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Bibee KP, Kulkarni A, Lee S, Ho J, Osmanbeyoglu HU, Ferris RL, Zandberg DP. Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma arising in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Oral Oncol 2024; 148:106582. [PMID: 38039877 PMCID: PMC10917075 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common skin malignancy arising in immunocompromised patients such as solid organ transplant recipients. In addition to an abundance in number, the morbidity and mortality of these tumors in this patient population exceeds that of immune competent individuals. Here, we used whole exome and bulk RNA sequencing to analyze mutation profiles between tumors arising in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. METHODS DNA and RNA extracted from twenty formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tumors and adjacent skin was sequenced. Bioinformatic analysis revealed tumor mutational burden, mutational signatures, microsatellite instability, and aberrant signaling pathways. RESULTS Similar median tumor mutational burden was found in both the tumors from the immunocompetent and the immunosuppressed cohorts. Mutation signature analysis revealed UVR signatures and evidence of azathioprine exposure. 50% of tumors from the immunosuppressed patients have mutations consistent with microsatellite instability, yet mismatch repair protein expression was preserved in the samples analyzed. Additionally, frequently mutated genes in this cohort belong to the extracellular matrix receptor interaction and calcium signaling pathways, suggesting these may be targets for future treatments of this disease. CONCLUSIONS This study utilizes whole exome and bulk RNA sequencing to identify difference between cSCC arising in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients using the patient's photo exposed, but histologically normal appearing skin as the "germline" comparison. We demonstrate an enrichment in microsatellite instability in the tumors from immunosuppressed patients and differences in oxidative phosphorylation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition which may be targets for therapeutic intervention based on identification of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin P Bibee
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Johan Ho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hatice Ulku Osmanbeyoglu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dan P Zandberg
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Aziz S, O'Sullivan H, Heelan K, Alam A, McVeigh TP. Characterization of sebaceous and non-sebaceous cutaneous manifestations in patients with lynch syndrome: a systematic review. Fam Cancer 2023; 22:167-175. [PMID: 36418753 PMCID: PMC10020322 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-022-00319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A subset of patients with Lynch Syndrome demonstrates cutaneous manifestations of the disorder. Characterization of these Lynch-related skin lesions could help in early recognition of patients with Lynch Syndrome. A broad search of the literature on OVID Medline and Embase was carried out to capture papers reporting cutaneous manifestations in Lynch Syndrome patients. The results were uploaded into Mendeley reference management software. The PRISMA workflow was used in the literature selection process. In this systematic review, data were collected from 961 cases from 413 studies, including 380 molecularly confirmed Lynch Syndrome cases. The main skin lesions were: Sebaceous adenomas (43%), sebaceous carcinomas (27%), keratoacanthomas (16%), sebaceomas (13%), squamous cell carcinomas (23%), and basal cell carcinomas (10%). MSH2 variants were the most common underlying genotype (72%). Assessment of mismatch repair by immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability analysis, or both were performed on 328 skin lesions from 220 (58%) molecularly confirmed cases. In those skin lesions, 95% of Immunohistochemistry and 90% of the microsatellite instability test results were concordant with the underlying genotype. Sebaceous skin lesions are well-recognised phenotypic features of Lynch Syndrome. Our results show that squamous and basal cell carcinomas are relatively common in patients with Lynch syndrome; however, available evidence cannot confirm that Lynch syndrome is causal. Immunohistochemistry and/or microsatellite instability testing of skin tumours in patients with a family history of Lynch Syndrome-associated cancers may be a useful approach in identifying patients requiring referral to Clinical Genetics and/or consideration of germline genetic testing for Lynch Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Aziz
- Department of Physiology, University of Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
- Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
| | | | - Kara Heelan
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Afrina Alam
- Department of Dermatology, Imperial College London & Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Basnayake O, Jayarajah U, Subasinghe D, Rajapakse K, Beneragama T, Sivaganesh S. Two squamous cell carcinomas of the skin in a patient with Lynch syndrome. Int J Surg Case Rep 2022; 102:107822. [PMID: 36512881 PMCID: PMC9763668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Although synchronous and metachronous tumours of the bowel are well known associations of Lynch syndrome, the association of skin malignancies in such patients are extremely rare. CASE PRESENTATION A 40-year-old Sri Lankan man with a strong family history of colorectal cancer had an extended right hemicolectomy for a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Two months after surgery, he developed two discrete ulcerative skin lesions in the chin and occipital region which excision biopsy confirmed to be squamous cell carcinoma. After more than two years of follow-up, patient remains disease free. CLINICAL DISCUSSION The Muir Torre variant of Lynch syndrome is characteristically associated with sebaceous adenomas and carcinomas, though occurence of squamous cell carcinomas are rare. In reported cases, defective mismatch repair genes associated with Lynch syndrome may suggest an increased predisposition for squamous cell carcinomas. CONCLUSION Patients with Lynch syndrome should be educated on the importance of seeking an early medical consult for new skin lesions and raising awareness of this rare phenomenon for physicians involved in follow up is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshan Basnayake
- University Surgical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Umesh Jayarajah
- University Surgical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Duminda Subasinghe
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Kavinda Rajapakse
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Thushan Beneragama
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Sivasuriya Sivaganesh
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka,Corresponding author at: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Western Province, Sri Lanka.
