1
|
Rajput S, Malviya R, Uniyal P. Advancements in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of retinoblastoma. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024:S0008-4182(24)00031-0. [PMID: 38369298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a prevalent primitive intraocular malignancy in children, particularly in those younger than age 3 years. RB is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene. In developing countries, mortality rates for this type of cancer are still high, whereas industrialized countries have achieved a survival rate of >95%-98%. Untreated, the condition can be fatal, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis. The existing treatments primarily consist of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The detrimental effects of radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs have been documented as factors that contribute to increased mortality rates and negatively affect the quality of life for patients. MicroRNA (miRNA), a type of noncoding RNA, exerts a substantial influence on RB development and the emergence of treatment resistance by regulating diverse cellular processes. This review highlights recent developments in the involvement of miRNAs in RB. This encompasses the clinical significance of miRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of RB. Additionally, this paper examines the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in RB and explores potential therapeutic interventions. This paper provides an overview of the current and emerging treatment options for RB, focusing on recent studies investigating the application of different types of nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prerna Uniyal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hui EKY, Yam JCS, Rahman F, Pang CP, Kumaramanickavel G. Ophthalmic genetic counselling: emerging trends in practice perspectives in Asia. J Community Genet 2023; 14:81-89. [PMID: 36322374 PMCID: PMC9947206 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-022-00616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic counselling (GC) provides information to the patient and the family to make informed choices. Among the advanced Western countries and a few Asian countries, there are certified or trained professionals who perform GC. The Human Genome Project and next-generation sequencing diagnostics have provided an opportunity for increased genetic testing in the field of ophthalmology. The recent interventional therapeutic research strategies have also generated additional interest to seek GC globally, including in Asia. However, GC has several barriers to practise in the developing countries in Asia, namely, (a) shortage of qualified or trained genetic counsellors, (b) poor knowledge and reluctance in clinical adoption of genomics among the physicians in clinical practice, (c) overstretched public health services, and (d) negligible ophthalmic GC-related research and publications. The GC inadequacy in Asia is glaring in the most populous countries like China and India. Cultural differences, religious beliefs, misogyny, genetic discrimination, and a multitude of languages in Asia create unique challenges that counsellors in the West may only encounter with the immigrant minorities. Since there are currently 500 or more specific Mendelian genetic eye disorders, it is important for genetic counsellors to translate the genetic results at a level that the patient and family understand. There is therefore a need for governmental and healthcare organisations to train genetic counsellors in Asia and especially this practice must be included in the routine comprehensive ophthalmic care practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther K. Y. Hui
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jason C. S. Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Farhana Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai, India.
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Athavale V, Khetan V. Knudson to embryo selection: A story of the genetics of retinoblastoma. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2019; 8:196-204. [PMID: 30637191 PMCID: PMC6302566 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_37_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma, the most common primary intraocular malignancy of the young, is a prototype hereditary cancer. Due to its fairly predictable Mendelian inheritance, easily examinable tumors, and early age of presentation, RB has served as the most extensively studied model for genetics in cancer. The genetic strides in RB have progressed at an exponential rate since the 1970s. The highly morbid, reasonably curable and distinctly predictable inheritance pattern of RB; not to mention its propensity to affect our young, forms the basis of aggressively encouraging genetic diagnosis in all patients of RB. In this article, we present the basic and clinically relevant concepts of the genetics retinoblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vrushali Athavale
- Department of Vitreoretina, Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Department of Vitreoretina, Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhong A, Darren B, Loiseau B, He LQB, Chang T, Hill J, Dimaras H. Ethical, social, and cultural issues related to clinical genetic testing and counseling in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Genet Med 2018; 23:2270-2280. [PMID: 30072741 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We performed a systematic review of the ethical, social, and cultural issues associated with delivery of genetic services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS We searched 11 databases for studies addressing ethical, social, and/or cultural issues associated with clinical genetic testing and/or counselling performed in LMICs. Narrative synthesis was employed to analyze findings, and resultant themes were mapped onto the social ecological model (PROSPERO #CRD42016042894). RESULTS After reviewing 13,308 articles, 192 met inclusion criteria. Nine themes emerged: (1) genetic counseling has a tendency of being directive, (2) genetic services have psychosocial consequences that require improved support, (3) medical genetics training is inadequate, (4) genetic services are difficult to access, (5) social determinants affect uptake and understanding of genetic services, (6) social stigma is often associated with genetic disease, (7) family values are at risk of disruption by genetic services, (8) religious principles pose barriers to acceptability and utilization of genetic services, and (9) cultural beliefs and practices influence uptake of information and understanding of genetic disease. CONCLUSION We identified a number of complex and interrelated ethical, cultural, and social issues with implications implications for further development of genetic services in LMICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrina Zhong
- Division of Social and Behavioural Health Sciences, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Canada
| | - Benedict Darren
