeri RB, Buckbinder L, Conn EL, Dalvie DK, Kalgutkar AS. Species Differences in the Oxidative Desulfurization of a Thiouracil-Based Irreversible Myeloperoxidase Inactivator by Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1262-9. [PMID: 27079250 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N1-Substituted-6-arylthiouracils, represented by compound 1 [6-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4(1H)-one], are a novel class of selective irreversible inhibitors of human myeloperoxidase. The present account is a summary of our in vitro studies on the facile oxidative desulfurization in compound 1 to a cyclic ether metabolite M1 [5-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-7H-oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-7-one] in NADPH-supplemented rats (t1/2 [half-life = mean ± S.D.] = 8.6 ± 0.4 minutes) and dog liver microsomes (t1/2 = 11.2 ± 0.4 minutes), but not in human liver microsomes (t1/2 > 120 minutes). The in vitro metabolic instability also manifested in moderate-to-high plasma clearances of the parent compound in rats and dogs with significant concentrations of M1 detected in circulation. Mild heat deactivation of liver microsomes or coincubation with the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) inhibitor imipramine significantly diminished M1 formation. In contrast, oxidative metabolism of compound 1 to M1 was not inhibited by the pan cytochrome P450 inactivator 1-aminobenzotriazole. Incubations with recombinant FMO isoforms (FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5) revealed that FMO1 principally catalyzed the conversion of compound 1 to M1. FMO1 is not expressed in adult human liver, which rationalizes the species difference in oxidative desulfurization. Oxidation by FMO1 followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Michaelis-Menten constant, maximum rate of oxidative desulfurization, and intrinsic clearance values of 209 μM, 20.4 nmol/min/mg protein, and 82.7 μl/min/mg protein, respectively. Addition of excess glutathione essentially eliminated the conversion of compound 1 to M1 in NADPH-supplemented rat and dog liver microsomes, which suggests that the initial FMO1-mediated S-oxygenation of compound 1 yields a sulfenic acid intermediate capable of redox cycling to the parent compound in a glutathione-dependent fashion or undergoing further oxidation to a more electrophilic sulfinic acid species that is trapped intramolecularly by the pendant alcohol motif in compound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eng
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., R.S., A.W., L.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (D.K.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department (A.S.K.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (E.L.C., R.B.R.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Raman Sharma
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., R.S., A.W., L.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (D.K.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department (A.S.K.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (E.L.C., R.B.R.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Wolford
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., R.S., A.W., L.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (D.K.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department (A.S.K.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (E.L.C., R.B.R.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., R.S., A.W., L.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (D.K.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department (A.S.K.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (E.L.C., R.B.R.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Roger B Ruggeri
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., R.S., A.W., L.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (D.K.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department (A.S.K.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (E.L.C., R.B.R.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Leonard Buckbinder
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., R.S., A.W., L.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (D.K.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department (A.S.K.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (E.L.C., R.B.R.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Edward L Conn
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., R.S., A.W., L.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (D.K.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department (A.S.K.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (E.L.C., R.B.R.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Deepak K Dalvie
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., R.S., A.W., L.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (D.K.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department (A.S.K.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (E.L.C., R.B.R.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., R.S., A.W., L.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (D.K.D.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism Department (A.S.K.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (E.L.C., R.B.R.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Stringer RA, Weber E, Tigani B, Lavan P, Medhurst S, Sohal B. 1-Aminobenzotriazole modulates oral drug pharmacokinetics through cytochrome P450 inhibition and delay of gastric emptying in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1117-24. [PMID: 24727486 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous effects of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) on inhibition of in vivo metabolism and gastric emptying were evaluated with the test compound 7-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-3-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-2,6-dimethylpyrazolo[5,1-b]oxazole(NVS-CRF38), a novel corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist with low water solubility, and the reference compound midazolam with high water solubility in rats. Pretreatment of rats with 100 mg/kg oral ABT administered 2 hours before a semisolid caloric test meal markedly delayed gastric emptying. ABT increased stomach weights by 2-fold; this is likely attributable to a prosecretory effect because stomach concentrations of bilirubin were comparable in ABT and control groups. ABT administration decreased the initial systemic exposure of orally administered NVS-CRF38 and increased Tmax 40-fold, suggesting gastric retention and delayed oral absorption. ABT increased the initial systemic exposure of midazolam, however for orally (but not subcutaneously) administered midazolam, extensive variability in plasma-concentration time profiles was apparent. Careful selection of administration routes is recommended for ABT use in vivo, variable oral absorption of coadministered compounds can be expected due to a disturbance of gastrointestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan A Stringer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
| | - Eckhard Weber
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
| | - Bruno Tigani
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
| | - Paul Lavan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
| | - Stephen Medhurst
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
| | - Bindi Sohal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
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