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Chen F, Wendl MC, Wyczalkowski MA, Bailey MH, Li Y, Ding L. Moving pan-cancer studies from basic research toward the clinic. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:879-890. [PMID: 35121865 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although all cancers share common hallmarks, we have long realized that there is no silver-bullet treatment for the disease. Many clinical oncologists specialize in a single cancer type, based predominantly on the tissue of origin. With advances brought by genetics and cancer genomic research, we now know that cancers are profoundly different, both in origins and in genetic alterations. At the same time, commonalities such as key driver mutations, altered pathways, mutational, immune and microbial signatures and other areas (many revealed by pan-cancer studies) point to the intriguing possibility of targeting common traits across diverse cancer types with the same therapeutic strategies. Studies designed to delineate differences and similarities across cancer types are thus critical in discerning the basic dynamics of oncogenesis, as well as informing diagnoses, prognoses and therapies. We anticipate growing emphases on the development and application of therapies targeting underlying commonalities of different cancer types, while tailoring to the unique tissue environment and intrinsic molecular fingerprints of each cancer type and subtype. Here we summarize the facets of pan-cancer research and how they are pushing progress toward personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael C Wendl
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew A Wyczalkowski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew H Bailey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Ykema BLM, Adan F, Crijns MB, Bleeker FE, Dekker E, Bekkenk MW, Snaebjornsson P, van Leerdam ME. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is associated with Lynch syndrome: widening the spectrum of Lynch syndrome-associated tumours. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:462-463. [PMID: 33829484 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B L M Ykema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Adan
- Department of Dermatology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M B Crijns
- Department of Dermatology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F E Bleeker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Dekker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M W Bekkenk
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Snaebjornsson
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M E van Leerdam
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Simic D, Dummer R, Freiberger SN, Ramelyte E, Barysch MJ. Clinical and Molecular Features of Skin Malignancies in Muir-Torre Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050781. [PMID: 34065301 PMCID: PMC8160778 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the mutational landscape of skin tumors in patients with Muir-Torre Syndrome (MTS) a hereditary autosomal dominant mismatch repair disorder of increased cancer susceptibility, and examined mutations other than in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. METHODS This retrospective single-center case series included seven patients with the diagnosis of Muir-Torre Syndrome with precise medical history and family history. Mutational analysis of tumor samples Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of skin lesions associated with Muir-Torre Syndrome were used for further analysis. All skin tumors were analyzed with the Oncomine Comprehensive Assay v3 (Life Technologies), which includes 161 of the most relevant cancer driver genes. RESULTS Eleven skin neoplasms (nine sebaceous tumors, one melanoma, one cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma) were diagnosed in seven patients. In two patients, visceral malignancies preceded the diagnosis of the skin tumors and one patient was diagnosed with a visceral malignancy after a sebaceous tumor. History of familial cancer of Lynch Syndrome (LS) was reported in three patients. The most frequently detected mutation was in the MSH2 gene, followed by mutations in the NOTCH1/2 and TP53 gene. Conclusion, this study provides a molecular analysis of Muir-Torre Syndrome associated and non-associated skin tumors in patients with Muir-Torre Syndrome. Patients with sebaceous lesions should undergo microsatellite instability analysis and accurate evaluation of personal and family history to detect a possible Muir-Torre syndrome. As secondary malignancies may appear years after the first occurrence of sebaceous tumors, lifelong screening is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Simic
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (D.S.); (E.R.); (M.-J.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandra N. Freiberger
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Egle Ramelyte