- Human Biology Program, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bethina Loiseau
- Human Biology Program, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Li Qun Betty He
- Human Biology Program, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Medical School, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Trillium Chang
- Human Biology Program, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Hill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Helen Dimaras
- Division of Clinical Public Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program & The Centre for Global Child Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Human Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jagadeesan M, Khetan V, Mallipatna A. Genetic perspective of retinoblastoma: From present to future. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017; 64:332-6. [PMID: 27380971 PMCID: PMC4966369 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.185585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common malignant intraocular tumor in children. In the last decade, basic research has led to a better understanding of events after two hits in RB susceptibility gene (RB1), molecular mechanism of tumor growth, the cell of origin of RB, etc. This would pave way to identify biomarkers and molecular targeted therapy for better treatment option in the future. Furthermore, improvement in molecular techniques has led to enhanced diagnostic methods for early diagnosis, genetic counseling, and prevention of the disease. This review will help to understand the essence of basic research work conducted in recent times and its implication in the management of RB in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Jagadeesan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vasan Medical Research Trust, Chennai, Tamil Nadu; Dual Helix Genetic Diagnostics Private Limited, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Sri Bhagavan Mahavir Vitreo-Retinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhong A, Darren B, Dimaras H. Ethical, social, and cultural issues related to clinical genetic testing and counseling in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev 2017; 6:140. [PMID: 28697779 PMCID: PMC5505010 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been little focus in the literature on how to build genetic testing and counseling services in low- and middle-income countries in a responsible, ethical, and culturally appropriate manner. It is unclear to what extent this area is being explored and what form further research should take. The proposed knowledge synthesis aims to fill this gap in knowledge and mine the existing data to determine the breadth of work in this area and identify ethical, social, and cultural issues that have emerged. METHODS/DESIGN An integrated knowledge translation approach will be undertaken by engaging knowledge users throughout the review to ensure relevance to their practice. Electronic databases encompassing various disciplines, such as healthcare, social sciences, and public health, will be searched. Studies that address clinical genetic testing and/or counseling and ethical, social, and/or cultural issues of these genetic services, and are performed in low- and middle-income countries as defined by World Bank will be considered for inclusion. Two independent reviewers will be involved in a two-stage literature screening process, data extraction, and quality appraisal. Studies included in the review will be analyzed by thematic analysis. A narrative synthesis guided by the social ecological model will be used to summarize findings. DISCUSSION This systematic review will provide a foundation of evidence regarding ethical, social, and cultural issues related to clinical genetic testing and counseling in low- and middle-income countries. Using the social ecological model as a conceptual framework will facilitate the understanding of broader influences of the sociocultural context on an individual's experience with clinical genetic testing and counseling, thereby informing interdisciplinary sectors in future recommendations for practice and policy. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42016042894.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrina Zhong
- Division of Health Promotion, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Benedict Darren
- Human Biology Program, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Present Address: Michael G. DeGroote Medical School, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Helen Dimaras
- Division of Clinical Public Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Room 7260, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8 Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Human Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Neriyanuri S, Raman R, Rishi P, Govindasamy K, Ramprasad VL, Sharma T. Prenatal genetic diagnosis of retinoblastoma--clinical correlates on follow-up. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 63:741-2. [PMID: 26632134 PMCID: PMC4705714 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.170979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant intraocular tumor in pediatric age group if undetected leads to ocular mortality. Prenatal diagnosis is an emerging technology to detect fatal diseases in utero such that subsequent management is planned to reduce the ocular morbidity. We describe a case demonstrating the importance of prenatal diagnosis in a child with a strong family history of retinoblastoma and importance of a long-term clinical follow-up in these cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tarun Sharma
- Department of Vitreo-Retina, Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shah PK, Sripriya S, Narendran V, Pandian AJ. Prenatal genetic diagnosis of retinoblastoma and report of RB1 gene mutation from India. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 37:430-433. [PMID: 26914665 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1107595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood. There is a paucity of genetic testing and prenatal genetic diagnosis from India, which has the highest incidence worldwide. MATERIALS AND METHODS RB1 gene screening of an 8-month-old female child with bilateral retinoblastoma was accomplished using next generation sequencing. The results were used for prenatal testing in this family. RESULTS A heterozygous germline mutation (chr13: 48951119delA; c.1281delA) was detected, which resulted in premature termination of a protein product (p.Glu428Argfs*29). Prenatal testing in maternal DNA revealed carrier status of the mother. Further clinical examination in the family members revealed retinocytomas in both eyes of the mother and maternal grandmother. Prenatal genetic testing of the developing fetus showed positivity for the mutation. As the family preferred to continue the pregnancy, serial 3-D ultrasounds were carried out every 2 weeks in the third trimester. Ten days after delivery, small extrafoveal tumors developed in both eyes, which were then treated successfully with transpupillary thermotherapy. CONCLUSION We report the significance of genetic testing in the early detection and management of retinoblastoma from India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parag K Shah