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (D.S.); (E.R.); (M.-J.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Marjam-Jeanette Barysch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (D.S.); (E.R.); (M.-J.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Adan F, Crijns MB, Dekker E, Bastiaansen BAJ, Lapid O, Snaebjornsson P, Rosenberg EH, van Leerdam ME, Bekkenk MW. A squamous cell carcinoma in a young woman with Lynch syndrome. Fam Cancer 2018; 18:193-196. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-018-00113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Kientz C, Joly MO, Faivre L, Clemenson A, Dalac S, Lepage C, Chapusot C, Jacquot C, Schiappa R, Lebrun M. A case report of Muir-Torre syndrome in a woman with breast cancer and MSI-Low skin squamous cell carcinoma. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2017; 15:6. [PMID: 28507641 PMCID: PMC5429559 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-017-0066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor spectrum in the Lynch syndrome is well defined, comprising an increased risk of developing colonic and extracolonic malignancies. Muir-Torre syndrome is a variant with a higher risk of skin disease. Patients have been described carrying mutations in the mismatch repair genes and presenting tumors with unusual histology or affected organ not part of the Lynch syndrome spectrum. Hence, the real link between Lynch syndrome, or Muir-Torre syndrome, and these tumors remains difficult to assess. Case presentation We present the case of a 45-year-old-woman, diagnosed with breast cancer at 39 years of age and skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) at 41 years of age, without personal history of colorectal cancer. The microsatellite instability analysis performed on the skin SCC showed a low-level of microsatellite instability (MSI-Low). The immunohistochemical expression analysis of the four DNA mismatch repair proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 showed a partial loss of the expression of MSH2 and MSH6 proteins. Germline deletion was found in MSH2 gene (c.1277-? _1661 + ?del), exon 8 to 10. Then, at 45 years of age, she presented hyperplastic polyps of the colon and a sebaceous adenoma. Conclusion Squamous cell carcinomas have been described in Lynch syndrome and Muir-Torre syndrome in two studies and two case reports. This new case further supports a possible relationship between Lynch syndrome and squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kientz
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Nord, CHU Saint Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
| | - Marie-Odile Joly
- Department of Central Anatomy and Pathological Cytology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69437 Lyon Cedex 3, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Center of Genetics, Children's Hospital, 14 rue Gaffarel, BP 77 908, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Alix Clemenson
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Nord, CHU Saint Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
| | - Sophie Dalac
- Department of Dermatology, University hospital F. Mitterrand, 14 rue Gaffarel, BP 77 908, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Côme Lepage
- Inserm U 866, Hepatogastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, University Hospital F. Mitterrand, 14 rue Gaffarel, BP 77 908, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France.,University of Burgundy, Esplanade Erasme, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Chapusot
- Genetic Cancers Platform, Burgundy Area, Pathology Department, University Hospital F. Mitterrand, 2 Rue Ducoudray, BP 37013, 21070 Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Jacquot
- Center of Genetics, Children's Hospital, 14 rue Gaffarel, BP 77 908, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Schiappa
- Research center, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Unit, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Marine Lebrun
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Nord, CHU Saint Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
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Sorscher S. A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin due to the molecularly confirmed Lynch Syndrome. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2015; 13:12. [PMID: 25995776 PMCID: PMC4438563 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-015-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Lynch Syndrome are at high risk for developing a variety of cancers including cancers of the colon or rectum, small bowel, stomach, uterus, renal pelvis, ureter, biliary tract, ovaries, brain and pancreas (N Engl J Med 348: 919-32, 2003; Gut 57:1097-101, 2008; NCCN, Inc Guideline. Ft. Washington, PA. Online Version 2.2014). Lack of MLH-1 and MSH-2 expression commonly result from germline mutations in this inherited cancer syndrome. Here, we report the case of a patient with a molecularly confirmed germline mutation in MLH-1 along with a colon cancer showing lack of expression of MLH-1 as well as a squamous cell cancer of the skin from the abdominal wall also demonstrating lack of expression of MLH-1. This case appears to represent the second case report of a squamous cell skin cancer apparently due to the Lynch Syndrome and further supports a proposed relationship between Lynch Syndrome and these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Sorscher