- a Department of Pediatric Retina & Ocular Oncology , Aravind Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology , Coimbatore , Tamilnadu , India
| | - S Sripriya
- b Sankara Nethralaya ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology , Vision Research Foundation , Chennai , Tamilnadu , India
| | - V Narendran
- a Department of Pediatric Retina & Ocular Oncology , Aravind Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology , Coimbatore , Tamilnadu , India
| | - A J Pandian
- b Sankara Nethralaya ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology , Vision Research Foundation , Chennai , Tamilnadu , India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Herschkowitz JI, He X, Fan C, Perou CM. The functional loss of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor is a common event in basal-like and luminal B breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R75. [PMID: 18782450 PMCID: PMC2614508 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancers can be classified using whole genome expression into distinct subtypes that show differences in prognosis. One of these groups, the basal-like subtype, is poorly differentiated, highly metastatic, genomically unstable, and contains specific genetic alterations such as the loss of tumour protein 53 (TP53). The loss of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor encoded by the RB1 locus is a well-characterised occurrence in many tumour types; however, its role in breast cancer is less clear with many reports demonstrating a loss of heterozygosity that does not correlate with a loss of RB1 protein expression. Methods We used gene expression analysis for tumour subtyping and polymorphic markers located at the RB1 locus to assess the frequency of loss of heterozygosity in 88 primary human breast carcinomas and their normal tissue genomic DNA samples. Results RB1 loss of heterozygosity was observed at an overall frequency of 39%, with a high frequency in basal-like (72%) and luminal B (62%) tumours. These tumours also concurrently showed low expression of RB1 mRNA. p16INK4a was highly expressed in basal-like tumours, presumably due to a previously reported feedback loop caused by RB1 loss. An RB1 loss of heterozygosity signature was developed and shown to be highly prognostic, and was potentially a predictive marker of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions These results suggest that the functional loss of RB1 is common in basal-like tumours, which may play a key role in dictating their aggressive biology and unique therapeutic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason I Herschkowitz
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodriguez-Galindo C, Wilson MW, Chantada G, Fu L, Qaddoumi I, Antonelli C, Leal-Leal C, Sharma T, Barnoya M, Epelman S, Pizzarello L, Kane JR, Barfield R, Merchant TE, Robison LL, Murphree AL, Chevez-Barrios P, Dyer MA, O′Brien J, Ribeiro RC, Hungerford J, Helveston EM, Haik BG, Wilimas J. Retinoblastoma: one world, one vision. Pediatrics 2008; 122:e763-70. [PMID: 18762512 PMCID: PMC2844325 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is curable when diagnosed early and treated appropriately; however, the prognosis is dismal when the basic elements of diagnosis and treatment are lacking. In developing countries, poor education, lower socioeconomic conditions, and inefficient health care systems result in delayed diagnosis and suboptimal care. Furthermore, the complexity of multidisciplinary care required is seldom possible. Whereas ocular salvage is a priority in the Western world, death from retinoblastoma is still a major problem in developing countries. To bring the 2 ends of this spectrum together and provide a forum for discussion, the "One World, One Vision" symposium was organized, at which clinicians and researchers from various cultural, geographic, and socioeconomic backgrounds converged to discuss their experiences. Strategies for early diagnosis in developing countries were discussed. Elements of the development of retinoblastoma centers in developing countries were discussed, and examples of successful programs were highlighted. An important component in this process is twinning between centers in developing countries and mentor institutions in high-income countries. Global initiatives by nongovernmental organizations such as the International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research, Orbis International, and the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness were presented. Treatment of retinoblastoma in developing countries remains a challenge; however, it is possible to coordinate efforts at multiple levels, including public administrations and nonprofit organizations, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma and to improve the outcome for these children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Mathew W. Wilson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, US
| | - Guillermo Chantada
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Nacional de Pediatria J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ligia Fu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital de Niños, Tegucigalpa
| | - Ibrahim Qaddoumi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Célia Antonelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital do Câncer A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Leal-Leal
- Department of Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tarum Sharma
- The Sankara Nethralaya Foundation, Chennai, India
| | | | - Sidnei Epelman
- International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louis Pizzarello
- International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, US
| | - Javier R. Kane
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, US
| | - Ray Barfield
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, US
| | - Thomas E. Merchant
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, US
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- Department of Epidemiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, US
| | - A. Linn Murphree
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, California, US
| | | | - Michael A. Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, US
| | - Joan O′Brien
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, US
| | - Raul C. Ribeiro
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, US,Department of International Outreach Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, US
| | - John Hungerford
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eugene M. Helveston
- Orbis International and Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Barrett G. Haik
- Department of Ophthalmology and Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, US
| | - Judith Wilimas
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, US,Department of International Outreach Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, US
| |
Collapse
|