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue CB 8056, 63110, St. Louis, MO USA
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10
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Azathioprine-Induced Microsatellite Instability Is Not Observed in Skin Carcinomas of Organ Transplant Recipients. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1307-9. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Gray SE, Kay E, Leader M, Mabruk M. Analysis ofFHITallelic imbalance/loss of heterozygosity and FHIT expression in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35:816-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gray SE, Kay E, Leader M, Mabruk M. Molecular genetic analysis of the BRCA2 tumor suppressor gene region in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. J Cutan Pathol 2007; 35:1-9. [PMID: 18095987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germ line mutations of the BRCA2 tumor suppressor gene with subsequent loss of the remaining wild-type BRCA2 allele have been identified in up to 35% of familial breast cancer cases. A high frequency of allelic loss at the BRCA2 gene locus has also been reported in a variety of sporadic epithelial tumors including oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and sporadic head and neck SCC. AIM The present study aimed to examine the integrity of the BRCA2 gene in cutaneous SCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allelic imbalance/loss of heterozygosity (AI/LOH) was examined in 22 histologically confirmed cutaneous SCC at two microsatellite markers, D13S260 (centromeric to the BRCA2 gene) and D13S267 (telomeric to the BRCA2 gene). Immunohistochemical analysis of BRCA2 protein expression was also examined in the cutaneous SCC. RESULTS AI/LOH at the D13S260 locus was found in eight of the 19 informative SCC, and AI/LOH at the D13S267 locus was found in 12 of the 18 informative SCC. Seven SCC showed allelic loss at both markers, and six SCC showed retention of heterozygosity at both markers. Expression of BRCA2 protein was only detected in six of the normal epidermises and three of the 21 SCC examined. CONCLUSION AI/LOH of the BRCA2 gene region was found to be common in the cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Gray
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Pathology Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Young LC, Listgarten J, Trotter MJ, Andrew SE, Tron VA. Evidence that dysregulated DNA mismatch repair characterizes human nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2007; 158:59-69. [PMID: 17970804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to an established role in the repair of postreplicative DNA errors, DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins also contribute to cellular responses to exogenous DNA damage. Previously, we have shown that Msh2-null mice display increased sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) B-induced tumorigenesis, but squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) generated are microsatellite stable, suggesting a role for MMR other than postreplicative repair in UV-induced cutaneous tumour formation. OBJECTIVES We questioned whether there was evidence of MMR dysfunction in human SCC, thus validating the mouse models of MMR-dependent UVB-induced skin cancer. METHODS Using tissue microarrays we examined both nuclear and cytoplasmic levels of MMR proteins MSH2, MSH6, MSH3, MLH1 and PMS2 in more than 200 cases of cutaneous SCC and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). RESULTS We found that subsets of these 10 MMR protein measures were increased in nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) compared with normal epidermal samples; this was particularly true of SCC. In fact, based on post hoc tests and MMR protein distribution patterns, BCC was distinct from SCC. With the exception of nuclear MSH2, the BCC had lower levels of identified MMR protein measures than SCC. We believe this to be important because not only is SCC more aggressive than BCC, but evidence suggests that these two NMSC subtypes arise through different molecular pathways. CONCLUSIONS In combination with previously established roles for MMR proteins in response to UVB-induced DNA damage, our data point towards an expanded perspective of the importance of MMR proteins in the suppression of UVB-induced tumorigenesis and, potentially, tumour behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Young
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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